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Human 3-D tissue models in radiation biology: current status and future perspectives 2 2 In this review, we discuss the use of a variety of 3-D models (particularly 3-D skin, lung, breast and endothelial) in radiobiological research and highlight the differences in responses compared to 2-D culturing conditions (monolayers). We review the characteristics of existing 3-D models and aim to point out the substantial advantages 3-D cultures provide for modern radiobiology. In particular, they may facilitate the shift from the classical DNA damage and repair studies mainly carried out in monolayer cultures to the investigation of more generalized responses through pathway analysis and a system biology approach. 3-D models are expected to be very informative for investigations on radiotherapy responses in addressing the low dose risk. However, the 3-D model systems are not as easy to propagate and standardize as monolayer cultures. Therefore, we discuss the problems and limitations of 3-D models and propose ways to overcome some of the problems. 81 98 2014/05/28 1393/3/7 2014/05/28 1393/3/7 A. Acheva A. Acheva STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, 00880 Helsinki, Finland Finland Anna.Acheva@stuk.fi A. Aerts A. Aerts SCK•CEN - Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Radiobiology Unit, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium Belgium Ch. Rombouts Ch. Rombouts SCK•CEN - Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Radiobiology Unit, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium Belgium S. Baatout S. Baatout SCK•CEN - Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Radiobiology Unit, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium Belgium S. Salomaa S. Salomaa STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, 00880 Helsinki, Finland Finland K. Manda K. Manda Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Rostock, Südring 75, D-18059 Rostock, Germany Germany G. Hildebrandt G. 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Protective effects of sulfated derivatives of polysaccharides extracted from Auricularia auricular on hematologic injury induced by radiation 2 2 Background: Ionizing radiation induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important causative role in cell death. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of sulfated derivatives of neutral polysaccharides extracted from Auricularia auricular (SNAAP). Materials and Methods: Whole blood samples from healthy donors treated with SNAAP at different concentrations (20, 60, 100 &mug/mL) were exposed to various doses of X-rays. Wistar rat spleen lymphocytes, in cultures, were treated with SNAAP at different concentrations (20, 60, 100 &mug/mL) in the presence p.o 12 hours prior to 8 Gy gamma radiation exposure. Animals were administered with SNAAP at doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight d p.o 7 days prior to sub-lethal doses (6 Gy) of whole body gamma radiation exposure. Results: SNAAP is an effective radio protector against X-ray radiation induced in vitro cellular damage in human peripheral blood. Furthermore, to support this finding the effect of SNAAP on a rat’s spleen lymphocytes, when cultured and examined 24 hours after exposure to 8 Gy &gamma of radiation, demonstrated the effect of polysaccharides on a rat’s spleen lymphocytes, pretreated by the SNAAP, can increase the cell viability compared with irradiated group at a concentration of 20, 60 and 100 &mug/mL. Likewise, this radiation-induced therapy decreased each mouse’s body weight and effectively stimulated the immune system of all radiated mice. Moreover, when induced by Co60, the SNAAP decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the whole blood supply of the irradiated mice. Conclusion: These encouraging results support further research into the clinical pharmacology of SNAAP as a novel agent for human radiation protection. 99 111 2014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 2014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 Z. Hua Z. Hua School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 HuangHe Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China China W. Zhen-Yu W. Zhen-Yu School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 HuangHe Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China China wzy219001@yahoo.com.cn Y. Xin Y. Xin School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 HuangHe Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China China Y. Lin Y. Lin School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 HuangHe Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China China Z. Li-Li Z. 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Protective effect of ferulic acid on ionizing radiation induced damage in bovine serum albumin 2 2 Background: Ionizing radiation causes deleterious effects on living system mainly due to oxidative damages of macromolecules and protein is the major target due to its abundance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ionizing radiation induced changes in the molecular properties of bovine serum albumin (BSA) its secondary and tertiary structures, degradation, cross linking and radioprotective role of ferulic acid, a natural antioxidant on these radiation induced changes. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out to investigate the gamma radiation induced oxidative, structural damage of BSA and radioprotective efficacy of ferulic acid through SDS-PAGE, DTNB assay, DNPH assay, FOX assay methods. Hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity of ferulic acid was estimated using 2-deoxy ribose assay. Further, radiation induced changes in the anisotropy and excitation state lifetimes of BSA were examined. Results: SDS –PAGE data suggested that the loss of protein was linearly dependent on the radiation dose. Gamma-irradiation of BSA caused the formation of protein carbonyls, hydroperoxides and loss of thiols. Ferulic acid protected the radiation induced loss of protein as well as reduced various oxidative damages. Ferulic acid protected the protein from radiation induced damages in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: The results provide insight into radiation induced molecular changes in the protein. Ferulic acid protected the BSA from oxidative modification caused by radiation suggesting that ferulic acid possesses strong antiradical properties. Ferulic acid is known to protect DNA, the prime target of radiation and further its ability to protect protein suggesting its ability to protect different biomolecules and therefore can be a good candidate for development radioprotector. 113 121 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 K. Mishra K. Mishra Chemical Radioprotector and Radiation Dosimetry Research Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi-110054, India India H. Ojha H. Ojha Chemical Radioprotector and Radiation Dosimetry Research Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi-110054, India India S. Kallepalli S. Kallepalli Chemical Radioprotector and Radiation Dosimetry Research Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi-110054, India India A. Alok A. Alok Chemical Radioprotector and Radiation Dosimetry Research Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi-110054, India India N. Kumar Chaudhury N. Kumar Chaudhury Chemical Radioprotector and Radiation Dosimetry Research Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi-110054, India India nkcinmas@rediffmail.com BSA protein carbonyl radioprotection ferulic acid ##Finkel T and Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature, 408:239-247.##Taysi S, Polat F, Gul M, Sari RA, Bakan E (2002) Lipid peroxidation, some extracellular antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheumatol, 21: 200–204.##Davies MJ (2005) The oxidative environment and protein damage. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1703: 93–109.##Mayo JC, Tan DX, Sainz RM, Natarajan M, Lopez-Burillo S, Reiter RJ (2003) Protection against oxidative protein damage induced by metal-catalyzed reaction or alkylperoxyl radicals: comparative effects of melatonin and other antioxidants. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1620: 139-150.##Pachala M and Schessler H (1993) Oxygen effect in the radiolysis of proteins. Int J Radiat Biol, 64:149-156.##Kempner ES (1993) Damage to proteins due to the direct action of ionizing radiation. Q Rev Biophys, 26:27-48.##Hosseinimehr SJ (2007)Trends in the development of radioprotective agents. Drug Discovery Today, 12:794-805.##Mishra K, Srivastav PS, Chaudhury NK (2011) Sesamol as a potential radioprotective agent: an in-vitro study. Radiat Res, 176: 613-623.##Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM (1993) Oxidants, antioxidants and the degenerative diseases of ageing. 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Pharmacol Rev, 52:673-839. ##Ojha H, Murari BM, Anand S, Hassan MI, Ahmad F, Chaudhury NK (2009) Interaction of DNA minor groove binder Hoechst 33258 with bovine serum albumin. Chem Pharm Bull, 57: 481-486. ##Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227: 680–685. ##Hawkins CL, Morgan PE, Davies MJ (2009) Quantification of protein modification by oxidants. Free Radic Biol Med, 46: 965-88. ##Maire LM, Thauvette LD, Foresta B, Beauregard V, Potier AGM (1990) Effects of ionizing radiations on proteins. Biochem J, 267: 431-439.##Lee Y and Song KB (2003) Effect of g-Irradiation on the Molecular Properties of Myoglobin. J Biochem Mol Biol, 35 590-594.##Silvester JA, Timmins GS, Davies MJ (1998) Photodynamically generated bovine serum albumin radicals: evidence for damage transfer and oxidation at cysteine and tryptophan residues. Free Radic Biol Med, 24: 754-766. ##Cho Y, Yang JS, Song B (1999) Effect of ascorbic acid and protein concentration on the molecular weight profile of bovine serum albumin and b-lactoglobulin by g-irradiation. Food Res Int, 32: 515-519. ## Perricone N, Nagy K, Horváth F, Dajkó G, Uray I, Zs, Nagy I (1999) Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) protects proteins against the hydroxyl free radical-induced alterations: rationale for its geriatric topical application. Arch Gerontol Geriatrics, 29, 45–56.##Stadtman ER (2006) Protein oxidation and aging. Free Radical Res, 40:1250-1258. ##Mishra K, Ojha H, Chaudhury NK (2012) Estimation of antiradical properties of antioxidants using DPPH assay: A critical review and results. Food Chem, 130: 1036-1043.## Ojha H, Mishra K, Hassan MI, Chaudhury NK (2012) Spectroscopic and isothermal titration calorimetry studies of binding interaction of ferulic acid with bovine serum albumin. 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Alterations of PSA, CA15.3, CA125, Cyfra21-1, CEA, CA19.9, AFP and Tag72 tumor markers in human blood serum due to long term exposure to high levels of natural background radiation in Ramsar, Iran 2 2 Background: Ramsar (Mazandran province) is known for its extremely high levels of natural background radiation. Although no excess cancer rate is reported in these areas by epidemiological studies, the study of tumor markers in the inhabitants of these areas may shed some light on the impact of high levels of background radiation on cancer induction. Materials and Methods: The level of background gamma radiation as well as indoor radon was determined using RDS-110 and CR-39 dosimeters. Thirty five individuals from a high background radiation area (HBRA) and 53 individuals from a normal background radiation area (NBRA) were randomly selected to participate in the study. Commercial ELISA kits (sandwich type ELISA tests) were used to measure the serum levels of PSA, CA15.3, CA125, Cyfra21-1, CEA, CA19.9, AFP and Tag72 tumor markers. Results: Among the eight biomarkers investigated, the means of PSA, CA15.3, CA125, CA19.9 and AFP concentrations between the HBRAs and NBRAs were not significantly different. However, Cyfra21, CEA and Tag72 in HBRA group revealed statistically significant increases compared to those of NBRA group (P<0.05). Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation between the external gamma dose as well as indoor radon level and the concentration of CEA (P<0.001), Cyfra-21(P<0.001) and TAG 72 (P<0.001 and 0.01 respectively) biomarkers were observed. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to high background radiation induces significant alterations in Cyfra21, CEA and Tag72 levels. We believe that studies with other relevant tumor markers might overcome the limitations of epidemiological studies on cancer incidence in high background radiation areas. 123 128 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 S. Taeb S. Taeb The Center for Research in Radiation Sciences (CRRS), School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran S.M.J. Mortazavi S.M.J. Mortazavi The Center for Research in Radiation Sciences (CRRS), School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran mmortazavi@sums.ac.ir A. Ghaderi A. Ghaderi Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran H. Mozdarani H. Mozdarani Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran CE. de Almeida CE. de Almeida Laboratório de Ciências Radiológicas (LCR) da Universidade do Estado do RJ (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Brazil M.R. Kardan M.R. Kardan National Radiation Protection Department (NRPD), Tehran, Iran Iran S.A.R. Mortazavi S.A.R. Mortazavi Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran A. Soleimani A. Soleimani Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran I. Nikokar I. Nikokar Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology of Infectious Diseases, Paramedicine Faculty, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran Iran M. Haghani M. Haghani The Center for Research in Radiation Sciences (CRRS), School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Ramsar tumor markers high background radiation areas (HBRAs) gamma radiation Radon ##1. Rapkiewicz AV, Espina V, Petricoin EF, 3rd, Liotta LA (2004) Biomarkers of ovarian tumours. Eur J Cancer, 40(17): 2604-12.##2. Dupont J, Tanwar MK, Thaler HT, Fleisher M, Kauff N, Hensley ML, et al. (?)Early detection and prognosis of ovarian cancer using serum YKL-40. J Clin Oncol, 22(16): 3330-9.##3. Sohrabi M (2013) World high background natural radiation areas: Need to protect public from radiation exposure. Radiation Measurements, 50(0):166-71.##4. Mortazavi SMJ and Mozdarani H (2012) Is it time to shed some light on the black box of health policies regarding the inhabitants of the high background radiation areas of Ramsar? International Journal of Radiation Research, 10(3):111-6.##5. Mortazavi SMJ and Mozdarani H (2013) Non-linear phenomena in biological findings of the residents of high background radiation areas of Ramsar. International Journal of Radiation Research, 11: 3-9.##6. Ghiassi-Nejad M, Mortazavi SMJ, Cameron JR, Niroomand-Rad A, Karam PA (2002) Very high background radiation areas of Ramsar, Iran: Preliminary biological studies. Health Physics, 82(1):87-93.##7. Hendry JH, Simon SL, Wojcik A, Sohrabi M, Burkart W, Cardis E, et al. (2009) Human exposure to high natural background radiation: what can it teach us about radiation risks? J Radiol Prot, 29(2A): A29-42.##8. Nair MK, Nambi KS, Amma NS, Gangadharan P, Jayalekshmi P, Jayadevan S, et al. (1999) Population study in the high natural background radiation area in Kerala, India. Radiat Res, 152(6 Suppl): S145-8.##9. Nair RR, Rajan B, Akiba S, Jayalekshmi P, Nair MK, Gangadharan P, et al. (2009) Background radiation and cancer incidence in Kerala, India-Karanagappally cohort study. Health Phys, 96(1): 55-66.##10. Mortazavi SMJ, Ghiassi-Nejad M, Rezaiean M (2005) Cancer risk due to exposure to high levels of natural radon in the inhabitants of Ramsar, Iran. International Congress Series, 1276: 436-7.##11. Nair RR and Johnson JK (2008) A dictionary to tumor markers and the methods of estimation. Advanced Biotech, 24: 22-32.##12. Mortazavi S, Ghiassi Nejad M, Beitollahi M (2001) Very High Background Radiation Areas (VHBRAs) of Ramsar: Do We Need any Regulations to Protect the Inhabitants. Proceedings of the 34th midyear meeting, Radiation Safety and ALARA Considerations for the 21st Century, California, USA, 177-82.##13. Mortazavi S, Ghiassi-Nejad M, Ikushima T, Assaie R, Heidary A, Varzegar R, et al. (2003) Are the inhabitants of high background radiation areas of ramsar more radioresistant? Scope of the problem and the need for future studies. Iranian Journal of Radiology, 1: 37-44.##14. Mortazavi S (2005) Ramsar Hot Springs: How Safe is to Live in an Environment with High Level of Natural Radiation. Nippon Genshiryoku Kenkyujo JAERI, Conf 194-204.##15. Mortazavi S, Shabestani-Monfared A, Ghiassi-Nejad M, Mozdarani H (2005) Radioadaptive responses induced in human lymphocytes of the inhabitants of high level natural radiation areas in ramsar, Iran. Asian Journal of Experimental Sciences, 19:19-39.##16. Mortazavi SMJ, Abbasi A, Asadi R, Hemmati A (2005) The need for considering social, economic, and psychological factors in warning the general public from the possible risks due to residing in HLNRAs. International Congress Series, 1276: 440-1.##17. Mortazavi SMJ, Ghiassi-Nejad M, Rezaiean M (2005) Cancer risk due to exposure to high levels of natural radon in the inhabitants of Ramsar, Iran. In: Sugahara T, Morishima H, Sohrabi M, Sasaki Y, Hayata I, Akiba S, editors, p. 436-7.##18. 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Quantitative SPECT and planar 32P bremsstrahlung imaging for dosimetry purpose –An experimental phantom study 2 2 Background: In this study, Quantitative 32P bremsstrahlung planar and SPECT imaging and consequent dose assessment were carried out as a comprehensive phantom study to define an appropriate method for accurate Dosimetry in clinical practice. Materials and Methods: CT, planar and SPECT bremsstrahlung images of Jaszczak phantom containing a known activity of 32P were acquired. In addition, Phantom contour was determined for attenuation correction and image registration. Reconstructed SPECT slices were corrected for attenuation effect using two different methods: conventional Chang`s method and an expectation maximization algorithm followed by CT and SPECT image registration. Cumulated activity was calculated by a predefined calibration factor. Both attenuation correction algorithms were quantitatively assessed by the Monte Carlo SIMIND program. Acquired planar Bremsstrahlung images were quantified by the Conjugate View Method, as well. Results: Calculated activities were statistically different among various quantification methods (P= 0.0001). When iterative expectation maximization algorithm and applied methods were used, mean calculated activity had the least difference with real activity of ±3%. Conclusion: Quantitative 32P Bremsstrahlung SPECT imaging could accurately determine administered activity and assess radiation dose if precise attenuation correction and appropriate registration with CT were done even without sophisticated scatter correction or when SPECT/CT machines are not available. Therefore, it has the potential of specific tumor/organ dosimetry in clinical practice. The best method for calculating activity is quantitative SPECT using iterative expectation maximization algorithm. Additionally, applied method for determining phantom contour was practical for attenuation correction and image registration. 129 138 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 M.R. Teimoori Sichani M.R. Teimoori Sichani Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran M. Amoui M. Amoui Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran Iran Sh. Akhlaghpoor Sh. Akhlaghpoor Noor Medical Imaging Center, Tehran, Iran Iran akhlaghpoor@pardisnoor.com M. Hosntalab M. Hosntalab Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran Bremsstrahlung imaging quantitative SPECT imaging attenuation correction Phosphorus-32 activity determination dosimetry ##1. Hamami ME, Poeppel TD, Muller S, Heusner T, Bockisch A, Hilgard P, et al. 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An investigation into the potential applicability of gel dosimeters for dosimetry in boron neutron capture therapy 2 2 Background: The aim of this work was to establish how well gel dosimeters performed, as substitutes for brain tissue compared with standard phantom materials such as water, polymethyl-methacrylate (or PMMA), A150 plastic and TE- liquid phantom material for dosimetry of neutron beams in boron neutron capture therapy. Materials and Methods: Thermal neutron fluence, photon dose and epithermal neutron dose distributions were computed for the epithermal neutron beam of the optimized linac based BNCT. Results: Amongst all investigated phantom materials, TE-liquid was shown to be a better substitute for brain tissue than other phantom materials. The differences between TE- liquid and brain at the depth of 6.1 cm for thermal neutron fluence, gamma dose and epithermal neutron dose distributions was calculated 2.80%, 2.40% and -13.87% , respectively. In comparison with the other gel dosimeters, LMD2 provided a better simulation of radiation transport in the brain. It's results differed from the real brain, at the depth of 6.1 cm, for thermal neutron fluence, gamma dose and epithermal neutron dose distributions, by -1.27%, 4.20% and 21.05% respectively. Conclusion: Even though, in gamma dose distribution the LMD2 has large deviation from brain tissue distribution, the deviation is approximately independent of depth, so the results can be multiplied by a constant coefficient to be more consistent with reality. Even though, TE- liquid showed satisfactory results for brain tissue substitution in BNCT, but some properties of gel dosimeters such as three dimensionality, make LMD2 a potentially good dosimeter for dosimetric verification in BNCT. 139 149 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 S.M. Abtahi S.M. Abtahi University of Shahid Beheshti, Radiation Medicine Department, P. O. Box 19839- 63113, Tehran, Iran Iran sm_abtahi@sbu.ac.ir S.M.R. Aghamiri S.M.R. Aghamiri University of Shahid Beheshti, Radiation Medicine Department, P. O. Box 19839- 63113, Tehran, Iran Iran H Khalafi H Khalafi Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran Iran F. Rahmani F. Rahmani University of Shahid Beheshti, Radiation Medicine Department, P. O. Box 19839- 63113, Tehran, Iran Iran Gel dosimetry BNCT phantom MCNP dose distribution ##1. Wojnecki C and Green S (2001) A computational study into the use of polyacrylamide gel and A-150 plastic as brain tissue substitutes for boron neutron capture therapy. Phys Med Biol, 46:1399–1405. ##2. Sellakumar P, Samuel EJJ, Supe SS (2007) Water equivalence of polymer gel dosimeters. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 76: 1108-1115. ##3. Brown S, Venning A, Deene YD, Vial P, Oliver L, Adamovics J, et al. (2008) Radiological properties of the PRESAGE and PAGAT polymer dosimeters. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 66:1970– 1974. ##4. Venning AJ, Nitschke KN, Keall PJ, Baldock C (2005) Radiological properties of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters. Medical Physics, 32(4):1047-53. ##5. Pantelis E, Karlis AK, Kozicki M, Papagiannis P, Sakelliou L, Rosiak JM (2004) Polymer gel water equivalence and relative energy response with emphasis on low photon energy dosimetry in brachytherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 49: 3495-3514. ##6. UusiSimola J, Heikkinen S, Kotiluoto P, Serén T, Seppälä T, Auterinen I, et al. (2007) MAGIC polymer gel for dosimetric verification in boron neutron capture therapy. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 8(2): 114-123.##7. Uusi-Simola J, Savolainen S, Kangasm¨aki A, Heikkinen S (2003) Study of the relative dose-response of BANG-3R polymer gel dosimeters in epithermal neutron irradiation. Phys Med Bio, 48: 2895–2906. ##8. Farajollahi AR, Bonnett DE, Tattam D, Greenk S (2000) The potential use of polymer gel dosimetry in boron neutron capture therapy. Phys Med Biol, 45: N9–N14. ##9. Baldock C, Deene YD, Doran S, Ibbott G, Jirasek A, Lepage M, et al. (2010) Polymer gel dosimetry. Phys Med Biol, 55:R1–R63. ##10. Ibbott GS (2004) Application of gel dosimetry. Journal of Physics, Conference Series 3: 58-77. ##11. Maryanski MJ, Schulz RJ, Ibbott GS, Gatenby JC, Xie J, Horton D, et al. (1994) Magnetic resonance imaging of radiation dose distributions using a polymer-gel dosimeter. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 39:1437-1455. ##12. Marya˜nski MJ, Zastavker YZ, Gore JC (1996) Radiation dose distributions in three dimensions from tomographic optical density scanning of polymer gels: II. Optical properties of the BANG polymer gel. Phys Med Biol, 41:2705–2717. ##13. Maryanski MJ, Ibbott GS, Eastman P, Scultz RJ, Gore JC (1996) Radiation therapy dosimetry using magnetic resonance imaging of polymer gels. Med Phys, 23:699–705. ##14. Bruce P (2003) The use of BANG-3 polymer gel to quantify the three-dimensional dose distribution of IMRT. [MSc. Thesis]. Louisiana: Louisiana State University, 27-28.##15. Pappas E, Maris T, Angelopoulos A, Paparigopoulou M, Sakelliou L, Sandilos P, et al. (1999) A new polymer gel for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiation dosimetry. Phys Med Biol, 44: 2677–2684. ##16. Deene YD, Vergote K, Claeys C, Wagter Cd (2006) The fundamental radiation propertiesof normoxic polymer gel dosimeters: a comparison between a methacrylic acid based gel and acrylamide based gels. Phys Med Biol, 51: 653-673. ##17. Fong PM, Keil DC, Does MD, Gore JC (2001) Polymer gels for magnetic resonance imaging of radiation dose distributions at normal room atmosphere. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 46(12):3105-3113. ##18. Venning AJ, Hill B, Brindha S, Healy BJ, Baldock C (2005) Investigation of the PAGAT polymer gel dosimeter using magnetic resonance imaging. Physics in Medicine and Biology Printed in the UK, 50: 3875-3888. ##19. Venning AJ, Brindha S, Hill B, Baldock C (2004) Preliminary study of a normoxic PAG gel dosimeter with tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride as an antioxidant. Journal of Physics, Conference Series 3: 155–158. ##20. Venning A, Healy B, Nitschk K, Baldock C (2005) Investigation of the MAGAS normoxic polymer gel dosimeter with Pyrex glass walls for clinical radiotherapy dosimetry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 555(1-2): 396-402. ##21. Šolc J and Spˇev´aˇcek Va (2009) New radiochromic gel for 3D dosimetry based on Turnbull blue: basic properties. Phys Med Biol, 54: 5095–5107. ##22. Gorjiara T, Hill R, Kuncic Z, Adamovics J, Bosi S, Kim J-H, et al. (2011) Investigation of radiological properties and water equivalency of PRESAGE® dosimeters. Med Phys, 38 (4)##23. Vandecasteele J, Ghysel S, Baete SH, Deene YD (2011) Radio-physical properties of micelle leucodye 3D integrating gel dosimeters. Phys Med Biol, 56: 627–651. ##24. Raaijmakers CPJ, Nottelman EL, Mijnheer BJ (2000) Phantom materials for boron neutron capture therapy. Phys Med Biol, 45:2353–2361. ##25. Taylor ML, Franich RD, Johnston PN, Millar RM, Trapp JV (2007) Systematic variations in polymer gel dosimeter calibration due to container influence and deviations from water equivalence. Phys Med Biol, 52: 3991–4005. ##26. ICRU (1989) Tissue substitutes in radiation dosimetry and measurement. Report No.: ICRU Report 44 (Bethesda, MD: ICRU).##27. X-5 Monte Carlo Team. MCNP—A General Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code, Version 5, Volume I: Overview and Theory. Los Alamos, N.M.: Los Alamos National Laboratory; 2003. Report No.: LA-UR-03-1987.##28. 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Effect of uniform magnetic field on dose distribution in the breast radiotherapy 2 2 Background: To reduce the dose to normal tissues surrounding the treated breast, a uniform magnetic field was used within a humanoid phantom in breast radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Monte Carlo simulations were performed with GEANT4, irradiating humanoid phantoms in a magnetic field. To reconstruct phantoms, computed tomography (CT) data slices of four patients were used for the Monte Carlo simulations. All of them had left breast cancer either or not mastectomy. In the simulations, the planning and methods of chest wall irradiation were similar to the actual clinical planning. Results: Utilizing magnetic field will help to produce uniform dose distribution to the breast with a sharp dose-volume histogram (DVH) curve for the planning target volume (PTV), however, for the ipsilateral lung and chest wall skin the mean dose was reduced by a mean of 16% and 12% at 1.5 T, and 9% and 7% at 3 T, respectively. The magnetic field was shown to restrict the lateral spread of secondary electrons to the contralateral organs, resulting in significient dose reductions to the contralateral breast (CB) and contralateral chest wall skin (CCWS) by a mean (range) of 28% (21-37%) and 58% (44-75%) at 1.5 T, and 48% (32-81) and 66% (54-73%) at 3 T, respectively. Conclusion: The simulations established that the magnetic field can reduce the dose to the internal and contralateral tissues and increase it to the PTV with sharper edge DVH curve. 151 160 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 A.D. Esmaeeli A.D. Esmaeeli Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran ali_esmaeeli_d@yahoo.com M. Pouladian M. Pouladian Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran A.S. Monfared A.S. Monfared Department of Medical Physics, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Iran S.R. Mahdavi S.R. Mahdavi Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran D. Moslemi D. 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Macklis RM, Crownover RL, Crowe J, WILoughby T, Sohn J (1999) Reducing scatter radiation to the contralateral breast with a mobile, conformal shield during breast cancer radiotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol, 22:419-25.##6. Hall EJ (2006) Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, protons, and the risk of second cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 65: 1-7.##7. Xu XG, Bednarz B, Paganetti H (2008) A review of dosimetry studies on external beam radiation treatment with respect to second cancer induction. Phys Med Biol, 53: R193-241.##8. Shih CC (1975) High energy electron radiotherapy in a magnetic field. Med Phys, 2: 9-13.##9. Chen Y, Bielajew AF, Litzenberg DW, Moran JM, Becchetti FD (2005) Magnetic confinement of electron and photon radiotherapy dose: A Monte Carlo simulation with a nonuniform longitudinal magnetic field. Med Phys, 12: 3810-3818.##10. Pouliot J, Bani-Hashemi A, Chen J, Svatos M, Ghelmansarai F, Mitschke M, Aubin M, Xia P, Morin O, Bucci K, Roach M, Hernandez P, Zheng Z, Hristov D, Verhey L (2005) Low-dose megavoltage cone-beam CT for radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 61: 552-560.##11. Nederveen AJ, Dehnad H, Van der Heide UA, Van Moorselaar RJA, Hofman P, Lagendijk JJW (2003) Comparison of megavoltage position verification for prostate irradiation based on bony anatomy and implanted fiducials. Radiother Oncol, 68: 81–8.##12. Lagendijk JJW, Raaymakers BW, Raaijmakers AJE, Overweg J, Brown K J, Kerkhof EM, van der Put RW, Hårdemark B, van Vulpen M, van der Heide UA (2007) MRI/Linac integration. Radiother Oncol, doi:10.1016/ j radonc, 10.034.##13. Fallone B, Carlone M, Murray B, Rathee S, Stanescu T, Steciw S,Wachowicz K, Kirkby C (2007) Development of a linac-MRI system for real-time ART. AAPM Minneapolis 49th Annual Meeting.##14. Fallone B G, Murray B, Rathee S, Stanescu T, Steciw S, Vidakovic S, Blosser E, Tymofichuk D (2009) First MR images obtained during megavoltage photon irradiation from a prototype integrated linac-MR system. Med Phys, 36: 2084–2088.##15. Kirkby C, Stanescu T, Fallone B G (2009) Magnetic field effects on the energy deposition spectra of MV photon radiation. Phys Med Biol, 54: 243–257.##16. Kirkby C, Murray B, Rathee S, Fallone BG (2010) Lung dosimetry in a linac-MRI radiotherapy unit with a longitudinal magnetic field. Med Phys, 37: 4722-3.##17. Kirkby C, Stanescu T, Rathee S, Carlone M, Murray B, Fallone BG (2008) Patient dosimetry for hybrid MRI-radiotherapy systems. Med Phys, 35: 1019-27.##18. Oborn BM, Metcalfe PE, Butson MJ, Rosenfeld AB (2009) High resolution entry and exit Monte Carlo dose calculations from a linear accelerator 6 MV beam under the influence of transverse magnetic fields. Med. Phys. 36: 3549-59.##19. Oborn BM, Metcalfe PE, Butson MG, Rosenfeld AB, Keall PJ (2012) Electron contamination modeling and skin dose in 6 MV longitudinal field MRIgRT: Impact of the MRI and MRI fringe field. Med Phys, 39: 874-91.##20. Whitmire DP, Bernard DL, Peterson MD (1993) Magnetic Modification of the Electron-dose Distribution in Tissue and Lung Phantoms. Med Phys, 5: 409-17.##21. Bieljajew A F (1993) The Effect of Strong Longitudinal Magnetic Fields on Dose Deposition From Electron and Photon Beams. Med Phys, 20: 1171-9.##22. Li XA, Reiffel L, Chu J, Naqvi S (2001) Conformal photon-beam therapy with transverse magnetic fields: a Monte Carlo study. Med Phys, 28: 127–33.##23. Jette D (2000) Magnetic fields with photon beams: dose calculation using electron multiple-scattering theory. Med Phys, 27: 1705–1716.##24. Raaijmakers A J E, Raaymakers BW, Lagendijk J JW (2008) Magnetic-field-induced dose effects in MR-guided radiotherapy systems: dependence on the magnetic field strength. 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Impact of range straggling and multiple scattering on proton therapy of brain, using a slab head phantom 2 2 Background: The advantages of proton beam in radiation therapy- like small lateral scattering as well as absence of exit dose tail in the organs which are after the tumor- make it capable of delivering more treatment doses to the target and much lesser to the critical tissues near it. Materials and Methods: In this study, the Monte Carlo MCNPX code has been used to simulate a slab head phantom irradiated by proton pencil beams. The simplified slab has tissue compositions of the ICRU 46, and the necessary data have been taken from adult male phantom of MIRD-ORNL family series. Results: Suitable energy range of incident proton beams has been estimated in order to have the Bragg peaks inside the brain tissue. Energy straggling or, rather, range straggling, and multiple scattering which affect the lateral broadening of incident beams, have been investigated. Conclusion: The results show that the FWHM (Full Wide in Half Maximum) increases more than six times from 1.73 mm to 10.78 mm for the energy range of 50 - 135 MeV. The FWHM values of lateral dose profiles change from 1 mm in 50 MeV to 7.5 mm in 135 MeV, and it has been shown that when a pencil beam is used to irradiate a tissue, the absorbed dose in depth along the central axis does not show a Bragg peak pattern. 161 167 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 S.B. Jia S.B. Jia Department of Physics , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Iran A.A. Mowlavi A.A. Mowlavi Department of Physics , Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran Iran amowlavi@hsu.ac.ir M.H. Hadizadeh M.H. Hadizadeh Department of Physics , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Iran M. Ebrahimi Loushab M. 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Design of homogeneous and heterogeneous human equivalent thorax phantom for tissue inhomogeneity dose correction using TLD and TPS measurements 2 2 Background: The purpose of this study is to fabricate inexpensive in-house low cost homogeneous and heterogeneous human equivalent thorax phantom and assess the dose accuracy of the Treatment Planning Systems (TPS) calculated values for different lung treatment dosimetery. It is compared with Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD) measurement. Materials and Methods: Homogeneous and heterogeneous thorax human equivalent phantoms were fabricated using bee’s wax (density=0.99 g/cm3) as a tissue simulating material, with inserts of cork (density=0.2 g/cm3) and Teflon (density=2 g/cm3) as lung and spine simulating material respectively. Lithium fluoride (LiF) TLD capsules were irradiated for different thoracic tumor treatment techniques using the locally fabricated homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms. The 3D TPS calculated values of homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms were compared with TLD measured values. Results: Experiments were carried out for different thoracic tumour treatment techniques for small and larger field sizes and also with and without wedge for Cobalt – 60 photon beams. Plato TPS were used to calculate the inhomogeneity for the homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms. TLD and 3D TPS calculated values were found to have deviation of ± 5%. Conclusion: Both the homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms has proved to be a valuable tools in the development and implementation of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in the clinical thorax region and in the verification of absolute dose and dose distributions in the regions of clinical and dosimetric interest. 169 178 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 S. Senthilkumar S. Senthilkumar Department of Radiotherapy, Madurai Medical College and Govt. Rajaji Hospital, Maduari-625 020, India India sasenthilgh@gmail.com Homogeneous phantom heterogeneous phantom TLD thoracic region tumour TPS Geroge X Ding, Dennis M Duggan, Bo Lu (2007) Impact of inhomogeneity corrections on dose coverage in the treatment of lung cancer using stereotactic body radiation therapy. Med Phys, 34(7): 2985-2994.##2. Senthilkumar S and Ramakrishnan V (2011) Fabrication of low cost in-house slab homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms for lung radiation treatment. Iran J Radiat Res, 9(2): 109-119.##3. Don Robinson (2008) Inhomogeneity correction and the analytic anisotropic algorithm. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 9(2): 112—122. ##4. Tissue inhomogeneity corrections for megavoltage photon beams AAPM report no. 85, (2004) Madison, USA: AAPM.##5. Anuj Kumar, Sunil Dutt Sharma, Arya AK, Surabhi Gupta, Deepak Shrotriya (2011) Effect of low-density heterogeneities in telecobalt therapy and validation of dose calculation algorithm of a treatment planning system. J Med Phys, 36(4): 198–204.##6. Svenesson GK (1984) Quality assurance in radiation therapy: physical effort. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 10(suppl 1): 23-29. ##7. Brahme A, Chavaudra J, Landberg T (1988) Accuracy requirements and quality assurance of external beam therapy with photons and electrons. Acta Oncol, (Suppl 1): 1-76. ##8. Venselaar J, Welleweerd H, Mijnheer B (2001) Tolerances for the accuracy of photon beam dose calculations of treatment planning systems. Radiother Oncol, 60: 191-201.##9. Andrew O Jones, Indra J Das, Frederick L Jones (2003) A Monte Carlo study of IMRT beamlets in inhomogeneous media. Med Phys, 30(3): 296-300.##10. ICRU Report 42 (1987) Use of computers in external beam radiotherapy procedures with high energy photons and electrons. Washington, DC: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement.##11. Ekstrand KE and Barnes WH (1990) Pitfalls in the use of high energy X-rays to treat tumors in the lung. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 18: 249-252.##12. El-Khatib EE, Evans M, Pla M (1989) Evaluation of lung dose correction methods for photon irradiation of thorax phantoms. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 17: 871-878.##13. Anctil J, Clark BG, Arsenault CJ (1998) Experimental determination of dosimetry functions of Ir-192 sources. Med Phys, 25: 2279-2287.##14. Karaiskos P (1998) Monte Carlo and TLD dosimetry of an 192Ir high dose rate brachytherapy source. Med Phys, 25: 1975-1984. ##15. Kirov AS, Williamson JF, Meigooni AS (1995) TLD, diode and Monte Carlo dosimetry of an 192Ir for high dose rate brachytherapy. Phys Med Biol, 40: 2015-2036. ##16. David Followill, DeeAnn Radford Evans (2007) Design, development, and implementation of the Radiological Physics Center’s pelvis and thorax anthropomorphic quality assurance phantoms. Med Phys, 34(6): 2070-2076. ##17. Nath R (1995) Dosimetry of interstitial brachytherapy source: Recommendations of AAPM radiation therapy committee task group no. 43. Med Phys, 22: 209-234. ##18. ICRU Report 48 (1992) Phantoms and computational models in therapy, diagnosis and protection. Maryland, USA. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement, 15.##19. Pradhan AS (1995) Influence of heating rate on the response of TLDs. Radiat Prot Dosim, 58: 205-209.##20. Photon treatment planning collaborative working group (1991) Role of inhomogeneity corrections in three–dimensional photon treatment planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 21: 59-69. ## ##

Production of yttrium aluminum silicate microspheres by gelation of an aqueous solution containing yttrium and aluminum ions in silicone oil 2 2 Background: Radioactive yttrium glass microspheres are used for liver cancer treatment. These yttrium aluminum silicate microspheres are synthesized from yttrium, aluminum and silicone oxides by melting. There are two known processes used to transform irregular shaped glass particles into microspheres, these ‘spheroidization by flame’ and ‘spheroidization by gravitational fall in a tubular furnace’. Materials and Methods: Yttrium aluminum silicate microspheres with the approximate size of 20-50 µm were obtained when an aqueous solution of YCl3 and AlCl3 was added to tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and pumped in to silicone oil and stirred constantly the temperature of 80˚C. The resulting spherical shapes were then investigated for crystallization, chemical bonds, composition and distribution of elements by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), carbon/sulfur analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and SEM/EDS analysis. Results: The particles produced by the above-mentioned method were regular and nearly spherical in shape. The results of topographical analysis of a cross-section showed that form of the microspheres had formed a ‘boiled egg’ structure. This method has an advantage over other methods in that the process does not require high temperatures. Conclusion: This paper reports on a novel method to produce yttrium glass microspheres. The resulting microspheres were formed with a silicon crust so the proposed method is expected to be suitable for application in the production of radioactive seed sources for implantation in tumors and cancer tissue. 179 187 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 M.R. Ghahramani M.R. Ghahramani Institute of Radiation Problems, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan Azerbaijan ghahramani.mr@gmail.com A.A. Garibov A.A. Garibov Institute of Radiation Problems, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan Azerbaijan T.N. Agayev T.N. Agayev Institute of Radiation Problems, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yttrium microspheres brachytherapy microspheres seed source sol gel technique Day DE, Gary R, Ehrhardt J (1988) Radioactive glass microspheres. U S Pat No 5011677.##2. Erbe EM and Day ED (1993) Chemical durability of Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses for the in-vivo delivery of beta radiation. J Biomed Mater Res, 27: 1301-1308.##3. Kawashita M, Miyaji F, Kokubo T, Takaoka GH, Yamada I, Suzuki Y, Kajiyama K (1997) Preparation of glass for radiotherapy of cancer by P + Ion implantation at 100 keV. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res, B 121: 323-327.##4. Kawashita M, Miyaji F, Kokubo T (1999) Preparation of Phosphorus-Containing Silica Glass Microspheres for Radiotherapy of Cancer by Ion Implantation. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 10: 459-463.##5. Kawashita M, Miyaji F, Kokubo T, Takaoka GH, Yamada I, Suzuki Y, Inoue M (1999) Surface structure and chemical durability of P+ - implanted Y2O3–Al2O3–SiO2 glass for radiotherapy of cancer. J Non-Cryst Solids, 255: 140-148.##6. Kawashita M, Takayama Y, Kokubo T, Takaoka GH, Araki N, Hiraoka M (2006) Enzymatic preparation of hollow yttrium oxide microspheres for in situ radiotherapy of deep-seated cancer. J Am Ceram Soc, 89: 1347–1351.##7. Kawashita M, Miyaji F, Kokubo T, Takaoka GH, Yamada I, Suzuki Y, Kajiyama K (1997) Preparation of radiotherapy glass by phosphorus ion implantation at 100 keV. J Biomed Mater Res, 38: 342-347.##8. Kawashita M, Matsui N, Li Zh, Miyaza T (2010) Preparation of porous yttrium Oxide microparticles by gelation of ammonium alginate in aqueous solution containing yttrium Ions. J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 21: 1837–1843.##9. Christie JK and Tilocca A (2010) Short-range structure of yttrium alumino-silicate glass for cancer radiotherapy: Car–Parrinello Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Adv Eng Mater, 12: B326-B330.##10. Simon V, Eniua D, Takácsb A, Magyari K, Neumannb M, Simon S (2005) X-Ray Photoemission Study of Yttium Contained in Radiotherapy Systems. J Optoelectron Adv Mater, 7: 2853–2857.##11. Heness G and Ben-Nissan B (2004) Innovative Bioceramics. Mater Forum, 27: 104-114.##12. Sene FF, Martinelli JR, Okuno E (2008) Synthesis and characterization of phosphate glass microspheres for radiotherapy applications. J Non-Cryst Solids, 354: 4887-4893.##13. Kawashita M, Shineha R, Kim HM, Kokubo T, InoueY, Araki N, Nagata Y, Hiraoka M, Sawada Y (2003) Preparation of ceramic microspheres for in situ radiotherapy of deep-seated cancer. Biomate, 24: 2955-2963.##14. Sreekumar KP, Saxena SK, Kumar Y, Thiyagarajan TK, Dash A, Ananthapadmanabhan PV, Venkatesh M (2010) studies on the preparation and plasma spherodization of yttrium aluminosilicate glass microspheres for their potential application in liver brachytherapy. J Phys Conf Ser, 208: 1-5.##15. Mantravadi RVP, Spignos DG, Tan WS, Felix EL (1982) Intraarterial yttrium 90 in the treatment of hepatic malignancy. Radiol, 142: 783-786.##16. Cho SM, Kim YT, Yoon DH (2003) Optical characterization of silica based waveguide prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. J Korean Phys Soc, 42: S947-S951.##17. Karl A, Gschneidner Jr, Eyring LR (1986) Handbook on the physics and chemistry of rare earths. Vol 8 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.##18. Palanivel R and Velraj G (2007) FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopic studies of fired clay artifacts recently excavated in Tamilnadu, India. Indian J Pure & Appl Phys, 45: 501-508.##19. Gradeff PS, Yunlu K, Deming TJ, Olofson JM, Doedens RJ, Evans WJ (1990) Synthesis of yttrium and lanthanide silyloxy complexes from anhydrous nitrate and oxo alkoxide precursors and the X-ray crystal structure of[ Ce( OSiPh3),( THF) 3]( THF). Inorg Chem, 29: 420-424.##20. Chambers JJ (2000) Reactions for yttrium silicate high-K dielectrics. PHD theses, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.##21.http://vasculardiseasemanagement.com/content/ does-microparticle-size-affect-bland-emboli zation-outcomes-local-treatment-liver-malignancie##22. Yang CS, Kim JS, Choi JW, Kwon MH, Kim YJ, Choi JG, Geug T Kim (2002) XPS study of aluminum oxides deposited on PET thin film. J Ind and Eng Chem, 6: 149-156.##23. Shpotyuk O, Filipecki J, Klym H, Ingram A (2009) Combined XRD, XPS and pals characterization of humidity sensitive MgAl2O4 ceramics. Ser Phys, 43: 199-208.##24. 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Primary embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the kidney in an adult：A case report 2 2 Primary rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the kidney is a rare malignant mesenchymal tumor with an aggressive clinical course. Adult renal RMS is typically a pleomorphic histologic subtype and only a few cases have ever been reported. We herein present a new case of renal RMS of the embryonal histologic subtype in a 26-year-old woman. 189 192 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 2014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/282014/05/28 1393/3/7 Sh. Fang Sh. Fang Department of Ultrasound, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China China cloudylucn@163.com Y. Sun Y. Sun Department of Ultrasound, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China China M.P.H. Yuan Wang M.P.H. Yuan Wang The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. U.S.A. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma kidney tumor adult Kramer S, Meadows AT, Jarrett P, Evans AE (1983) Incidence of childhood cancer: experience of a decade in a population-based registry. J Natl Cancer Inst, 70:49-55.##2. Linardic CM (2008) PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene in rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Lett, 270: 10-18.##3. Vogelzang NJ, Fremgen AM, Guinan PD, Chmiel JS, Sylvester JL, Sener SF (1993) Primary renal sarcoma in adults: A natural history and management study by the American Cancer Society, Illinois Division. Cancer, 71: 804-810.##4. Dalfior D, Eccher A, Gobbo S, Brunelli M, Martignoni G, Menestrina F, Dalla PP, Dvornik G (2008) Primary pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the kidney in an adult. Ann Diagn Pathol, 12(4): 301-3.##5. Stout AP (1946) Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Skeletal Muscles. Ann Surg, 123: 447-472. ##6. du Boulay CE (1985) Immunohistochemistry of soft tissue tumours: A review. J Pathol, 146:77-94. ##7. Horn RC Jr and Enterline HT (1958) Rhabdomyosarcoma: a clinicopathological study and classification of 39 cases. Cancer, 11:181-199.##8. Crist W, Gehan EA, Ragab AH, Dickman PS, Donaldson SS, Fryer C, Hammond D, Hays DM, Herrmann J, Heyn R (1995) The third intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma study. J Clin Oncol, 13: 610-630.##9. Furlong MA, Mentzel T, Fanburg-Smith JC (2001) Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma in adults: a clinicopathologic study of 38 cases with emphasis on morphologic variants and recent skeletal muscle-specific markers. Mod Pathol, 14:595-603. ##10. Meir K, Wygoda M, Reichman O, Gofrit ON, Pizov G (2006) Puerperal renal rhabdomyosarcoma: case report and review of the literature. Urol Oncol, 24: 40-43. ##11. Grignon DJ, McIsaac GP, Armstrong RF, Wyatt JK (1988) Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the kidney. A light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic study. Cancer, 62: 2027-2032.## ##