@article{ author = {Mozdarani, H.}, title = {Uncertainties in radiation sciences: The need for more researches and publications. Experience of 10 years publications in this field and our new plans}, abstract ={Three nearly simultaneous events around the end of the 19th century, i.e., the discovery of X‐rays by Roentgen in 1895, natural radioactivity by Antoine‐Henri Becquerel in 1896 and isolation of Radium by the Curies' in 1898 opened the nuclear era which has changed broadly the worlds of physics, biology and medicine. At the close of the 20th century, fundamental discoveries in biology at molecular level often appear to overshadow this earlier work. However as more basic discoveries are made these separate scientific eras merged to contribute to the conquest of disease, especially cancer. The rapid advancements achieved during recent years, mainly due to revolutionary methodological improvements, have led to an unparalleled explosion of information. The exponential growth of data is so impressive that the conceptual evaluation of the material has seemed almost an insignificant part of the scientific process. All these achievements have allowed researchers to ask new questions or to rephrase the old ones. The result is a virtual avalanche of new formed knowledge. However, in spite of years and years hard work of researchers and scientists there are still many unsolved questions in the field of radiation research. The search for new radiation treatment techniques to improve local tumor control continues to represent a major challenge in the management of localized human cancer. The introduction of three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D‐CRT) has heralded a new era in radiotherapy. It is now possible to plan and prescribe radiation doses with desired dose distribution to the entire tumor using computer aided techniques. We are still far from achieving a personalized cancer treatment. Targeted therapy is not a routine cancer treatment modality yet. In the field of radiobiology, the last three decades have seen a major shift from a DNA‐centric view of radiation induced damage, to a biological view that appreciates the importance of cellular macro‐ and microenvironment and underlying genetics. Radiobiological phenomena such as radio adaptation, bystander effect and inherent radio sensitivity have changed classical belief of linear non threshold (LNT) model. While the mechanisms underlying these effects and responses are not clear enough, it is apparent that their implications are much wider than the field of radiobiology. These biological paradigms might have major implications in radiation carcinogenesis and cancer radio‐ and chemo‐therapy. For radiation accident, we still need to search for biomarkers suitable for biological dosimetry and also treatment of radiation victims. Also yet we need to search for a potent chemical radio‐protector for using in the events of nuclear or radiological accidents. Large scale nuclear accidents such as that happened in Chernobyl and recently (2011) in Fukoshima, not only threatened many lives but also provided a need for continual risk assessment from exposure due to radioactive pollution in the environment. Health hazards of non‐ionizing radiation in which their applications are increasing rapidly should also be borne in mind. After 10 years of publication in the various fields of radiation sciences, we realized the need for broader readerships and contributors throughout the world. There are many institutes in the world doing researches in this field but the number of scholarly journals to meet the demand of most of the researchers is limited. Therefore we have decided to advance our scientific activities towards publishing a journal with a title “The International Journal of Radiation Research”. The International Journal of Radiation Research (IJRR), a fully open access multidisciplinary journal, is devoted to the advancement and dissemination of fundamental knowledge concerning the radiation oncology, basic and clinical radiation biology, medical physics, nuclear medicine, tumor imaging, radio‐sensitizers, radio‐protectors, biological dosimetry, risk assessment, environmental sciences, epidemiology, new modalities in cancer treatment and health hazards of non‐ionizing radiation. The scholarly journal IJRR along with very high quality journals published in this field will try to bring all these various disciplines together and present a platform for the exchange of detailed scientific information concerning the latest developments in the fields. Our mission is to serve the needs of scientists and community by working with capable researchers and professionals from across the world to produce the most accurate and up to date scientific and technical resources. We would like the IJRR become a venue for original, rigorous and complete expositions of experiments that add to our understanding at the radiation science and a worldwide representative of all the scientists interested in this field. Young scientists are requested to contribute by submitting interesting observations, raising controversies and publish constructive criticisms on published articles as well as submitting original articles in the cutting edge areas of the radiation science. The Editorial board solicits quality manuscripts which will be subjected to vigorous peer review. We will maintain high standards of scientific quality and integrity for the journal and will expand the focus of the journal into new areas of radiation research and will try to make the journal to become more visible internationally. We will also monitor the quality of reviews for reviewer’s responsiveness, scientific value and constructive comments. In this way we hope to provide useful information to authors whose manuscripts have been rejected and to improve the presentation of manuscripts accepted for publication. The editorial board and the publisher of IJRR will work to expedite the publication of timely research and proceedings of national and international symposium and conferences. We will try to do our bests in order to gain the recognition and respect of oncologists, radiobiologists, medical physicists, and other scientists working in diverse field of radiation research.}, Keywords = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-2}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1003-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1003-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mortazavi, S.M.J. and Mozdarani, H.}, title = {Non-linear phenomena in biological findings of the residents of high background radiation areas of Ramsar}, abstract ={Some Areas of Ramsar, a city in northern Iran are among the world’s wellknown inhabited areas with highest levels of natural radiation. Annual exposure levels in these areas are up to 260 mGy y‐1 and the mean exposure rate is about 10 mGy y‐1 for a population of about 2000 residents. If elevated levels of natural radiation as high as a few hundred mSv per year is detrimental to health and leads to higher risks of genetic abnormalities and cancer, it should be evident in the residents of areas such as Ramsar. However, it has been reported that no detrimental biological effects have ever been detected in high natural background radiation areas. Some studies indicate that Ramsar residents not only show a significant increase in DNA repair but also demonstrate induction of radioadaptive response. There is currently a great debate over the shape of the dose‐response curve for stochastic effects such as mutations and cancer after exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation. Linear‐no‐threshold (LNT) model predicts that every dose, no matter how low, carries some cancer risk. Lack of any proven detrimental effect in the residents of high natural background radiation areas of Ramsar may be due to the induction of nonlinear dose‐response relationships which are not compatible with the widely accepted LNT hypothesis.}, Keywords = {Ramsar, High Natural Background Radiation Areas (HNBRAs), Natural Radiation, Non-linearity, Dose-Response}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {3-9}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1004-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1004-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Nair, C.K.K. and Menon, A.}, title = {Consumption of antioxidant dietary agents, curcumin and vitamin C, protects cellular DNA from gamma-radiation}, abstract ={Background: Exposure to ionizing radiation results in genotoxicity and the unrepaired lesions in cellular DNA results in cell cycle arrest, reproductive death, interphase death, division delay, chromosome aberrations, mutations, etc. leading to the intensive destruction of cells and violation of their proliferative capacity there by adversely affecting the mammalian system. Since ionizing radiation is widely used in medicine, industry, agriculture and research, an effective radioprotector is a must to protect living beings. This work aims to identify the ability of dietary supplements, curcumin and ascorbic acid in offering protection from radiation induced genomic insult to human peripheral blood leukocytes. Materials and Methods: Alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis was performed on human peripheral blood leukocytes exposed to 2 doses of gamma radiation in presence and absence of curcumin and ascorbic acid (in vitro). The same technique was also applied to blood leukocytes of volunteers before consumption of these supplements and 5 days after (ex vivo). The comet parameters such as % DNA in tail, tail length, tail moment and olive tail moment were determined. Results: The comet parameters of leukocytes increased upon exposure to ionizing radiation indicating DNA damage, in vitro or ex vivo. The extent of DNA damage was found significantly decreased either in the presence or following the intake of curcumin and ascorbic acid. Curcumin offered higher protection than ascorbic acid. Conclusion: Intake of dietary antioxidants such as curcumin or ascorbic acid could offer protection against ionizing radiation induced cellular DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes.}, Keywords = {Radiprotection, antioxidant dietry, curcumin, vitamin C, DNA damage}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {11-16}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1005-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1005-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Petin, V.G. and Kim, J.K. and Evstratova, E.S. and Komarova, L.N.}, title = {Quantitative estimation of recovery parameters after combined action of ionizing radiation and chemical agents}, abstract ={Background: Treatment of ionizing radiation combined with chemical agents can enhance the inactivation of cells. The aim of this study was to determine the parameters involved in the inhibition of cell recovery. Materials and Methods: A mathematical model describing the process of recovery as a decrease in the effective radiation dose was used. The model includes two parameters, recovery constant and irreversible component. Both parameters were estimated quantitatively by using experimental survival and recovery data reported by others. Results: The inhibition of cell recovery might be done via either the damage of the mechanism of the recovery itself or via the formation of irreversible damage which could not be repaired at all. Both these processes could take place at the same time. Another mechanism was the higher probability to produce primary radiation damage without changing the recovery process. Conclusions: The results indicate the opportunity to search agents, selectively or simultaneously acting on the probability of recovery and the yield of irreversible radiation damage. The results obtained may have a practical use, rather than being concerned only with theoretical position.}, Keywords = {Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, cell recovery, mathematical model}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {17-27}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1006-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1006-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Feghhi, S.A.H. and Gholamzadeh, Z. and Soltani, L. and Tenreiro, C.}, title = {Comparison of (Th-233U) O2 and (Th-235U) O2 fuel burn up into a thermal research reactor using MCNPX 2.6 code}, abstract ={Background: Decrease of economically accessible uranium resources motivates consideration of breeding of fertile elements such as thorium. Material and Method: Thorium oxide fuel burn up calculation of a simulated research reactor cooled heavy water has been proposed in the present work using MCNPX 2.6 code. Two 233U and 235U isotopes have been used as fissile element of thorium oxide fuel. 135Xe and 149Sm reactivity variations has been studied in the core loaded (Th- 233U)O2 or (Th- 235U)O2 fuel matrixes during 3 months burn up process. Results: Thorium oxide having 4% 233U burned 1 MW power results in less 149Sm reactivity than thorium oxide having 4% 235U burned in 0.5 MW power. 135Xe reactivity has an overestimated shift by 15 days in the core operated in 0.5 MW than the other, after 15 days both the cores behave similarly. 480 g of 235U burns into the core using 0.5 MW power and 364 g of 233U invents after 3 months. Burn up calculation of the modeled core of (Th-233U)O2 fuel shows a fissile mass reduction by 60 days while the consumed fissile mass reaches to its initial value after 120 days. The core flux is constant during 3 months for both modeled cores. A considerable negative reactivity occurs up to 15 days in both cores which can be refer to xenon inventory during this time and then neutron multiplication factor is steadier up 3 months. Conclusion: Breeder thorium fuel enriched 233U make several advantages of good neutronic economy, 233U inventory and less inventory of long-lived alpha emitter wastes.}, Keywords = {Thorium oxide fuel, neutronic parameters, fuel burn up, 233U fissile material, 233U fissile material}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {29-33}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1007-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1007-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {El-Sonbaty, S.M. and Ismail, A.F.M. and Nabeel, A.I.}, title = {Irradiated β-glucan enhances immune response to bacterial infection through CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes}, abstract ={Background: &beta-glucans are glucose polymers with a variety of stimulatory effects on the immune system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immune-enhancing activities of low molecular weight gamma irradiated &beta-glucan (I&beta-g) extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in rats. Materials and Methods: &beta-glucan (&beta-g) powder was exposed to 50 kGy of gamma radiation. For experimental study, healthy male rats were divided in six groups. Group I: did not receive any treatment. Group 2: infected group was injected once with P. aeruginosa. Group 3: were orally administrated with &beta-g for 15 days at a dose of 65 mg/Kg body weight/day. Group 4: were orally administrated with I&beta-g for 15 days at a dose of 65 mg/Kg body weight/day. Group 5: rats were treated with &beta-g and injected once with P. aeruginosa. Group 6: rats were treated with I&beta-g and injected once with P. aeruginosa. Rats were sacrificed 24 h post bacterial infection. Results: &beta-g and I&beta-g were characterized using FTIR spectra and SEM, showed breakdown of the glycosidic bonds with deformation and splitting of &beta-g molecule. Oral ingestion of &beta-g markedly enhanced the production of lymphocytes and leucocytes and CD8 compared to that of I&beta-g, although I&beta-g was more effective in stimulating CD4 count compared to that of &beta-g and ameliorated CD4/CD8 ratio. I&beta-g enhanced GPx and CAT activity, elevated zinc concentration in the blood compared to that of &beta-g, although both I&beta-g and &beta-g elevated GSH and caused no effect on MDA level in post infected groups. Conclusion: In conclusion I&beta-g improves antioxidant state and enhances immune system in particular CD4 count against bacterial infections which is an important marker of immune system.}, Keywords = {β-glucan, gamma irradiation, CD4, CD8, antioxidant, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, zinc, copper}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {35-42}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1008-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1008-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Acar, H. and Yavas, G. and Yavas, C.}, title = {Evaluation of doses in the Wernicke and Broca’s areas using two different technique in patients with right frontal glioblastoma multiforme}, abstract ={Background: Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, which are important language areas of brain, are commonly irradiated in patients with right frontal lobe glioblastomamultiforme (GBM). We aimed to compare two different treatment planning techniques in terms of the doses in the Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas for the patients with right frontal GBM. Materials and Methods: Two different treatment planning techniques of right frontal GBM were generated for Rando phantom: two field technique using parallel opposed beams and three field techniques. Both plans were compared for doses in planning target volume (PTV), Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. Additionally to test the accuracy of treatment planning system (TPS) dose calculation thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) were used. Results: The three field technique allowed the lower doses in the Broca’s and Wernickes’s areas. The doses calculated in the Broca’sand Wernicke’s areas were 0.98% ± 0.03 and 0.09% ± 0.06 of the isocenter dose with three field and 1.06% ± 0.04 and 0.133% ± 0.03 of the isocenter dose with two field techniques respectively. When the doses measured by TLD and calculated with TPS were compared the differences were 3.23% and 2.92 % for Broca’s area, and 4.12 % and 3.95% for Wernicke’s area for two field and three field techniques respectively. Conclusion: There was a good agreement between TPS and TLD calculations for both techniques. Three field techniques seem to be more advantageous than two field technique with respect to doses of Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. However this finding should be clarified with further clinical studies.}, Keywords = {Broca’s area, glioblastomamultiforme, Rando phantom, Wernicke’s area, thermoluminescent dosimetry}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {43-50}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1009-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1009-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Banaee, N. and Nedaie, H.A.}, title = {Evaluating the effect of energy on calibration of thermo-luminescent dosimeters 7-LiF:Mg,Cu,P (GR-207A)}, abstract ={Background: 7-LiF: Mg,Cu,P (GR-207A) is one kind of thermo-luminescent dosimeters (TLD) which can be used in diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy applications. Because of having suitable properties such as good sensitivity, small size and being tissue equivalent, thermo-luminescent dosimetry has been one of the most important techniques in medicine over many years. Choosing a correct energy for TLDs’ calibration is one of the most important factors in the accuracy of the absorbed dose. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of calibration energy on the response of GR-207A TLDs, calibration of the TLDs were done with 120kVp, 200kVp, 6MV, 18MV and 60Co beams. Then the responses of TLDs were normalized to 60Co and energy dependence was calculated for each dose step. Results: The results confirmed that this kind of TLD dose not have the same response in different energies and reference dose affects on the amount of energy dependence. Discussion: Energy dependence of this type of TLDs is more significant at lower energies compared to megavoltage beams. Relative response to 60Co illustrates that GR-207A dose not have uniform response to different steps of energies and the amount of energy dependence is totally different in various dose levels.}, Keywords = {Dosimetry, thermo-luminescent dosimeters, TLD, energy dependence}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {51-54}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1010-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1010-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Khadem-Abolfazli, M. and Mahdavi, M. and Mahdavi, S.R.M. and Ataei, Gh.}, title = {Dose enhancement effect of gold nanoparticles on MAGICA polymer gel in mega voltage radiation therapy}, abstract ={Background: Radiation-sensitive polymer gels are among the most promising three-dimensional dose verification tools and tissue-like developed to date. Among the special features of this type of dosimeters, is be doped with other elements or chemicals which made them appropriate for investigating of dose enhancement with contrast agents, by high atomic number. Material and Methods: In this study, To evaluate dose characteristic of the normoxic polymer gel (MAGICA) such as dose response , dose sensitivity and dose resolution And To find the gold nanoparticles (50 nm) effects of the normoxic polymer gel such as a DEF in mega voltage radiation therapy (18 MV-X ray). Also it is compared by method of Monte Carlo simulation with MCNPX Code. Results: The results shown that the MAGICA polymer gel dose response in dose range of 0 to 600 cGy is linear and dose resolution in this range, is less than 0.7 Gy. MAGICA Polymer gel dosimeter response R2 was increased by added gold nanoparticles. Absorbed dose enhancement factor by adding of gold nanoparticles with the 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mM concentrations was 10%, 2% and 4% respectively. Conclusion: In this study, Shielding effect or self absorption happened on 0.2 mM & 0.4 mM. And optimum gold nanopartiles concentration to achieved maximum absorbed doe is 0.1mM, so that is useable for clinical studies.}, Keywords = {Dose enhancement, gold nanoparticles, MAGICA, gel dosimetry}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {55-61}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1011-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-1011-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2013} }