Performance evaluation of gated volumetric modulated arc therapy 2 2 Background: Aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the gated volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT/RapidArc) using 2D planar dosimetry, DynaLog files and COMPASS 3D dosimetry system. Materials and Methods: Pre-treatment quality assurance of 10 gated VMAT plans was verified using 2D array and COMPASS 3D dosimetry system. Advantage of COMPASS over 2D planar is that it provides the clinical consequence of error in treatment delivery. Measurements were performed for non-gated and different phase gating window level (80%, 50%, 30% & 20%) to know the impact of gating in VMAT dose delivery. Results: In 2D planar dosimetry, gamma agreement index (GAI) for all measurements were more than 95%. DynaLog file analysis shows the average deviations between actual and expected positions of monitor units, gantry and multi-leaf collimator. The STDVs MU and gantry position were less than 0.10 MU and 0.33° respectively. Root mean square (RMS) of the deviations of all leaves were less than 0.58 mm. The results from COMPASS show that 3D dose volume parameters for ten patients measured for different phase gating window level were within the tolerance level of ±5%. Average 3D gamma of PTV and OAR’s for different window level was less than 0.6. Conclusion: The results from this study show that gated VMAT delivery provided dose distributions equivalent to non-gated delivery to within clinically acceptable limits and COMPASS along with MatrixEvolution can be effectively used for pretreatment verification of gated VMAT plans. 81 90 2016/07/8 1395/4/18 2016/07/8 1395/4/18 S. Thirumalai Swamy S. Thirumalai Swamy Yashoda Hospitals India sthirumalaiswamy@gmail.com C. Anu Radha C. Anu Radha VIT University India G. Arun G. Arun Yashoda Hospitals India M. Kathirvel M. Kathirvel Yashoda Hospitals India V. Subramanian V. Subramanian Yashoda Hospitals India Gated VMAT COMPASS RPM 3D dosimetry 1. Saw CB, Brandner E, Selvaraj R, Chen H, Huq MS, Heron DE (2007). A review on the clinical implementation of respiratory gated radiation therapy. Biomed Imaging and Intervention Journal, 3:40.##2. Jiang S B (2006) Technical aspects of image-guided respiration-gated radiation therapy. Medical Dosimetry, 31: 141-151. ##3. Chang Z, Liu T, Cai J, Chen Q, Wang Z Yin FF (2011) Evaluation of integrated respiratory gating systems on a Novalis Tx system. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 12:71-79.##4. Korreman SS, Pedersen AN, Aarup LR, Nottrup TJ, Specht L, Nystrom H (2006) Reduction of cardiac and pulmonary complication probabilities after breathing adapted radiotherapy for breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 65:1375–1380##5. Keal PJ , Magreas GS, Baleter JM, Emery RS, Forster KM, Jiang SB, Kapatoes JM, Low DA, Murphy MJ, Murray BR, Ramsey CR, Herk MB, Vedam SS, Womg JW (2006) The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology report of AAPM Task Group 76. Med Phys, 33:3874-3900.##6. Smith W, Becker N (2009) Time delays and margins in gated radiotherapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 10: 140-157.##7. Vanetti E, Clivio A, Nicolini G, Fogliata A, Ghosh-Laskar S, Agarwal JP, Upreti RR, Budrukkar A, Murthy V, Deshpande DD, Shrivastava SK, Dinshaw KA, Cozzi L (2009) Volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy for carcinomas of the oro-pharynx, hypo-pharynx and larynx: A treatment planning comparison with fixed field IMRT. Radiother Oncol, 92: 111-117.##8. Teoh M, Beveridge S, Wood K, Whitaker S, Adams E, Rickard D, Jordan T, Nisbet A, Clark CH (2013) Volumetric-modulated arc therapy (RapidArc) vs conventional fixed-field intensity modulated radiotherapy for 18F-FDG-PET-guided dose escalation in oropharyngeal cancer: A planning study. Med Dosim, 38: 18-24.##9. Subramanian S, Srinivas C, Ramalingam K, Babaiah M, Swamy ST, Arun G, Kathirvel M, Ashok S, Clivio A, Fogliata A, Nicolini G, Rao KS, Reddy TP, Amit J, Vanetti E, Cozzi L (2012) Volumetric modulated arc–based hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of selected intracranial arteriovenous malformations: Dosimetric report and early clinical experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Bio Phys, 82: 1278-1284. ##10. Goswami B, Mitra S, Banerjee S, Shiva AB, Nagendran P, Kumari P, Gowami P, Chakraborty A, Mukherjee S (2013) RapidArc: Initial experience in high grade glioma. Int J Radiat Res, 11: 203-206.##11. Ling C, Zhang P, Archambault Y, Bocanek J, Tang G, Losasso T (2008) Commissioning and quality assurance of RapidArc radiotherapy delivery system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 72: 575-581.##12. Nicolini G, Vanetti E, Clivio A, Fogliata A, Cozzi L (2010) Pre-clinical evaluation of respiratory-gated delivery of volumetric modulated arc therapy with RapidArc. Phys Med Biol, 55: 347–357.##13. Nelms B, Zhen H, Tome W (2011) Per-beam, planar IMRT QA passing rates do not predict clinically relevant patient dose errors. Med Phys, 38:1037-1044.##14. Boggula R, Lorenz F, Mueller L, Birkner M, Wertz H, Stieler F, Steil V, Lohr F, Wenz F (2010) Experimental validation of a commercial 3D dose verification system for intensity-modulated arc therapies. Phys Med Biol, 55:5619–5633.##15. Thirumalai S, Anuradha C, Kathirvel M, Arun G, Subramanian S (2014) Pretreatment quality assurance of volumetric modulated arc therapy on patient CT scan using indirect 3D dosimetry system. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol, 2(4): 020416.##16. Korevaar E, Wauben D, van der Hulst P, Lagedndijik J, van’t Veld A (2011) Clinical introduction of a linac head-mounted 2D detector array based quality assurance system in head and neck IMRT. Radiother Oncol, 100: 446-452.##17. Godart J, Korevaar EW, Visser R, Wauben DJL, van’t Veld AA (2011) Reconstruction of high resolution 3D dose from matrix measurements: error detection capability of the COMPASS correction kernel method. Phys Med Biol, 56: 5029–5043.##18. Visser R, Wauben DJL, Groot M, Godart J, Langendijk JA, van't Veld AA, Korevaar EW (2013) Efficient and reliable 3D dose quality assurance for IMRT by combining independent dose calculations with measurements. Med Phys, 40: 021710.##19. Kathirvel M, Subramanian S, Clivio A, Arun G, Fogliata A, Nicolini G, Subramani V, Swamy ST, Vanetti E, Cozzi L (2013) Critical appraisal of the accuracy of Acuros-XB and Anisotropic Algorithm compared to measurement and calculations with the in the delivery of RapidArc clinical plans. Radiation Oncology, 8:1-9.##20. Hasenbalg F, Neuenschwander H, Mini R, Born E (2007) Collapsed cone convolution and analytical anisotropic algorithm dose calculations compared to VMC++ Monte Carlo simulations in clinical cases. Phys Med Biol, 52: 3679-3691.##21. Herzen J, Todorovic M, Cremers F, Platz V, Albers D, Bartels A, Schmidt R (2007) Dosimetric evaluation of a 2D pixel ionization chamber for implementation in clinical routine. Phys Med Biol, 52: 1197–1208.##22. Teke T, Bergman A, Kwa W, Gill B, Duzenli C, Popescu A (2010) Monte Carlo based, patient-specific RapidArc QA using Linac log files. Med Phys, 37:116-123.##23. Agnew C, King R, Hounsell A, McGarry C (2012) Implementation of phantom-less IMRT delivery verification using Varian DynaLog files and R/V output. Phys Med Biol, 57: 6761–6777.##24. Basran P and Woo M (2008) An analysis of tolerance levels in IMRT quality assurance procedures. Med Phys, 35:2300-2307##25. Qian J, Xing L, Liu W, Luxton G (2011) Dose verification for respiratory-gated volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Phys Med Biol, 56: 4827-4838.##26. Ezzell G, Burmeister J, Dogan N (2009) IMRT commissioning: Multiple institution planning and dosimetry comparisons, a report from AAPM Task Group 119. Med Phys, 36: 5359-5373.## ##

Percutaneous microwave ablation of thyroid nodules: efficacy evaluation with 99m Tc - pertechnetate and 99mTc-MIBI functional imaging 2 2 Background: Local ablative treatments play an important role for patients who cannot be treated surgically. Radiofrequency ablation is a well-established alternative to surgical treatment of thyroid nodules, however it also has disadvantages. Microwave ablation (MWA) is a new minimally invasive treatment promising several improvements. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effects of microwave ablation on thyroid nodules by 99mTc-pertechnetate and 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy. Materials and Methods: 30 patients with overall 40 nodules were treated. For the ablation of thyroid nodules, a microwave generator working with frequencies from 902 to 928 MHz was used. The ablation time ranged between 120 and 300 seconds per ablation zone. The target temperatures ranged between 60-80 °C. Pre- and post- interventional, the radionuclide uptake was determined using a thyroid specific scintillation camera. For 27 cold nodules 99mTc-MIBI was used for evaluation; 13 indifferent nodules were measured with 99mTc-pertechnetate. Results: The relative change of uptake was detected as a quotient of pre- and post- therapeutic uptake. The statistical analysis of scintigraphy data proved the efficacy of microwave ablation. 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy showed an uptake reduction of 39% (range 9 to 85%). 99mTc-MIBI imaging showed a median reduction of 40% (p<0.01) (range 7 to 100%). Conclusion: The determined results show the effectiveness of MWA as a treatment option for benign thyroid nodules. With functional scintigraphy a significant activity decrease could be detected in the ablation zone; hence a verification of affectivity was possible after a short period of time. 91 98 2016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 2016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 K. Heck K. Heck Frankfurt University Hospital Germany kristina.heck@web.de Y. Korkusuz Y. Korkusuz Frankfurt University Hospital Germany C. Happel C. Happel Frankfurt University Hospital Germany F. Grünwald F. Grünwald Frankfurt University Hospital Germany H. Korkusuz H. Korkusuz Frankfurt University Hospital Germany Thyroid nodules microwave ablation 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy functional imaging 1. Blank W and Braun B (2007) Sonografie der Schilddrüse. Teil 1 - Untersuchungstechnik, Normalbefund, Struma diffusa und Struma nodosa. [Sonography of the thyroid - Part 1.]Ultraschall Med, 28(6): 554–68.##2. Jeong WK, Baek JH, Rhim H, Kim YS, Kwak MS, Jeong HJ et al. (2008) Radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules: safety and imaging follow-up in 236 patients. Eur Radiol, 18(6): 1244–50.##3. Feng B, Liang P, Cheng Z, Yu X, Yu J, Han Z, et al. (2012) Ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation of benign thyroid nodules: experimental and clinical studies. Eur J Endocrinol, 166(6): 1031–7.##4. Yue W, Wang S, Wang B, Xu Q, Yu S, Yonglin Z et al. (2013) Ultrasound guided percutaneous microwave ablation of benign thyroid nodules: Safety and imaging follow-up in 222 patients. Eur J Radiol, 82(1): e11–16.##5. Korkusuz H, Happel C, Heck K, Ackermann H, Grünwald F (2014)Percutaneous thermal microwave ablation of thyroid nodules. Preparation, feasibility, efficiency. Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear Medicine, 53(4): 123–30.##6. Brace CL (2009) Radiofrequency and Microwave Ablation of the Liver, Lung, Kidney, and Bone: What Are the Differences? Curr Probl Diagn Radiol, 38(3): 135–43.##7. Brace CL (2009) Microwave Ablation Technology: What every user should know. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol, 38(2): 61–7.##8. Simon CJ, Dupuy DE, Mayo-Smith WW (2005) Microwave Ablation: Principles and Applications. Radiographics, 25(1): S69–83.##9. Vogl TJ, Mack M, Eichler K, Nour-Eldin NE, Mbalisike E, Zangos S et al. (2011) Interventionelle Thermoablation von malignen Lebertumoren und Lebermetastasen: Vergleich von Radiofrequenzablation (RFA), laserinduzierter Thermotherapie (LITT) und Mikrowellenablation (MWA). [Interventional thermoablation of malignant liver tumors and liver metastases: a comparison of radiofrequency ablation (RFA), laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT), and microwave ablation (MWA).] Hessisches Ärzteblatt, 72(10): 606–16.##10. Meller J and Becker W (2002) The continuing importance of thyroid scintigraphy in the era of high-resolution ultrasound. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 29(S2): S425.##11. Zhou Z, Sheng L, Wu S, Yang C, Zeng Y (2013) Ultrasonic evaluation of microwave-induced thermal lesions based on wavelet analysis of mean scatterer spacing. Ultrasonics, 53(7): 1325–31.##12. Correa-Gallego C, Karkar AM, Monette S, Ezell PC, Jarnagin WR, Kingham TP (2014) Intraoperative ultrasound and tissue elastography measurements do not predict the size of hepatic microwave ablations. Acad Radiol, 21(1): 72–8.##13. Ha EJ, Baek JH, Lee JH, Kim JK, Shong YK (2011) Clinical significance of vagus nerve variation in radiofrequency ablation of thyroid nodules. Eur Radiol, 21(10): 2151–7.##14. Wood MA, Shaffer KM, Ellenbogen AL, Ownby ED (2005) Microbubbles during radiofrequency catheter ablation: composition and formation. Heart Rhythm, 2(4): 397–403.##15. Vitetta GM, Neri P, Chiecchio A, Carriero A, Cirillo S, Mussetto AB et al. (2014) Role of ultrasonography in the management of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: retrospective comparison with technetium-99m sestamibi scintigraphy. Journal of ultrasound, 17(1): 1–12.##16. Wiggermann P, Jung E, Glöckner S, Hoffstetter P, Uller W, Vasilj A et al. (2012) Real-Time Elastography of Hepatic Thermal Lesions In Vitro: Histopathological Correlation. Ultraschall Med, 33(2): 170–4.##17. Andrioli M and Valcavi R (2014) The peculiar ultrasonographic and elastographic features of thyroid nodules after treatment with laser or radiofrequency: similarities and differences. Endocrine, 47(3): 967–8.##18. Van Vledder, Mark G, Boctor EM, Assumpcao LR, Rivaz H, Foroughi P, Hager GD et al. (2010) Intra-operative ultrasound elasticity imaging for monitoring of hepatic tumor thermal ablation. HPB (Oxford), 12(10): 717–23.##19. Pareek G, Wilkinson ER, Bharat S, Varghese T, Laeseke PF, Lee FT et al. (2006) Elastographic measurements of in-vivo radiofrequency ablation lesions of the kidney. J Endourol, 20(11): 959–64.##20. Ruchała M, Szczepanek E, Sowiński J (2011) Diagnostic value of radionuclide scanning and ultrasonography in thyroid developmental anomaly imaging. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur, 14(1): 21–8.##21. Sarkar SD (2006) Benign Thyroid Disease: What Is the Role of Nuclear Medicine? Semin Nucl Med, 36(3): 185–93.##22. Kogai T and Brent GA (2012) The sodium iodide symporter (NIS): regulation and approaches to targeting for cancer therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther, 135(3): 355–70.##23. Bhuyan BK (1979) Kinetics of cell kill by hyperthermia. Cancer Res, 39(6 Pt 2): 2277–84.##24. Baek JH, Moon W, Kim YS, Lee JH, Lee D (2009) Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Autonomously Functioning Thyroid Nodules. World J Surg, 33(9): 1971–7.##25. Arbab AS, Koizumi K, Toyama K, Arai T, Araki T (1998) Technetium-99m-tetrofosmin, technetium-99m-MIBI and thallium-201 uptake in rat myocardial cells. J Nucl Med, 39(2): 266–71.##26. Korkusuz H, Happel C, Grünwald F (2013)Ultrasound guided percutaneous microwave ablation of hypofunctional thyroid nodules: evaluation by scintigraphic 99mTc-MIBI imaging. Nuklearmedizin, 52(6): N68.##27. Klebe J, Happel C, Grünwald F, Korkusuz H (2014) Visualization of tissue alterations in thyroid nodules after microwave ablation: sonographic versus scintigraphic imaging. 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Bone marrow radiation dosimetry of high dose 131I treatment in differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients 2 2 Background: Radiation absorbed dose to the red bone marrow, a critical organ in the therapy of thyroid carcinoma, is generally kept below 2 Gy for non-myeloablative therapies. The aim of this study was to calculate bone marrow radiation dose by using MIRDOSE3 package program and to optimize the safe limit of activity to be administered to the thyroid cancer patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, 83 thyroid cancer patients were divided into 3 groups based on the amount of activity administered into the body. In the groups, 3700 MBq, 5550 MBq and 7400 MBq activities were used respectively. The curves of time-activity were drawn from blood samples counts and effective half-life and residence time were calculated. Correlations of bone marrow radiation dose and radioiodine effective half-life were determined as a function of administered activity via ANOVA test. Tg levels and tumour diameters were compared using Spearman’s correlation. Results: The effective half-lives of 131I for three groups of whole-body, receiving 3700 MBq, 5550 MBq and 7400 MBq were calculated as 20.57±5.4, 17.8±5.8 and 18.7±3.9 hours, respectively. The average bone marrow doses for 3 groups of patients were 0.32±0.08 Gy, 0.42±0.14 Gy and 0.60±0.24 Gy, respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that, the bone marrow dose to the patients still remains within the recommended level even after administering an activity of 7400 MBq of 131I to the patients. 99 104 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 Y. Parlak Y. Parlak Celal Bayar University Turkey M. Demir M. Demir Istanbul University Turkey demirm@istanbul.edu.tr I. Cavdar I. Cavdar Istanbul University Turkey S. Ereees S. Ereees Bayar University Turkey G. Gumuser G. Gumuser Celal Bayar University Turkey B. Uysal B. Uysal Dokuz Eylul University Turkey G. Capa Kaya G. Capa Kaya Dokuz Eylul University Turkey M. Koç M. Koç Dokuz Eylul University Turky E. Sayit E. Sayit Bayar University Turky Radioiodine treatment bone marrow dosimetry MIRDOSE3 thyroid cancer Verburg FA, De Keizer B, Lips CJ, Zelissen PM, De Klerk JM (2005) Prognostic significance of successful ablation with radioiodine of differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Eur J Endocrinol, 15: 33-7.##Lassmann M, Reiners C, Luster M (2010) Dosimetry and thyroid cancer: The individual dosage of radioiodine. Endocrine-Related Cancer, 17: 61–72.##Hänscheid H, Lassmann M, Luster M, Thomas SR, Pacini F, Ceccarelli C, et al. (2006) Iodine biokinetics and dosimetry in radioiodine therapy of thyroid cancer: Procedures and results of a prospective ınternational controlled study of ablation after rhTSH or hormone withdrawal. J Nucl Med, 47: 648–54.##Tuttle R M, Leboeuf R, Robbins RJ, Qualey R, Pentlow K, Larson SM et al. (2006) Empiric radioactive iodine dosing regimens frequently exceed maximum tolerated activity levels in elderly patients with thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med, 47: 1587–91.##Meier DA, Brill DR, Becker DV, Clarke SE, Silberstein EB, Royal HD, et al. (2002) Procedure guideline for therapy of thyroid disease with Iodine 131. J Nucl Med, 43: 856–61.##Song H, He B, Prideaux A, Du Y, Frey E, Kasecamp W, et al. (2006) Lung dosimetry for radioiodine treatment planning in the case of diffuse lung metastases. J Nucl Med, 47: 1985–94.##Sgouros G, Song H, Ladenson PW, Wahl RL (2006) Lung toxicity in radioiodine therapy of thyroid carcinoma: Development of a dose-rate method and dosimetric implications of the 80-mCi rule. J Nucl Med, 47: 1977–84.##Hanscheid H, Lassmann M, Luster M, Kloos RT, Reiners C (2009) Blood dosimetry from a single measurement of the whole body radioiodine retention in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma Endocrine-Related. 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Variation of radon progeny concentration over a continental location 2 2 Background: The variation of the radon progeny concentration in outdoor environment and meteorological parameters at fine resolution were studied for one year at a continental location, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, India. Materials and Methods: The concentrations were measured using Alpha Progeny Meter by collecting air samples at a height of 1 m above the Earth’s surface at a known flow rate. Results: Radon progeny concentration shows temporal variations on diurnal and monthly scales, and is due to mixing in the atmosphere. Peak in the early morning hours and low values during afternoon compared to nighttime are due to differential heat contrast between earth’s surface and its atmosphere. However, the activity during February shows maximum compared to June/July months. The diurnal variation of radon progeny shows positive correlation with the relative humidity and negative correlation with ambient temperature. The monthly mean activity of radon progeny for the year 2012 was found to be 4.76 ± 0.73 mWL. Conclusion: The mean concentration of radon progeny in the study region is relatively high compared to the other locations in India and may be due to the rocky terrains and trapping of air-masses near the observation site due to its topography. 105 111 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 K. Charan Kumar K. Charan Kumar Bangalore University India T. Rajendra Prasad T. Rajendra Prasad National Atmospheric Research Laboratory India T. Narayana Rao T. Narayana Rao National Atmospheric Research Laboratory India M. Venkataratnam M. Venkataratnam National Atmospheric Research Laboratory India K. Nagaraja K. 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Atm Res, 76: 65–77. ##Nagaraja Kamsali, Sathish LA (2013) Preliminary results of radon levels at Bangalore University, Bangalore, Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors and Applications, (NL Singh, ed), Narosa publishing House, New Delhi, India.##Porstendörfer J, Butterweck G, Reineking A (1991) Diurnal variation of the concentrations of radon and its short-lived daughters in the atmosphere near the ground. Atmos Env, 25: 709-713.##Gadhavi H and Jayaraman A (2010) Absorbing aerosols: contribution of biomass burning and implications for radiative forcing. Annal Geophys, 28: 103–111.##Sesana L, Caprioli E, Marcazzan GM (2003) Long period study of outdoor radon concentration in Milan and correlation between its temporal variations and dispersion properties of atmosphere. J Env Radioact 65: 147–160.##Israelsson S, Knudsen E, Ungethüm (1973) Simultaneous measurements of radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) in the atmospheric surface layer. 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Nagaraja K, Sathish LA (2010) Outdoor Radon Exposure and Doses in Pune, India. Int. J Phys App, 2(3): 69-72.##22. Sathish LA, Nagaraja K, Ramachandran TV (2013) Radon reduction factor: A new approach for mitigation, Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors and Applications. (NL Singh, ed) Narosa publishing House, New Delhi, India.##23. UNSCEAR (2000), United Nations Scientific Committee on the Sources to effects assessment for radon in homes and workplaces, Report to the General Assembly, United Nations, New York.##24. Nagaraja K, Prasad BSN, Chandrashekara MS, Paramesh L, Madhava MS (2006) Inhalation dose due to radon and its progeny at Pune, Ind J Pure & App Phy, 44: 353-359.##25. Sreenath Reddy M, Sreenivasa Reddy B, Gopal Reddy, Yadagiri Reddy P, Rama Reddy K (2003) Study of indoor radon and its progeny concentration levels in the surrounding area of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Rad Mea, 36: 507-510.##26. Sathish LA, Sannappa J, Paramesh L (2001) Studies on indoor radon/thoron and their progeny levels at Mysore city, Karnataka State, Ind J of Pure & App Phy, 39: 738-745.##27. Sivakumar R (2010) A study on radon and thoron progeny levels in dwellings in South India. Iran J Radiat Res, 8(3): 149-154.##28. Nagaraja K and Sathish LA (2010) Outdoor radon exposure and doses in Pune, India. Int J Phys App, 3: 69-72. ## ##

Radio-protective effect of hydrogen rich water combined with amifostine in mice 2 2 Background: Hydrogen has been demonstrated can selectively reduce the hydroxyl, which is the main cause of ionizing radiation-induced damage. Amifostine (AM) is the only radioprotective drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in radiotherapy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the combined radio-protective effect of hydrogen rich water (HRW) and AM. Materials and Methods: Male ICR mice were treated intragastrically with HRW or/and intraperitoneally with AM 30 minutes prior to 9.0 Gy whole body irradiation from a 60Co source (dose rate 0.96Gy/min). Then the survival rate for 30 days, the hematological parameters, the Clinical chemistry parameters and the bone marrow nucleated cells were examined. Results: We found that the mice treated with HRW and AM before irradiation could increase the 30-day survival rate and improve the body weight better than the HRW or AM treatment alone group and irradiation alone group. Hematological test and Clinical chemistry assays also showed the same results that HRW combined AM could better improve the recovery of hemopoietic system and alleviate the detrimental effects of radiation. Conclusion: The results indicate that the combined application of HRW and AM may be a better method for radiation therapy. 113 118 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 X. Qin X. Qin Shanxi Medical University China J. Yin J. Yin China Institute for Radiation Protection China J. Li J. Li China Institute for Radiation Protection China Q. An Q. An China Institute for Radiation Protection China J. Wen J. Wen China Institute for Radiation Protection China jianhua570621@163.com Q. Niu Q. Niu Shanxi Medical University China Ionizing radiation radioprotection hydrogen rich water Amifostine mice Zhao W and Robbins ME (2009) Inflammation and chronic oxidative stress in radiation-induced late normal tissue injury: therapeutic implications. Curr Med Chem, 16: 130-43.##Gosselin TK and Mautner B (2002) Amifostine as a Radioprotectant. Clin J Oncol Nurs, 6: 175-76.##Savoye C, Swenberg C, Hugot S, Sy D, Sabattier R, Charlier M, Spotheim-Maurizot M (1997) Thiol WR-1065 and disulphide WR-33278, two metabolites of the drug ethyol (WR-2721), protect DNA against fast neutron-induced strand breakage. Int J Radiat Biol, 71: 193-202.##Rubin DB, Drab EA, Kang HJ, Baumann FE, Blazek ER (1996) WR-1065 and radioprotection of vascular endothelial cells. I. Cell proliferation, DNA synthesis and damage. Radiat Res, 145: 210-216.##Glover D, Negendank W, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, Glick JH (1984) Alterations in oxygen transport following WR-2721. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 10: 1565-1568.##Ohsawa I, Ishikawa M, Takahashi K, Watanabe M, Nishimaki K, Yamagata K, Katsura K, Katayama Y, Asoh S, Ohta S (2007) Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals. Nat Med, 13: 688-94.##Qian L, Cao F, Cui J, Huang Y, Zhou X, Liu S, Cai J (2010) Radioprotective effect of hydrogen in cultured cells and mice. Free Radic Res, 44: 275-82.##8. Qian L, Shen J, Chuai Y, Cai J (2013) Hydrogen as a new class of radioprotective agent. Int J Biol Sci, 9: 887-94.##9. Kang KM, Kang YN, Choi IB, Gu Y, Kawamura T, Toyoda Y, Nakao A (2011) Effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on the quality of life of patients treated with radiotherapy for liver tumors. Med Gas Res, 1: 11.##10. Saitoh Y, Harata Y, Mizuhashi F, Nakajima M, Miwa N (2010) Biological safety of neutral-pH hydrogen-enriched electrolyzed water upon mutagenicity, genotoxicity and subchronic oral toxicity. Toxicol Ind Health, 26: 203-16.##11. Ward JF (1988) DNA damage produced by ionizing radiation in mammalian cells: identities, mechanisms of formation, and reparability. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol, 35: 95-125.##12. Chuai Y, Shen J, Qian L, Wang Y, Huang Y, Gao F, Cui J, Ni J, Zhao L, Liu S, Sun X, Li B, Cai J (2012) Hydrogen-rich saline protects spermatogenesis and hematopoiesis in irradiated BALB/c mice. Med Sci Monit, 18: BR89-94.##13. Qian L, Li B, Cao F (2010) Hydrogen-rich PBS protects cultured human cells from ionizing radiation-induced cellular damage. Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, 25: 23-9.##14. Mei K, Zhao S, Qian L, Li B, Ni J, Cai J (2013) Hydrogen protects rats from dermatitis caused by local radiation. J Dermatolog Treat, 25: 182-8.##15. Jiang Z1, Xu B, Yang M, Li Z, Zhang Y, Jiang D (2013) Protection by hydrogen against gamma ray-induced testicular damage in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 112: 186-91.##16. Chuai Y, Zhao L, Ni J, Sun D, Cui J, Li B, Qian L, Gao F, Cai J (2011) A possible prevention strategy of radiation pneumonitis: combine radiotherapy with aerosol inhalation of hydrogen-rich solution. Med Sci Monit, 17: HY1-4.##17. Terasaki Y, Ohsawa I, Terasaki M, Takahashi M, Kunugi S, Dedong K, Urushiyama H, Amenomori S, Kaneko-Togashi M, Kuwahara N, Ishikawa A, Kamimura N, Ohta S, Fukuda Y (2011) Hydrogen therapy attenuates irradiation-induced lung damage by reducing oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 301: L415-26.##18. Qian L1, Cao F, Cui J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Chuai Y, Zaho L, Jiang H, Cai J (2010) The potential cardioprotective effects of hydrogen in irradiated mice. J Radiat Res, 51: 741-7.##19. Xu W, Shen X, Yang F, Han Y, Li R, Xue D, Jiang C (2012) Protective effect of polysaccharides isolated from Tremella fuciformis against radiation-induced damage in mice. J Radiat Res, 53: 353-60.## ##

Evaluating the effect of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles doped with Gadolinium on dose enhancement factor by PRESAGE dosimeter 2 2 Background: New treatment modalities are developed with the aim of escalating tumor absorbed dose and simultaneously sparing the normal structures. The use of nanotechnology in cancer treatment offers some possibilities including destroying cancer tumors with minimal damage to healthy tissues. Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are wide band gap semiconductors and seem to have a good effect on increasing the absorbed dose of target volume especially when doped with a high Z element. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ZnO NPs doped with Gadolinium (Gd) on dose enhancement factor by 6MV photon beam irradiation. Materials and Methods: Various concentrations of ZnO NPs doped with 5% Gd were incorporated into PRESAGE composition, the 3D chemical dosimeter. Then by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer optical density changes and also dose enhancement factor (DEF) were determined. Results: The results of this study showed that by incorporating 500, 1000, 3000 and 4000 µg/ml ZnO NPs doped with Gd into PRESAGE structure the dose enhancement factor of about 1.57, 1.69, 1.78 and 1.82 in a 15 ×15 cm2 field size could be found, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that ZnO NPs doped with Gd could be considered as new compound for increasing the absorbed dose. 119 125 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 N. Banaee N. Banaee Islamic Azad University Iran H.A. Nedaie H.A. Nedaie Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Nedaieha@sina.tums.ac.ir A.R. Shirazi A.R. Shirazi Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran A.R. Zirak A.R. Zirak Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute Iran S. Sadjadi S. Sadjadi Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute Iran Zinc Oxide Gadolinium Nanoparticle PRESAGE DEF Mayles P, Nahum A, Rosenwald JC (2007) Handbook of radiotherapy physics: theory and practice. Boca Raton (FL), Taylor and Francis Group.##Baskar R, Lee K A, Yeo R, Yeoh K W (2012) Cancer and radiation therapy: current advances and future directions. Int J Med Sci, 9:193-199.## Khan F M and Gerbi B J (2005) Treatment planning in radiation oncology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.##Connell P P and Hellman S (2009) Advances in Radiotherapy and Implications for the Next Century: A Historical Perspective. Cancer Res, 69:383-392.##Mesbahi A, Jamali F, Gharehaghaji N (2013) Effect of Photon Beam Energy, Gold Nanoparticle Size and Concentration on the Dose Enhancement in Radiation Therapy. BioImpacts, 3: 29-35.##Némati F, Dubernet C, Fessi H, Colin de Verdière A, Poupon M F, Puisieux F et al. (1996) Reversion of multidrug resistance using nanoparticles in vitro: Influence of the nature of the polymer. Int J Pharm, 138: 237–246.##Bahreyni Toossi M T, Ghorbani M, Sobhkhiz Sabet L, Akbari F, Mehrpouyan M (2015) A Monte Carlo study on dose enhancement and photon contamination production by various nanoparticles in electron mode of a medical linac. NUKLEONIKA, 60:489-496.##Geso M (2012) Nanoparticle augmented radiation treatment decreases cancer cell proliferation. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 8: 526-536.##Schilling K, Bradford B, Castelli D, Dufour E, Nash JF, Pape W et al. (2010) Human safety review of "nano" titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. Photochem Photobiol Sci, 9:495-509.##Liong M, Lu J, Kovochich M, Xia T, Ruehm SG, Nel AE et al. (2008) Multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles for imaging, targeting, and drug delivery. ACS Nano, 2:889-96.##Li XH, Xing YG, Li WL, Jiang YH, Ding YL (2010) Antibacterial and physical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)-based film coated with ZnO nanoparticles. Food Sci Technol Int, 163:225-32.##Moos PJ, Chung K, Woessner D, Honeggar M, Cutler NS, Veranth JM (2010) ZnO particulate matter requires cell contact for toxicity in human colon cancer cells. Chem Res Toxicol, 23(4):733-9.##Franklin NM, Rogers NJ, Apte SC, Batley GE, Gadd GE, Casey PS (2007) Comparative toxicity of nanoparticulate ZnO, bulk ZnO, and ZnCl2 to a freshwater microalga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata): the importance of particle solubility. Environ Sci Technol, 41:8484-90.##Mousavie Anijdan S H, Shirazi A, Mahdavi S R , Ezzati A, Mofid B, Khoei S et al. (2012) Megavoltage Dose enhancement of gold nanoparticles for different geometric set-ups: Measurements and Monte Carlo simulation. Iran. J. Radiat. Res, 10: 183-186.## Khadem-Abolfazli M, Mahdavi M, Mahdavi S R M, Ataei Gh (2013) Dose enhancement effect of gold nanoparticles on MAGICA polymer gel in mega voltage radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Res. 11: 55-61.##Mills A, Lee S K (2002) A web-based overview of semiconductor photochemistry-based current commercial applications. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 152: 233–247##Sharma V, Anderson D, Dhawan A (2012) Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and ROS-triggered mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human liver cells (HepG2). Apoptosis, 17: 852-70.##Hanley C, Thurber A, Hanna C, Punnoose A, Zhang J, Wingett DG (2009) The Influences of Cell Type and ZnO Nanoparticle Size on Immune Cell Cytotoxicity and Cytokine Induction. Nanoscale Res Lett, 4: 1409-20.## Tamura K ,Ohko Y ,Kawamura H, Yoshikawa H, Tatsuma T, Fujishima A et al. (2007) X-ray induced photoelectrochemistry on TiO2. Electrochimica Acta, 52: 6938-42.##Turner JA (1995) Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.##Villaraza AJ, Bumb A, Brechbiel MW (2010) Macromolecules, dendrimers, and nanomaterials in magnetic resonance imaging: the interplay between size, function, and pharmacokinetics. Chem Rev, 110: 2921-59.##Adamovics J and Maryanski M J (2004) A new approach to radiochromic three-dimensional dosimetry-polyurethane. J Phys: Conf Ser, 3: 172–175.##Brady SL, Brown WE, Clift CG, Yoo S, Oldham M (2010) Investigation into the feasibility of using PRESAGE/optical-CT dosimetry for the verification of gating treatments. Phys Med Biol. 55: 2187-2201.##Clift C, Thomas A, Adamovics J, Chang Z, Das I, Oldham M (2010) Toward acquiring comprehensive radiosurgery field commissioning data using the PRESAGE/optical-CT 3D dosimetry system. 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Radiation attenuation properties of shields containing micro and Nano WO3 in diagnostic X-ray energy range 2 2 Background: It has recently been shown that the particle size of materials used for radiation shielding can affect the magnitude of radiation attenuation. Over the past years, application of nano-structured materials in radiation shielding has attracted attention world-wide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the shielding properties of the lead-free shields containing micro and nano-sized WO3 against low energy x-rays. Materials and Methods: The radiation shields were constructed using nano and micro WO3 particles incorporated into an EPVC polymer matrix. The attenuation coefficients of the designed shields were evaluated for low energy x-rays (diagnostic radiology energy range). Results: The results indicate that nano-structured WO3/PVC shields have higher photon attenuation properties compared to those of the micro-sized samples. Conclusion: Our experiment clearly shows that the smaller size of nano-structured WO3 particles can guarantee a better radiation shielding property. However, it is too early to draw any conclusion on the possible mechanisms of enhanced attenuation of nano-sized WO3 particles. 127 131 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 A. Aghaz A. Aghaz Shiraz University Iran R. Faghihi R. Faghihi Shiraz University Iran S.M.J. Mortazavi S.M.J. Mortazavi Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran mmortazavi@sums.ac.ir A. Haghparast A. Haghparast Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Iran S. Mehdizadeh S. Mehdizadeh Shiraz University Iran S. Sina S. Sina Shiraz University Iran Radiation attenuation micro Nano WO3 in diagnostic radiology X-ray 1. Scuderi GJ, Brusovanik GV, Campbell DR, Henry RP, Kwone B, Vaccaro AR (2006) Evaluation of non–lead-based protective radiological material in spinal surgery. The Spine Journa, 6: 577-582.##2. Moore B., van Sonnenberg E., Casola G., Novelline R.A. (1992). The relationship between back pain and lead apron use in radiologists. Am J Roentgenol, 158, 191-193.##3. Klein LW, Miller DL, Balter S, Laskey W, Haines D, Norbash A, Mauro MA, Goldstein JA. (2009). Occupational health hazards in the interventional laboratory: Time for a safer environment. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 73(3): 432-438.##4. Ross AM, Segal J, Borenstein D, Jenkins E, Cho S. (1997). Prevalence of spinal disc disease among interventional cardiologists. Am J Cardiol, 79(1): 68-70.##5. Yaffe MJ, Mawdsley GE, Lilley M, Servant R, Reh G. (1991) Composite Materials for X-ray Protection. Health Physics, 60(5): 661-664.##6. Takano Y, Okazaki K, Ono K, Kai M (2005) Experimental and theoretical studies on radiation protective effect of a lighter non-lead protective apron. Jpn J Radiol Technol, 61: 1027-1032.##7. Zuguchi M, Chida K, Taura M, Inaba Y, Ebata A, Yamada S . (2008) Usefulness of non-lead aprons for radiation protection of physicians performing interventional procedure. Radiat Prot Dosim, 131(4): 531–534.##8. Kumagai M, Shintani M, Kuranishi M (1999) Evaluation of X-ray shielding performance of protective aprons. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi, 55: 379–384.##9. Christodoulou EG, Goodsitt MM, Larson SC, Darner KL, Satti J, Chan HP (2003) Evaluation of the transmitted exposure through lead equivalent aprons used in a radiology department, including contribution from backscatter. Med Phys, 30: 1033-1038.##Webster EW. (1966). Experiments with medium Z-materials for shielding against low-energy X-rays. Radiology, 86(146).##11. Webster EW (1991) Addendum to ‘Composite materials for X-ray protection. Health Phys, 61: 917–918.##12. Murphy PH, Wu Y, Glaze SA (1993) Attenuation properties of lead composite aprons. Radiology, 186: 269–272.##13. Botelho MZ, Kunzel R, Okuno E, Levenhagen RS, Basegio T, Bergmann CP (2011) X-ray transmission through nanostructured and microstructured CuO materials. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 69: 527-531.##14. Lines MG (2008) Nanomaterials for practical functional uses Journal of Alloys and Compounds., 449, 249-252.##15. Moriarty, P., 2001. Nanostructured materials. Rep Prog Phys, 64: 297–381.##16. Taylor EW (2007) Organics, polymers and nanotechnology for radiation hardening and shielding applications. SPIE6713(671307): 1-10.## ##

Radiation dose awareness of radiologic technologists in major Jordanian hospitals 2 2 Background: Radiology staff needs to justify the radiation exposures in order to protect themselves and others from radiation risks. The aims of this study were to examine the awareness level of radiation dose and protection amongst radiographers and to compare their performance between major Jordanian hospitals. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 4 major Jordanian hospitals. A total of 85 radiographers agreed to participate in the study. The questionnaire included demographic information, general radiation protection, radiation dose estimation and radiation induced cancer risk sections. Results: The average total score of radiographers in all hospitals was less than 50%. The lowest score was for radiation induced cancer questions section (34%). There was no significant difference in the level of awareness between radiographers from different hospitals except for the radiation dose awareness section (p= 0.001). Experience and training courses did not correlate significantly with the total score or with the score of individual sections. Conclusion: The level of radiation dose and protection awareness amongst radiographers in the sampled Jordanian hospitals is inadequate. At this stage, establishing an annual assessment of the radiographer’s awareness through the Jordanian national radiation agency is highly encouraged. 133 138 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 M. Alhasan M. Alhasan Jordan University of Science and Technology Jordan mkalhasan@just.edu.jo M. Abdelrahman M. Abdelrahman Jordan University of Science and Technology Jordan H. Alewaidat H. Alewaidat Jordan University of Science and Technology Jordan Y. Khader Y. Khader Department of Public Health-Community Medicine Jordan Professional development dose radiography questionnaire Brenner D and Hall E (2007) Computed Tomography - An Increasing Source of Radiation Exposure. N Engl J Med, 357: 2277-2284.##Hall E and Brenner D (2008) Cancer risks from diagnostic radiology. Br J Radiol, 81: 362-378.##Maeder M, Verdun F, Stauffer J, Ammanna P, Ricklia H(2005) Radiation exposure and radiation protection in interventional cardiology. Kardiovaskuläre Medizin, 8: 124-132.##Yu S, Cheung Y, Chan T, Kung C, Yuen M (2001) Reduction of radiation dose to patients undergoing barium enema by dose audit. Br J Radiol, 74: 162-165.##Wong C, Huang B, Sin H, Wong W, Yiu K, Chu Yiu Ching T(2012) A questionnaire study assessing local physicians, radiologists and interns’ knowledge and practice pertaining to radiation exposure related to radiological imaging. Eur J Radiol, 81: 264-268.##Soye J and Paterson A (2008) A survey of awareness of radiation dose among health professionals in Northern Ireland. Br J Radiol, 81:725-729.##Baumann B, Chen E, Mills A, Glaspey L, Thompson N, Jones M, Farner M (2011) Patient perceptions of computed tomographic imaging and their understanding of radiation risk and exposure. Ann Emerg Med, 58: 1-7.##Thomas K, Parnell J, Haidar S, Moineddin R, Charkot E, BenDavid G, Krajewski C (2006) Assessment of radiation dose awareness among pediatricians. Pediatr Radiol, 36: 823-832.##Brenner D, Doll R, Goodhead D, et al. (2003) Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: Assessing what we really know. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100: 13761-13766.##Koutalonis M and Horrocks J (2012) Justification in clinical radiological practice: a survey among staff of five London hospitals. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 149: 124-137.##Li X, Samei E, Segars W, Sturgeon G, Colsher J, Toncheva G, Yoshizumi T, Frush D (2011) Patient-specific radiation dose and cancer risk estimation in CT: Part II. Application to patients. Med Phys, 38: 408-419.##Eksioglu A and Uner C (2012) Pediatricians' awareness of diagnostic medical radiation effects and doses: are the latest efforts paying off? Diagn Interv Radiol, 18: 78-86.##Lee C, Haims A, Monico E, Brink J, Forman H (2004) Diagnostic CT Scans: Assessment of patient, physician, and radiologist awareness of radiation dose and possible risks. Radiology, 231:393-398.##Shah A, Begum N, Nasreen S, Khan A (2007) Assessment of radiation protection awareness levels in medical radiation science technologists - a pilot survey. JPMI, 21: 169-172.##Mojiri M and Moghimbeigi A (2011) Awareness and attitude of radiographers towards radiation protection. JPS, 2: 2008-4978.##Carpeggiani C, Kraft G, Caramella D, Semelka R, Picano E(2012) Radioprotection (un)awareness in cardiologists, and how to improve it. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 28: 1369-1374.##Luk S, Leung J, Cheng C (2010) Knowledge of radiation dose and awareness of risks: a cross-sectional survey of junior clinicians. J Hong Kong Col Radiol, 13: 189-194.##Osullivan J, Oconnor O, Oregan K, Clarke B, Burgoyne L, Ryan M, Maher M. (2010) An assessment of medical students’ awareness of radiation exposures associated with diagnostic imaging investigations. Insights Imaging, 1: 86-92.##Sani K , Jafari M, Mohammadi M, Mojiri M, Rahimi A(2009) Iranian physicians' knowledge about radiation dose, received by patients in diagnostic radiology. Iran J Radiat Res, 6: 207-212.## ##

Estimation of radiation dose of emergency exposure during the hospitalized 131I therapy patient 2 2 Background: The aim of the study was to estimate the radiation dose during emergency exposure to patients treated with iodine-131 during the isolation period. Materials and Methods: The dose rate from a sample of 192 patients administrated by three different radioactivity of 131I (3.7, 5.55 and 7.4 GBq) was measured, at 1 meter after 1, 24 and 48 hours post dose administration, at three different levels from the patient body (thyroid glands, abdomen and knee). The average of decay curve of the measured radiation dose rate was plotted and their values were fitted. The medical emergency exposure was estimated in the form of an equation to take into account the duration and the position of the intervention. Results: The estimated radiation doses received during 10 minutes of intervention emergency at a distance of 20, 40 and 60 cm from patient after different times post dose administration were in the range of 72.2 to 1207.5, 18.1 to 301.9 and 8.0 to 134.2 µSv, respectively. Conclusion: During the first ten hours following patient dose administration, the estimated emergency dose could be considered as high occupational dose value compared to the dose limit recommended by ICRP. 139 142 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 Y. Lahfi Y. Lahfi Atomic Energy Commission of Syria Syria prscientific@aec.org.sy O. Anjak O. Anjak Atomic Energy Commission of Syria Syria Radiation protection emergency exposure 131I radiotherapy radiation safety precautions 1. Faraj T, Isa N, Zahra A, Hamid J, Majid A (2012) Assessment of Radioiodine Clearance in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Radiat Prot Dosimetry; 152(4): 323-7.##2. Clarkt S and David B (2009) Radioiodine and the treatment of hyperthyroidism: The Early History. Thyroid Journal, 7(2): 163-76.##3. Grigsby PW, Siegel BA, Baker S, Eichling JO (2000) Radiation exposure from outpatient radioactive iodine (131I) therapy for thyroid carcinoma. JAMA, 283(17): 2272-4.##4. ICRP Publication 94 (2004) Release of Patients after Therapy with Unsealed Radionuclides, International Commission on Radiological Protection.##5. Syrian Prime Minister Decree No. 134 on Radiation Protection and Safety and Security of Radiation Sources (2007).##6. IAEA Safety Reports Series No. 63 (2009) Release of patients after radionuclide therapy. International Atomic Energy Agency.##7. Thompson M (2001) Radiation safety protection in the management of the hospitalized 131I therapy patient. J Nuc Med, 29:261-66.##8. UCSF Radiation Protection Handbook (2012) UCSF Medical Center And UCSF Mount Zion Medical Center, University Of California San Francisco.##9. ICRP Publication 103 (2007) The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Protection, Ann. ICRP 37.##10. IAEA Safety Standards (2014) Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards, International Atomic Energy Agency.## ##

An analysis of personnel dose reports in medical radiation occupational workers from an oncology center 2 2 Background: To evaluate the risk involved, there is need to know the quantum of personnel exposures in whole service. Dose reports from an Oncology Centre over 7 block periods, 5 years each from 1979 till 2013 are analyzed. Materials and Methods: Personnel monitoring (PM) reports till 1990s with film badges and later thermoluminescent (TL) badges (CaSo4.Dy) were evaluated. 35 years total service was taken to represent total professional service of staff superannuating at age 60 years. Results: Mean personnel equivalent dose for 5 year block period is 3.30±0.43 mSv (n=7 blocks). Maximum dose in any block period was 30-60 mSv. Equivalent doses 22% were zero, 64.3% within 5 mSv. 2.1% were above 30 mSv in 5 year periods. Doses were decreasing order 11.8 mSv (radiopharmaceutical preparation), 4.3 mSv (nuclear medicine), 4.1 mSv (medical physics), 2.2 mSv(brachytherapy); 1.2 mSv (radiodiagnosis), 1.1 mSv (external beam radiotherapy) and 0.73 mSv (radiation sterilization plant). Conclusion: The whole body personnel dose in are much lower than recommended annual dose equivalent limits of 100 mSv/ 5 years. The magnitude of recorded doses to staff show that the risk is negligible and the principle of ALARA is being practiced in the work areas. 143 148 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 S. Sathiyan S. Sathiyan KMIO, Bangalore India M. Ravikumar M. Ravikumar KMIO, Bangalore India R. Ravichandran R. Ravichandran Royal Hospital, Muscat Oman ravichandranrama@rediffmail.com Occupational exposures Radiation Risk Personnel monitoring TLD Badges 1. ICRP-60, International Commission on Radiological Protection. (1990) Recommendation of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Annals of the ICRP, (1991), 21, Publication 60. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ##2. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation: Sources and effects of Ionizing Radiation (2006) UNSCEAR. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, United Nations, New York, 2008. ##3. Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII: (2002) Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington DC, 2001,. ##4. Feinendegen LE (2005) Evidence for beneficial low level radiation effects and radiation hormesis. The British Journal of Radiology, 78: 3–7. ##5. Ritz B, Morgenstern H, Froines J, Young BB (1999) Effects of exposure to external ionizing radiation on cancer mortality in nuclear workers monitored for radiation at Rocketdyne/Atomics International. Amer J Ind Med, 35: 21–31. ##6. Pierce DA and Preston DL (2000) Radiation-related cancer risks at low doses among atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res, 154: 178-86. ##7. Preston D, Ron E, Tokuokas, Funamutos, Nishi N, Soda M, Maduchi K (2007) Solid cancer incidence in atom bomb survivors 1958-1998. Radiat Res, 168: 1-64. ##8. Pierce DA, Shimizu Y, Preston DL, Vaeth M, Mabuchi K (1996) Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part I. Cancer: 1950-1990. Radiat Res, 146: 1-27. ##9. Pradhan AS, Kim JL, Lee JI (2012) On the use of “effective dose” (E) in medical exposures. J Med Phys, 37: 63-65.##10. Ravichandran R (2013) Low magnitude occupational radiation exposures-are they safe or unsafe? Proceedings of XI Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 25-28 November 2012, Nasr City - Cairo, Egypt pages 233-238.##11. Russo GL and Picano E (2012) The effects of radiation exposure on interventional cardiologists. Euro Heart J, 33: 423-424. ##12. Smith GB, Battle G, Yair G, Navarrette, Guilmettee A, Raymond RA (2011) Exploring biological effects of low level radiation from the other side of background. Health Phys, 100: 263-265. ## ##

Dosimetric comparison between XR-RV3 and EBT2 radiochromic film in megavoltage photon beams 2 2 Background: Radiochromic film is used for radiation dose measurement, XR-RV3 is used in fluoroscopy and EBT2 film in radiation therapy. The aim was to determine if the dosimetric properties of these two films are comparable in megavolt photon beams. Materials and Methods: Comparison measurements included: calibration curves, heterogeneous phantom dose profiles, and nasopharynx dose distribution measurement. Results: Both film types required 24 hours to stabilize. Their heterogeneous phantom dose profiles were similar, and their dose distributions for a nasopharynx treatment were within 3%/3mm. Conclusion: Dose distributions between both films showed good correlation and XR-RV3 film can be used in radiotherapy for quality control checks. 149 152 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 I. Setilo I. Setilo University of the Free State South Africa itumelengs@gmail.com F.C.P. du Plessis F.C.P. du Plessis University of the Free State South Africa XR-RV3 EBT2 Calibration curves heterogeneous 1. Pai S, Das IJ, Dempsey JF, Lam KL, LoSasso TJ, Olch AJ, et al. (2007) TG-69: Radiographic film for megavoltage beam dosimetry. Med Phys, 34(6):2228–58. ##2. Chetty IJ and Charland PM (2002) Investigation of Kodak extended dose range (EDR) film for megavoltage photon beam dosimetry. Phys Med Biol, 47(20):3629. ##3. Rink A, Lewis DF, Varma S, Vitkin IA, Jaffray DA (2008) Temperature and hydration effects on absorbance spectra and radiation sensitivity of a radiochromic medium. Med Phys, 35(10): 4545–55. ##4. Odian G (2004) Principles of Polymerization. Wiley, 832 p. ##5. Reinstein LE, Gluckman GR, Meek AG (1998) A rapid colour stabilization technique for radiochromic film dosimetry. Phys Med Biol, 43(10): 2703–8. ##6. McCabe BP, Speidel MA, Pike TL, Lysel MSV (2011) Calibration of GafChromic XR-RV3 radiochromic film for skin dose measurement using standardized X-ray spectra and a commercial flatbed scanner. Med Phys, 38 (4):1919–30. ##7. Neocleous A, Yakoumakis E, Gialousis G, Dimitriadis A, Yakoumakis N, Georgiou E (2011) Dosimetry using Gafchromic XR-RV2 radiochromic films in interventional radiology. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 147(1-2):78–82. ##8. Arjomandy B, Tailor R, Anand A, Sahoo N, Gillin M, Prado K, et al. (2010) Energy dependence and dose response of Gafchromic EBT2 film over a wide range of photon, electron, and proton beam energies. Med Phys, 37(5):1942–7. ##9. Brown TAD, Hogstrom KR, Alvarez D, Matthews KL, Ham K, Dugas JP (2012) Dose-response curve of EBT, EBT2, and EBT3 radiochromic films to synchrotron-produced monochromatic X-ray beams. Med Phys, 39(12): 7412–7. ##10. Alnawaf H, Yu PKN, Butson M (2012) Comparison of Epson scanner quality for radiochromic film evaluation. J Appl Clin Med Phys Am Coll Med Phys, 13 (5):3957. ##Park S, Kang S-K, Cheong K-H, Hwang T, Kim H, Han T, et al. (2012) Variations in dose distribution and optical properties of Gafchromic[sup TM] EBT2 film according to scanning mode. Med Phys, 39(5):2524–35. ##Mendez I, Hartman V, Hudej R, Strojnik A, Casar B (2013) Gafchromic EBT2 film dosimetry in reflection mode with a novel plan-based calibration method. Med Phys,40(1): 011720.##Yarahmadi M, Nedaie HA, Allahverdi M, Asnaashari K, Sauer OA (2013) Small photon field dosimetry using EBT2 Gafchromic film and Monte Carlo simulation. Int. J Radiat Res, 11(4): 215–24.##Dreindl R, Georg D, Stock M (2014) Radiochromic film dosimetry: Considerations on precision and accuracy for EBT2 and EBT3 type films. Z Für Med Phys, 24(2):153–63.##15. Girard F, Bouchard H, Lacroix F (2013) Reference dosimetry using radiochromic film. J Appl Clin Med Phys [Internet]. (2012)13(6). Available from: http://www.jacmp.org/index.php/jacmp/article/view/3994.##16. Lewis D, Micke A, Yu X, Chan MF (2012) An efficient protocol for radiochromic film dosimetry combining calibration and measurement in a single scan. Med Phys, 39(10): 6339–50. ## ##

Detection of breast cancer using non-invasive X-ray diffraction technique of hair: A preliminary study 2 2 Background: An early diagnosis of breast cancer relates directly to an accurate treatment plan and strategy. Early detection of breast cancer before its development would be a significant reduction of morbidity and mortality rates. The aim of this preliminary study is to investigate the sensitivity of Wide Angle X-ray diffraction (WAXRD) method on women hair samples of healthy and breast cancer patients in comparison with other modalities such as synchrotron based XRD beam and mammography. Materials and Methods: Hair samples were taken from occipital region of skull from healthy and breast cancer patients (43 women) were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and the results were analyzed and compared with mammography and pathology reports. Results: The results of analyzed samples showed the sensitivity for purposed WAXRD method was 86% in comparison with synchrotron based XRD beam (64%) and also with mammography (70%). Conclusion: This non-invasive method is less harmful and is more sensitive than the two other methods and help the physicians for choosing accurate treatment plan. 153 158 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 2016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/82016/07/8 1395/4/18 A. Maziar A. Maziar Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Iran D. Shahbazi-Gahrouei D. Shahbazi-Gahrouei Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Iran shahbazi@med.mui.ac.ir M.B. Tavakoli M.B. Tavakoli Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Iran V. Changizi V. Changizi Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Z. Ghasemian Z. Ghasemian Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Iran X-ray diffraction (XRD) breast cancer hair detection non-invasive WHO World cancer report 2012##Shahbazi-Gahrouei D (2003) Possible effect of background radiation on cancer incidence in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Iran J Radiat Res, 1(3): 171-174.##Sasieni PD, Shelton J, Ormiston-Smith N, Thomson CS, Silcocks PB (2011) What is the lifetime risk of developing cancer? The effect of adjusting for multiple primaries. Br J Cancer, 105(3): 460-5.##Hagen AI, Kvistad KA, Maehle L, Holmen MM, Aase H, Styr B, et al. (2007) Sensitivity of MRI versus conventional screening in the diagnosis of BRCA-associated breast cancer in a national prospective series. The Breast, 16(4): 367-74.##Carney PA, Miglioretti DL, Yankaskas BC, Kerlikowske K, Rosenberg R, Rutter CM, et al. (2003) Individual and combined effects of age, breast density, and hormone replacement therapy use on the accuracy of screening mammography. Annals of Internal Medicine, 138(3): 168-75.##Théberge I, Chang SL, Vandal N, Daigle JM, Guertin MH, Pelletier E, Brisson J (2014) Radiologist interpretive volume and breast cancer screening accuracy in a Canadian organized screening program. J Natl Cancer Inst, 106(3): djt461.##Rawashdeh MA, Lee WB, Bourne RM, et al. (2013) Markers of good performance in mammography depend on number of annual readings. Radiology, 269(1): 61-7.##Maziar Asghar, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Tavakoli Mohammad Bagher, Changizi Vahid (2015) Non invasive XRF analysis of human hair for health state determination of breast tissue. Iran J Cancer Prev, 8(6): e3983.##Chaparian A, Oghabian MA, Changizi V, Farquharson MJ (2010) the optimization of an energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction system for potential clinical application. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 68(12): 2237–45.##Kidane G, Speller RD, Royle GJ, Hanby AM (1999) X-ray scatter signatures for normal and neoplastic breast tissues. 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Clinical applications of virtual, non-contrast head images derived from dual-source, dual-energy cerebrovascular computed tomography angiography 2 2 Background: This study set out to evaluate the utility of cerebrovascular virtual non-contrast (VNC) scans. Materials and Methods: Conventional non-contrast (CNC) and dual-energy computed tomography angiography (DE-CTA) head scans were conducted on 100 subjects, of which 46 were normal, 15 had parenchymal hematomas of the brain, 13 had ischemic infarction, 22 had tumors, and 4 had calcified lesions. VNC images were extracted from the DE-CTA head scans by post-processing. The true (or conventional) and VNC images were compared in terms of the mean CT attenuation value and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the cerebral parenchyma, the image quality, the lesion detection sensitivity, and the radiation exposure level. Results: The image qualities of the CNC and VNC scans were (4.95 ± 0.22) points and (3.94 ± 0.24) points (t = 31.18, P < 0.05), the mean CT values for the CNC and VNC images were (34.6 ± 2.44) and (28.6 ± 5.40) HU (t = 10.126, P < 0.05), the SNRs were (9.45 ± 1.26) and (6.87 ± 1.77), and the HU for white matter was (t = 11.859, P<0.05), respectively. The effective radiation doses from the DE-CTA head scans and the conventional non-contrast scans were (8.55 ± 0.57) mSv and (9.41 ± 1.00) mSv, respectively. No significant difference in the lesion detection sensitivities was observed between the CNC and VNC scans, except for tiny calcified lesions, which could not be identified by a VNC scan. Conclusion: VNC and contrast-enhanced images could be obtained from DE-CTA head scans and could aid in the diagnosis of cerebral lesions. 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Eur Radio, 17: 1510-7.##Scheffel H, Stolzmann P, Frauenfelde T, Schertler T, Desbiolles L, Leschka S, Marincek B, Alkadhi H (2007) Dual-energy contrast-enhanced computed tomography for the detection of urinary stone disease. Invest Radiol, 42: 823-9.##Whitman GJ, Niklason LT, Pandit M, Oliver LC, Atkins EH, Kinnard O, Alexander AH, Weiss MK, Sunku K, Schulze ES, Greene RE (2002) Dual-energy digital subtraction chest radiography: technical considerations. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol, 31: 48-62.##Lell M, Aanders K, Klotz E, Ditt H, Bautz W, Tomandl BF (2006) Clinical evaluation of bone-substraction CT angiography (BSCTA) in head and neck imaging. Eur Radiol, 16: 889-97.##Brenner DJ and Hall EJ (2007) Computed tomography-an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med, 357: 2277-84.## ##