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Respiratory mutant and liquid holding recovery inhibition in yeast cells 2 2 Background: Cell ability to recover from radiation damage is of great relevance in cancer treatment. It is often believed that the inhibition of cell ability to the liquid holding recovery (LHR) may be an indicator of the overall suppression of cell ability to recover from potentially lethal radiation damage. However, the literature contains no experimental evidence whether the LHR inhibition may always serve as marker of the significant increase in cell sensitivity to damaging agents. Materials and Methods: In experiments described here the yeast cells were used as a model for eukaryotic cells. The dose-response curves and recovery kinetics were determined by colony assay after simultaneous treatment of heat with ionizing or UV radiations as well as after the simultaneous action of ionizing radiation and cisplatin. The cell survival was estimated by both microscopic method and colony forming ability. Results: It is demonstrated that the recovery may take place on nutrient media. The complete inhibition of cell recovery after simultaneous heat treatment with ionizing radiation or UV light is accompanied with the significant increase in cell sensitivity to these agents, the actual increase being more appreciable than that expected after the inhibition of the LHR only. This rule is not universal as it was demonstrated for diploid yeast cells exposed to ionizing radiation and cisplatin. Conclusion: The LHR takes place on nutrient media during the delay of the first postirradiation division. The LHR inhibition may not always indicate the suppression of other dark recovery processes and the corresponding increase in cell radiosensitivity. 129 139 2017/07/5 1396/4/14 2017/07/5 1396/4/14 E.S. Evstratova E.S. Evstratova Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre, Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 249036 Obninsk, Russia Russia ekevs7240@mail.ru V.G. Petin V.G. Petin Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre, Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 249036 Obninsk, Russia Russia M.D. Pronkevich M.D. Pronkevich Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre, Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 249036 Obninsk, Russia Russia Yeast cells ionizing radiation UV light hyperthermia cisplatin liquid-holding recovery Hall EJ and Giaccia AJ (2006) Radiobiology for the Radiologist. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ##Saha GB (2006) Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine. Third Edition. Springer. ##Buhtoiarov IN, Sondel PM, Wigginton JM, Buhtoiarova TN, Yanke EM, Mahvi DA, et al. (2011) Anti-tumour synergy of cytotoxic chemotherapy and anti-CD40 plus CpG-ODN immunotherapy through repolarization of tumour-associated macrophages. Immunology, 132: 226-239.##Petin VG, Zhurakovskaya GP, Komarova LN (2012) Radiobiological basis of synergistic interaction in biosphere. Moscow: GEOS.##Petin VG and Kim JK (2014) Synergistic Interaction and Cell Responses to Environmental Factors. New York: Nova Sciences Publishers.##Joiner M and van der Kogel A (2009) Basic Clinical Radiobiology. Edward Arnold. London. ##El-Awady RA, Dikomey E, Dahm-Daphi J (2001) Heat effects on DNA repair after ionizing radiation: hyperthermia commonly increases the number of non-repaired double-strand breaks and structural rearrangements. Nucleic Acids Res, 29: 1960-1966.##Little JB and Williams JR (2011) Effects of ionizing radiation on mammalian cells. In: Comprehensive physiology. Supplement 26. Handbook of physiology. Reactions to environmental agents. Pp:127-155.##Streffer C and Herrmann T (2012) A century of development in radiation biology. Basic principles of targeted and efficient radiotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol, 188 (S3): 231-244.##Petin VG, Kim JK, Evstratova ES, Komarova LN (2013) Quantitative estimation of recovery parameters after combined action of ionizing radiation and chemical agents. Int J Radiat Res, 11: 17-27.##Korogodin VI (1993) The study of post-irradiation recovery of yeast: the ‘prermolecular period’. Mutat Res, 289: 17-26.##Kapultsevich YuG, Petin VG, Korogodina YuV, Korogodin VI (1974) Evaluation of postradiation recovery contribution in yeast cell radiosensitivity. Proc. USSR Academy. Biological Series, 4: 549-562. ##Urano M., Kahn J., Majima H., Gerweck L.E. (1990) The cytotoxic effect of cis–diamminedichloroplatinum (II) on cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells at elevated temperatures: Arrhenius plot analysis. Int J Hyperthermia, 6: 581-590.##Chapman JR, Taylor MRG, Boulton SJ (2012) Playing the end game: DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice. Molecular cell, 47: 497-510. ##Petin VG and Kim JK (2004) Survival and recovery of yeast cells after combined treatments with ionizing radiation and heat. Radiat. Res, 161: 56-63.##Kim JK, Petin VG, Tkhabisimova MD (2004) Survival and recovery of yeast cells after simultaneous treatment of UV light radiation and heat. Photochem Photobiol, 79: 349-355.##Petin VG, Evstratova ES, Kim JK (2014) Radiosensitivity, liquid-holding recovery and relative biological effectiveness of densely-ionizing radiation after repeated irradiation of yeast cells, Mutat Res, 771: 37-42. ##Kumar A, Kiefer J, Schneider E, Crompton NEA (1985) Inhibition of recovery from potentially lethal damage by chemicals in Chinese hamster V79 A cells. 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Effects of low dose radiation on the expression of proteins related to DNA repair requiring Caveolin-1 in human mammary epithelial cells 2 2 Background: Radiotherapy is an effective and important therapeutic method for breast cancer, but at the same time it has a radiation-induced bystander effect on normal tissue around the tumor. Repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) by normal cells can reduce the extent of damage caused by this effect. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is an important regulatory molecule in cell signal transduction. However, the response of normal human mammary epithelial cells following low dose radiation (LDR)- induced DSBs and the role of Cav-1 in the repair of the DSBs are not clear. The present study examined the DNA damage repair mechanism triggered by LDR in human mammary epithelial cells. Materials and Methods: Human mammary epithelial (MCF10A) and Cav-1 haplo-insufficiency (MCF10A-ST1) cells were irradiated with LDR gamma rays and the effect of this radiation on cell proliferation was determined by cytometric method. Western blot analysis was then used to measure the expression levels of different proteins associated with cell proliferation and DNA repair. Results: LDR enhanced the radiation responsiveness of MCF10A cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At a dose of 100 cGy, LDR increased the expression levels of several proteins involved in DNA repair pathways, such as ATM, p53, DNA-PKcs and also activated Cav-1-mediated cell proliferation and survival pathways, such as the MAPK and AKT pathways. The expression of the various DNA repair related proteins was changed after down-regulating the Cav-1 expression. Conclusion: LDR could increase the radiation responsiveness of human mammary epithelial cells through activating the DNA repair pathways, including both HR and NHEJ pathways, as well as triggering the cell proliferation and survival pathways, both of which required Cav-1. 141 148 2017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 2017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 Y.J. Zhang Y.J. Zhang School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China China Y.Y. Cui Y.Y. Cui School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China China H.Y. Li H.Y. Li School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China China J. Che J. Che School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China China D. Shi D. Shi School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China China Y. Wang Y. Wang Liaoning Normal University China W. Zou W. Zou School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China China weizou60@hotmail.com LDR DNA repair Caveolin-1 human mammary epithelial cells NHEJ HR. Brandsma I and Gent DC (2005) Pathway choice in DNA double strand break repair: observations of a balancing act. Genome Integr, 3(1): 9. ##Flores-Rozas H, Jaafar L, Xia L (2015) The Role of DNA Mismatch Repair and Recombination in the Processing of DNA Alkylating Damage in Living Yeast Cells. Adv Biosci Biotechnol, 6(6): 408-418.##Yoon JH, Ahn SG, Lee BH, Jung SH, Oh SH (2012) Role of autophagy in chemoresistance: regulation of the ATM-mediated DNA-damage signaling pathway through activation of DNA-PKcs and PARP-1. Biochem Pharmacol, 83(6): 747-757.##Furdui CM (2014) Ionizing radiation: mechanisms and therapeutics. Antioxid Redox Signal, 21(2): 218-220.##Griffin CS and Thacker J (2004) The role of homologous recombination repair in the formation of chromosome aberrations. Cytogenetic Genome Res, 104(1-4): 21-27.##Hefferin ML and Tomkinson AE (2005) Mechanism of DNA double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining. DNA Repair, 4(6): 639-648.##Hu L, Wu QQ, Wang WB, Jiang HG, Yang L, Liu Y, Yu HJ, Xie CH, Zhou YF, Zhou FX (2013) Suppression of Ku80 correlates with radiosensitivity and telomere shortening in the U2OS telomerase-negative osteosarcoma cell line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14(2): 795-799.##Davis AJ and Chen DJ (2013) DNA double strand break repair via non-homologous end-joining. Transl Cancer Res, 2(3): 130-143.##Zou W, Che J, Wang C, Cui Y, Zhang Q (2009) DNA-PKcs silencing inhibit the DNA repair induced by low dose radiation on human breast epithelial cells. Chinese J Biotechnol, 25(5): 727-732.##Zhan Y, Wang L, Liu J, Ma K, Liu C, Zhang Y, Zou W (2013) Choline Plasmalogens lsolated from Swine Liver Inhibit Hepatoma Cell Proliferation Associated with Caveolin-1/Akt Signaling. Plos One, 8(10): e77387.##Bartholomew JN, Volonte D, Galbiati F (2009) Caveolin-1 regulates the antagonistic pleiotropic properties of cellular senescence through a novel Mdm2/p53-mediated pathway and Ferruccio Galbiati1. Cancer Res, 69(7): 2878-2886.##Zhu H, Yue J, Pan Z, Wu H, Cheng Y, Lu H, Ren X, Yao M, Shen Z, Yang JM (2010) Involvement of Caveolin-1 in Repair of DNA Damage through Both Homologous Recombination and Non-Homologous End Joining. Plos One, 5(8): e12055.##Zou W, McDaneld L, Smith LM (2003) Caveolin-1 Haploinsufficiency Leads to Partial Transformation of Human Breast Epithelial Cells. Anticancer Res, 23(6C): 4581-4586.##Mao Z, Bozzella M, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V (2008) DNA repair by nonhomologous end joining and homologous recombination during cell cycle in human cells. Cell Cycle, 7(18): 2902-2906.##Pantelias GE and Terzoudi GI (2010) Functional cell-cycle chromatin conformation changes in the presence of DNA damage result into chromatid breaks: a new insight in the formation of radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations based on the direct observation of interphase chromatin. Mutat Res, 701(1): 27-37.##Riley T, Sontag E, Chen P, Levine A (2008) Transcriptional control of human p53-regulated genes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 9(5): 402-412.##Williams AB and Schumacher B (2016) p53 in the DNA-Damage-Repair Process. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, pii: a026070. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026070.##Salles B, Calsou P, Frit P, Muller C (2006) The DNA repair complex DNA-PK, a pharmacological target in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Pathologie Biologie, 54(4): 185-193.##Callén E, Jankovic M, Wong N, Zha S, Chen HT, Difilippantonio S, Di Virgilio M, Heidkamp G, Alt FW, Nussenzweig A, Nussenzweig M (2009) Essential role for DNA-PKcs in DNA double strand break repair and apoptosis in ATM deficient lymphocytes. Mol Cell, 34(3): 285-297.##Holgersson A, Erdal H, Nilsson A, Lewensohn R, Kanter L (2004) Expression of DNA-PKcs and Ku86, but not Ku70, differs between lymphoid malignancies. Exp Mol Pathol, 77(1): 1-6.##Martini M, De Santis MC, Braccini L, Gulluni F, Hirsch E (2014) PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and cancer: an updated review. Ann Med, 46(6): 372-383.##Toulany M, Dittmann K, Fehrenbacher B, Schaller M, Baumann M, Rodemann HP (2008) PI3K-Akt signaling regulates basal, but MAP-kinase signaling regulates radiation-induced XRCC1 expression in human tumor cells in-vitro. DNA Repair, 7(10): 1746-1756.##Brzezianska E, Pastuszak-Lewandoska D (2011) A mini-review: the role of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways in thyroid follicular cell-derived neoplasm. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed), 16: 422-439.##Wang XX, Wu Z, Huang HF, Han C, Zou W, Liu J (2013) Caveolin-1, through its ability to negatively regulate TLR4, is a crucial determinant of MAPK activation in LPS-challenged mammary epithelial cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14(4): 2295-2299.## ##

Induction of DNA damage, apoptosis and micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes following injection of contrast media in patients with abdominal CT scan 2 2 Background: Medical diagnostic procedures such as X-ray and computed Tomography (CT) scan account for considerable percent of patient's exposure to ionizing radiation. The exposure of cells to Ionization radiation results in induction of DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations. Contrast media (CM) are widely used in diagnostic radiology and CT scan. The aim of this study was to study adverse genetic effects of combined administration of non ionic contrast media and low dose X-rays in peripheral blood Lymphocytes of patients following abdominal CT scan. Materials and Methods: A total of 55 patients underwent abdominal CT scan with injection of non ionic contrast media (30 patients with omnipaque 300 mg/ml and 25 patients with visipaque 270 mg/ml) as well as 13 patients undergoing abdominal CT scan (without contrast), selected as control group, were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood leukocytes were obtained in heparin containing tubes and cultured for the micronucleus test, or were directly used for apoptosis and DNA damage with the neutral comet assay. Results: The frequency of micronuclei, apoptosis and percentage of DNA damage was increased in most patients after the injection of contrast media, significantly different from the control group as compared with the samples obtained before and after injection of contrast media (P<0.05). Conclusion: The present study suggest that non ionic contrast media (omnipaque 300 mg/ml and visipaque 270 mg/ml) may cause a significant increase of cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes. This effect might be caused by the enhancement of radiation dose by CM that eventually may lead to the manifestation of ill health such as cancer. 149 155 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 S. Azimi S. Azimi Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran H. Mozdarani H. Mozdarani Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran mozdarah@modares.ac.ir A. Mahmoudzadeh A. Mahmoudzadeh Novin Medical Radiation Institute, Tehran, Iran Iran Contrast media micronuclei apoptosis DNA damage computed tomography lymphocytes. Araujo A (2007) Tomografi a Computadorizada: Princípios Físicos e Aplicações, n. 1. São Paulo: Corpus, 160 p.##2. Thomas G and Maddox M (2002) Adverse reactions to contrast material: recognition, prevention, and treatment. Am Fam Physician 66: 1229-1234.##3. Hsueh-Wei Y, Hsiang-Chun L, Wen-Te L, Sheng-Husiung S (2007) Effects of acetylcysteine and probucol on contrast Medium-induced Depression of Intrinsic Renal Glutathione peroxidase activity in diabetic rats. Arch Med Res 38: 291-296.##4 . Cohran ST and Norman A (1994) Induction of micronuclei in lymphocytes of patients undergoing excretory urography with ioversol. Invest Radiol, 29: 210-2.##5 . Mozdarani H and Fadaei S (1998) Similar cytogenetic effects of sodium-meglumine diatrizoate and sodium-meglumine ioxithalamate in lymphocytes of patients undergoing brain CT scan. Toxicol Lett 98: 25-30.##6. Parvez Z, Kormano M, Satokari K, Moncada R and Eklund R (1987) Induction of mitotic micronuclei by X-ray contrast media in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mutat Res, 88: 233-239.##7. Sorsa M, Wilbourn J, Vainio H (1992) Human cytogenetic damage as a predictor of cancer risk. In: Vainio H, Magee PN, McGregor DB, Mc Michael AB (eds.), Mechanisms of carcinogenesis in risk identification. International Agency for Research on Cancer, DARC, Lyon, pp. 543-554.##8. Gourabi H and Mozdarani H (1998) A cytokinesis bloked micronucleus study of the radioadaptive response of lymphocytes of individuals occupationally exposed to chronic doses of radiation. Mutagenesis, 13: 475-480.##9. Thomas P and  Fenech M (2011) Cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay in lymphocytes. Methods Mol Biol, 682: 217-34.##10. Mozdarani H and Ghoraeian P (2008) Modulation of gamma-ray-induced apoptosis in human peripheral blood leukocytes by famotidine and vitamin C. Mutat Res, 649(1-2): 71-8.##11. Norman A, Adams FH, Riley RF (1978) Cytogenetic effects of contrast media and triiodobenzoic acid derivatives in human lymphocytes. Radiology, 129: 199-202.##12. Weeler L, Norman A , Riley R (1980) Mutagenicity of diatrizoate and other triiodobenzoic acid derivatives in Ames Salmonella microsome test. Proc West Pharmacol Soc, 23: 249-253.##13. Eric Barnes et al. (2015) Adding contrast to CT doubles DNA damage from radiation. Radiology, 275 (3): 692-697.##14. Peng PA, Wang L, Ma Q, Xin Y, Zhang O, Han HY, Liu XL, Ji QW, Zhou YJ, Zhao YX (2015) Valsartan protects HK-2 cells from contrast media-induced apoptosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Biol Int,  39(12): 1408-17.##15. Matsubara S, Suzuki S, Suzuki H, Kuwabara Y and Okano T (1982) Effects of contrast medium on radiation induced chromosome aberrations. Radiology, 144: 295-201.##16. Sinues B, Nuñez E, Bernal ML, Alcala A, Saenz MA and Conde B (1991) Micronucleus assay in biomonitoring of patients undergoing excretory urography with diatrizoate and ioxaglate. Mutat Res, 260: 337-342.##17. Stenstrand K and Edgren J (1981) Cytogenetic in vivo and in vitro effects of low dose radiation and contrast agents. Eur J Radiol, 1(1): 76-8.##18. Li D, Machado FL, Welker AG, Peres LM, Santos-Mello R (2008) Micronucleus induction in mouse polychromatic erythrocytes by an X-ray contrast agent containing iodine. Mutat Res, 672: 65-68.##19. Toulany M, Kehlbach R, Rodemann HP, Mozdarani H (2010) Radiocontrast media affect radiation-induced DNA damage repair in vitro and in vivo by affecting Akt signaling. Radiother Oncol, 94: 110-116.##20. Belle MBB, Leffa DD, Mazzorana D, De Andrade VM (2013) Evaluation of the mutagenic effect of the iodinated contrast medium Urografina® 292 using the micronucleus test in mouse bone marrow cells. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 85 (2): 737-744.##21. Hodnick WF, Roettger WJ, Kung FS, Bohmont CW, Pandpardinin RS (1986) Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by flavonoids: a structure activity study. Plant flavonoids. In: Cody et al. (eds.) Biology and Medicine. Alan R. Liss, New York.##22. Nordby A, Tredt KE, Halgunset J, Kopstad G, Haugen OA (1989) Incorporation of contrast media in cultured cells. Invest Radiol, 23: 703-710.##23. Zhang H, Holt CM, Malik N, Morcos SK (2000) Effects of radiographic contrast media on proliferation and apoptosis of human vascular endothelial cells. British Journal of Radiology, 73(874): 1034-41##24. Heim S  and  Mitelman F (2015) Cancer cytogenetics: Chromosomal and molecular genetics aberrations of tumor cells. 4th Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, USA.## ##

Dosimetric accuracy of the Acuros XB and Anisotropic analytical algorithm near interface of the different density media for the small fields of a 6- MV flattening-filter-free beam 2 2 Background: This study was conducted to assess the accuracy of dose calculation near the air-phantom interface of a heterogeneous phantom for Acuros XB (AXB) and Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA) algorithm of a           6-MV flattening-filter-free beam, compared with film measurements. Materials and Methods: A phantom included air gap was specially manufactured for this study. In order to evaluate the dose near air gap-phantom interface, Eclipse treatment planning system equipped both AXB and AAA was used for the dose calculations. Measurements in this region were performed with radiochromic film. The central-axis dose (CAD) and off-axis dose (OAD) between calculations and measurements were analyzed for various field sizes and air gaps. The root-mean-square-error (RMSE) was used to evaluate the difference between the calculated and measured OAD. In order to quantify agreement between the calculated and measured dose distributions, the gamma analysis was performed with the 2%/2 mm and 3%/3 mm criteria. Results: For all fields traveling through 1 and 3 cm air gap, the maximum difference in the calculated CAD was -5.3% for AXB and 214.8% for AAA, compared to the measured CAD. For the RMSE between the calculated and measured OAD, the calculated OAD using AXB showed interval in the RMSE (from 4.4 to 12.7) while using AAA indicated broad (from 7.7 to 101.0). In addition, the gamma passing rates showed that AXB was higher agreement than AAA. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that AXB was more accurate in heterogeneous media near air-phantom interface than AAA when comparing the measured data. 157 165 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 S.W. Kang S.W. Kang Department of Biomedical Engineering and Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea Korea J.B. Chung J.B. Chung Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Bungdang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea Korea jbchung1213@gmail.com J.W. Lee J.W. Lee Department of Radiation Oncology, Kunkuk University Medical Center, Korea Korea M.J. Kim M.J. Kim Department of Biomedical Engineering and Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea Korea Y.L. Kim Y.L. Kim Department of Radiologic Technology, Choonhae College of Health Sciences, Ulsan 689-784, Korea Korea J.S. Kim J.S. Kim Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Bungdang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea Korea K.Y. Eom K.Y. Eom Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Bungdang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea Korea I.A. Kim I.A. Kim Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Bungdang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea Korea T.S. Suh T.S. Suh Department of Biomedical Engineering and Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea Korea suhsanta@catholic.ac.kr Acuros XB anisotropic analytical algorithm heterogeneous media FFF interface. Li XA, Yu C, Holmes T (2000) A systematic evaluation of air cavity dose perturbation in megavoltage X-ray beams. Med Phys, 27: 1011-1017.##Klein EE, Chin LM, Rice RK, Mijnheer BJ (1993) The influence of air cavity on interface doses for photon beams. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 27: 419-427.##Kan WK, Wu PM, Leung HT, Lo TC, Chung CW, Kwong DL, Sham ST (1998) The effect of nasopharyngeal air cavity on x-ray interface doses. Phys Med Biol, 43: 529-537. ##Ostwald PM, Kron T, Hamilton CS (1996) Assessment of mucosal underdosing in larynx irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 36: 181-187. ##Kan WK Leung HT, So RWK, Yu PKN (2013) Experimental verification of the Acuros XB and AAA dose calculation adjacent to heterogeneous media for IMRT and RapidArc of nasopharygeal carcinoma. Med Phys, 40: 1-18.##Solberg TD, Holly FE, Salles AAF, Wallace RE, Smathers JB (1995) Implications of tissue heterogeneity for radiosurgery in head and neck tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 32: 235-239.## Kan WK, Leung HT, Yu KN (2013) Dosimetric impact of using the Acuros XB algorithm for intensity modulated radiation therapy and RapidArc planning in nasophagryngeal carcinomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 85: 73-80. ##Han T, Mikell JK, Salepour M, Mourtada F (2011) Dosimetric comparison of Acuros XB deterministic radiation transport method with Monte Calro and model-based convolution methods in heterogeneous media. Med Phys, 38: 2651-2664.##Fogliata A, Nicolini G, Clivio A, Vanetti E, Mancosu P, Cozzi L (2011) Dosimetric validation of the Acuros XB advanced dose calculation algorithm: Fundamental characterization in water. Phys Med Biol, 56: 1879-1904. ##Bush K, Gane IM, Zavgorodni S, Ansbacher W, Beckham W (2011) Dosimetric validation of Acuros XB with Monte Calro for photon dose calculations. Med Phys, 38: 2208-2221.##Koo T, Chung JB, Eom KY(2015), Dosimetric effects of the acuros XB and anisotropic analytical algorithm on volumetric modulated arc therapy planning for prostate cancer using an endorectal balloon. Radiation Oncology, 10: 48.##Rana S and Rogers K (2013) Dosimetric evaluation of Acuros XB dose calculation algorithm with measurements in predicting doses beyond different air gap thickness for smaller and larger filed sizes. J Med Phys, 38: 9-14. ##Jean MM, Jeffrey R, Benedick AF (2004) A dose-gradient analysis tool for IMRT QA. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 6: 62-73. ##Park JY, Lee JW, Choi KS, Lee JS, Kim YH, Hong S, Suh TS (2011) Development of a novel quality assurance system based on rolled-up and rolled-out radiochromic films in voumetric modulated arc therapy. Med Phys, 38: 6688-6696.##Vassiliev O, Wareing T, McGhee J, Failla G. Salehpour MR, Mourtada F (2010) Validation of a new grid based Blotzmann equation solver for dose calculation in radiotherapy with photon beams. Phys Med Biol, 55: 581-598.##Fogliata A, Nicolini G, Clivio A, Vanetti E, Cozzi L (2011) Dosimetric evaluation of Acuros XB Advanced Dose Calculation algorithm in heterogeneous media. Radiat Oncol, 6: 82-97.##Bush K, Gagne S, Zavgorodni WA, Beckham W (2011) Dosimetric validation of Acuros XB with Monte Carlo methods for photon dose calculations. Med Phys, 38: 2208-2221.##Kan MWK, Leung LHT, Yu PKN (2012) Verification and dosimetric impact of Acuros XB algorithm on intensity modulated stereotactic radiotherapy for locally persistent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Med Phys, 39: 4705-4714.##Kang SW, Suh TS, Chung JB ,Eom KY, Kim IA ,Kim JS, Lee JW, Park JY (2015) Dosimetric Accuracy of AAA and Acuros XB Dose Calculations within an Air Cavity for Small Fields of a 6-MV Flattening Filter-free Beam. Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 67: 2138-2145.##Chung JB, Eom KY, Kim IA, Kim JS, Lee JW, Hong S, Kim YL, Park BM, Kang SW, Suh TS (2014) Comparison of Anisotropic Analytic Algorithm Plan and Acuros XB Plan for Lung Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy Using Flattening Filter-Free Beams. PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS, 25: 210-217.##Han T, Followill D, Mikell J, Repchak R, Molineu A, Howell R, Salehpour M, Mourtada F (2013) Dosimetric impact of Acuros XB deterministic radiation transport algorithm for heterogeneous dose calculation in lung cancer. Med Phys, 40: 1-11.##Han T, Mourtada F, Kisling K, Mikell J, Followill D, Howell R (2012) Experimental validation of deterministic Acuros XB algorithm for IMRT and VMAT dose calculations with the Radiological Physics Center’s head and neck phantom. Med Phys, 39: 2193-2202.## Han T, Mikell J, Salehpour M, Mourtada F (2011) Dosimetric comparison of Acuros XB deterministic radiation transport method with Monte Carlo and model-based convolution methods in heterogeneous media. Med Phys, 38: 2651-2664.##Mark RA, Christine HS, Jeffrey S, Cox L, Mohan R (2000) The impact of electron transport on the accuracy of computed dose. Med Phys, 27: 1266-1274.##Kan MWK, Cheung JYC, Leung LHT, Yu PKN (2011) The accuracy of dose calculations by anisotropic analytical algorithms for stereotactic radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Phys Med Biol, 56: 397-413.## ##

The feasibility of direct treatment planning via contrast-enhanced computed tomography: an evaluation of dose differences based on the dimensional dose distribution comparison method 2 2 Background: We used a MapCHECK software-based dimensional dose distribution comparison method capable of evaluating point-to-point geometrical dose differences in volume to determine whether doses obtained from an enhanced computed tomography (CT)-based treatment plan, which better defines the target regions and organs at risk, differs from doses obtained from plain CT and then evaluated the feasibility of treatment planning via enhanced CT. Materials and Methods: Forty-three randomly selected patients underwent plain and subsequent enhanced CT with the same settings. Treatment plans developed for the two scans were identical in terms of planning parameters (e.g., isocentre, gantry angle, segments) and monitor units (MU) used for dose calculation. Horizontal and vertical dose distribution planes across the same isocentre were selected from two types of plan; a two-dimensional dose distribution analysis was used to determine the Distance-To-Agree (DTA) pass ratios of corresponding dose distribution planes. Results: Obtained doses at the head and neck (H&N) and pelvic sites did not differ greatly between enhanced and plain CT. However, enhanced CT significantly influenced doses to the lower thoracic oesophagus. A corrected pass ratio that was achieved by non-pass points in lower isodose areas excluded from the statistical analysis had better clinical outcome. Conclusion: Radiation plans with multi-fields and multi-angles can reduce the influence of enhanced CT on torso cases and may even negate its influence on H&N cases. Enhanced CT can be directly used for planning unless the target region contains the lower oesophagus and its surrounding blood vessel whose high density requires correction. 167 175 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 Y. Li Y. Li Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China China X. Sun X. Sun Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China China white_deer@263.net Q. Wang Q. Wang Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China China Q. Zhou Q. Zhou Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China China B. Gu B. Gu Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China China H. Liu H. Liu Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China China G. Shi G. Shi Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China China D. Jiang D. Jiang Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China China T. Niu T. Niu Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China China Treatment planning enhanced CT plain CT dimensional dose distribution dose comparison. Casas F, Vinolas N, Sanchez-Reyes A, Jorcano S,Planas I, Marruecos J, Pino F, Herreros A,Biete A (2006) Spanish patterns of care for 3D radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 65: 138-42.##Shibamoto Y, Naruse A, Fukuma H, Ayakawa S, Sugie C, Tomita N (2007) Influence of contrast materials on dose calculation in radiotherapy planning using computed tomography for tumors at various anatomical regions: a prospective study. Radiother Oncol, 84: 52-5.##Choi Y, Kim JK, Lee HS, Hur WJ, Hong YS, ParkS, AhnS, ChoH (2006) Influence of intravenous contrast agent on dose calculations of intensity modulated radiation therapy plans for head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol, 81: 158-62.##Lee FK, Chan CC, Law CK (2009) Influence of CT contrast agent on dose calculation of intensity modulated radiation therapy plan for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol, 53: 114-8.##Liauw SL, Amdur RJ, Mendenhall WM, Palta J, Kim S (2005) The effect of intravenous contrast on intensity-modulated radiation therapy dose calculations for head and neck cancer. Am J Clin Oncol, 28: 456-9.##Xiao JH, Zhang H, Gong YL, Fu YC, Tang Bin, Wang SC, Jiang QF, Li P (2010) Feasibility of using intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans in lung cancer treatment planning. Radiother Oncol, 96: 73-7.##Yamada S, Ueguchi T, Ogata TMizuno H, Ogihara R, Koizumi M, Shimazu T, Murase K, Ogawa K (2014) Radiotherapy treatment planning with contrast-enhanced computed tomography: feasibility of dual-energy virtual unenhanced imaging for improved dose calculations. Radiat Oncol, 9: 168.##Ramm U, Damrau M, Mose S, Manegold KH, Rahl CG, Böttcher HD (2001) Influence of CT contrast agents on dose calculations in a 3D treatment planning system. Phys Med Biol, 46: 2631-5.##RobarJL, Ricco SA, Martin MA (2002) Tumor dose enhancement using modified megavoltage photon beams and contrast media. Phys Med Biol, 47: 2433-49.##Fogliata A, Vanetti E, Albers D, Brink C, Clivio A, Knöös T, Nicolini G, Cozzi L (2007) On the dosimetric behaviour of photon dose calculation algorithms in the presence of simple geometric heterogeneities: comparison with Monte Carlo calculations. Phys Med Biol, 52: 1363-85.##Vanderstraeten B, Reynaert N, Paelinck L, MadaniI, Wagter CD, Gersem WD, Neve WD, Thierens H (2006) Accuracy of patient dose calculation for lung IMRT: A comparison of Monte Carlo, convolution/superposition, and pencil beam computations. Med Phys, 33: 3149-58.##Paelinck L, Reynaert N, Thierens H, Neve WD, Wagter CD (2005) Experimental verification of lung dose with radiochromic film: comparison with Monte Carlo simulations and commercially available treatment planning systems. Phys Med Biol, 50: 2055-69.##Kirby N, Chuang C, Ueda U, Pouliot J (2013) The need for application-based adaptation of deformable image registration. Med Phys, 40: 011702.##Hwang UJ, Shin DH, Kim TH, Moon SH, Lim YK, Jeong H, Rah JE, Kim SS, Kim JY, Kim DY, Park SY, Cho KH (2011) The effect of a contrast agent on proton beam range in radiotherapy planning using computed tomography for patients with locoregionally advanced lung cancer. 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Radiation treatment planning for prostate cancer: A new dosimetric comparison of five and seven fields IMRT plans 2 2 Background: To compare the dosimetric coverage of the planning target volume (PTV) and the dose delivered to the main Organs at Risk (OARs) in 5 and 7-field techniques of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) in patients with local prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients with local prostate cancer underwent 5 and 7-field IMRT planning. The delivery of IMRT was carried out using the sliding technique. The dose coverage for PTV was designated to ≥98% of the PTV covered by 95% of the prescribed dose. Dose conformity was evaluated by comparing the volume of nontarget tissue receiving maximum, and average of the prescribed dose and the dose of 33%, 50%, and 66% of the volumes on both planning sets. For target, this evaluation was made with comparing the Conformity Index (CI) and Inhomogeneity Index (HI). In addition, we compared the monitor units used for dose delivery in both planning techniques. Results: All the 5 and 7-field IMRT plans differed slightly in the measured parameters, and none of them have statistically significant differences with each other except for the monitor units where significant differences were observed in favor of the 5-field IMRT plans (p=0.000). In all of the 5-field IMRT plans the mean dose delivered to OARs were very similar or less than that of the 7-field plans. Conclusion: In comparison to the 7-field technique, the 5-field IMRT technique has resulted in improved IMRT dose conformity, homogeneity, and lesser MUs used for radiation therapy. However, this difference was not significant. 177 183 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 S.R.M. Mahdavi S.R.M. Mahdavi Department of Medical Physics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran E. Jazayeri Gharehbagh E. Jazayeri Gharehbagh Department of Medical Physics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran A.R. Nikoofar A.R. Nikoofar Department of Radiation Oncology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran arnikoofar@gmail.com B. Mofid B. Mofid Department of Radiation Oncology, Shahid Beheshti university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran M. Vasheghani M. Vasheghani Department of Radiotherapy, Pars General Hospital, Keshavarz Bolv., Tehran Iran Iran D. Saedi D. Saedi Department of Radiology, Pars General Hospital, Keshavarz Bolv., Tehran Iran Iran IMRT dose conformity MUs prostate cancer Vaarkamp J, Malde R, Dixit S, Hamilton C (2009) A comparison of conformal and intensity modulated treatment planning techniques for early prostate cancer. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, 53: 310-7.##South C, Khoo V, Naismith O, Norman A, Dearnaley D (2008) A comparison of treatment planning techniques used in two randomised UK external beam radiotherapy trials for localised prostate cancer. Clinical Oncology, 20(1): 15-21.##Price Jr RA, Murphy S, McNeeley SW, Ma C-MC, Horwitz E, et al. (2003) A method for increased dose conformity and segment reduction for SMLC delivered IMRT treatment of the prostate. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 57: 843-52.##Martin JM, Bayley A, Bristow R, Chung P, Gospodarowicz M, et al. (2009) Image guided dose escalated prostate radiotherapy: still room to improve. Radiat Oncol, 4(50): 717.##Kupelian PA, Willoughby TR, Reddy CA, Klein EA, Mahadevan A (2008) Impact of image guidance on outcomes after external beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 70(4): 1146-50.##Michalski JM, Roach III M, Merrick G, Anscher MS, Beyer DC, et al. (2009) ACR Appropriateness Criteria® on External Beam Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: Expert Panel on Radiation Oncology—Prostate. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 74(3): 667-672.##Hall EJ and Wuu CS (2003) Radiation-induced second cancers: the impact of 3D-CRT and IMRT. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 56(1): 83-88.##Zelefsky MJ, Fuks Z, Happersett L, Lee HJ, Ling CC, et al. (2000) Clinical experience with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in prostate cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 55(3): 241-249.##Yan D, Vicini F, Wong J, Martinez A (1997) Aadaptive radiation therapy. Physics in medicine and Miology, 42(1): 123.##Spirou SV and Chui CS (1994) Generation of arbitrary intensity profiles by dynamic jaws or multileaf collimators. Medical physics, 21(7): p. 1031-1041.##Ling CC, Burman C, Chui CS, Kutcher GJ, Leibel SA, et al. (1996) Conformal radiation treatment of prostate cancer using inversely-planned intensity-modulated photon beams produced with dynamic multileaf collimation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 35:721-30.##Vlachaki MT, Teslow TN, Amosson C, Uy NW, Ahmad S (2005) IMRT versus conventional 3DCRT on prostate and normal tissue dosimetry using an endorectal balloon for prostate immobilization. Medical Dosimetry, 30(2): 69-75.##Huang SH, Catton C, Jezioranski J, Bayley A, Rose S, Rosewall T (2008) The effect of changing technique, dose, and PTV margin on therapeutic ratio during prostate radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 71(4): 1057-64.##Pollack A, Zagars GK, Starkschall G, Antolak JA, Lee JJ, et al. (2002) Prostate cancer radiation dose response: results of the MD Anderson phase III randomized trial. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 53(5): 1097-1105.##D'Amico AV, Manola J, Loffredo M, Renshaw AA, DellaCroce A, Kantoff PW (2004) 6-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 292(7): 821-827.##Rimmer Y, Burnet N, Routsis D, Twyman N, Hoole A, et al. (2008) Practical issues in the implementation of image-guided radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer within a UK department. Clinical Oncology, 20(1): 22-30.##Freedman GM, Anderson PR, Li J, Eisenberg DF, Hanlon AL, et al. (2006) Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) decreases acute skin toxicity for women receiving radiation for breast cancer. American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29(1): 66-70.##Ashman JB, Zelefsky MJ, Hunt MS, Leibel SA, Fuks Z (2005) Whole pelvic radiotherapy for prostate cancer using 3D conformal and intensity-modulated radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 63(3): 765-771.##Vanhavere F, Huyskens D, Struelens L (2004) Peripheral neutron and gamma doses in radiotherapy with an 18 MV linear accelerator. Radiation protection dosimetry, 110(1-4): 607-612.##Podgorsak E, Rawlinson J, Johns H (1975) X-ray depth doses from linear accelerators in the energy range from 10 to 32 MeV. American Journal of Roentgenology, 123(1): 182-191.##Palma D, Vollans E, James K, Nakano S, Moiseenko V, et al. (20080 Volumetric modulated arc therapy for delivery of prostate radiotherapy: comparison with intensity-modulated radiotherapy and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 72(4): 996-1001.##Martin J, Frantzis J, Eade T, Chung P (2010) Clinician's guide to prostate IMRT plan assessment and optimisation. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, 54(6): 569-575.## ##

An investigation into the effect of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) echo time spacing and number of echoes on the sensitivity and dose resolution of PAGATUG polymer-gel dosimeter 2 2 Background: There are various methods to read out responses of a polymer-gel dosimeter, among which the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique is the most common one. Optimizing imaging protocols can have significant effect on the sensitivity and the dose resolution of polymer gel dosimeters. This study has investigated the effects of the number of echoes (NOE) and the echo time spacing (ES) parameters on the response of the PAGATUG polymer gel dosimeter. Materials and Methods: The polymer gel dosimeters were produced under the normal atmospheric condition, then irradiated using a 60Co clinical radiation source. The polymer gel dosimeters were imaged using MRI technique with different imaging protocols. Afterwards, the effects of the ES and the NOE on the R2-sensitivity and the dose resolution of PAGATUG polymer gel dosimeter have been investigated. Results: Results showed that the sensitivity decreased with increasing NOE. However, it was found that the resolution got better with increasing NOE. Furthermore, the investigation of signal intensity decay curve showed that the R2 values in NOE less than 5 was less reliable.  According to the results, no significant difference were found between the sensitivities of the polymer gel dosimeters which were imaged with different ESs, except for ES=22 ms. However, dose resolution suffered from ES increasing. Conclusion: Dosimetric parameters of PAGATUG polymer gel dosimeter reaches to their optimum values by imaging with ES=25ms and NOE=10. 185 196 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 S.M. Abtahi S.M. Abtahi Imam Khomeini International University, Physics Department, P. O. Box 34149- 16818, Qazvin, Iran Iran smabtahi2007@gmail.com R. Jafari Khalilabadi R. Jafari Khalilabadi Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Radiation Technology Department, Tehran, Iran. Iran S. Aftabi S. Aftabi Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Iran Polymer gel dosimeter PAGATUG MRI Number of echoes Echo time spacing. Neve W, Achten E (1998) Three-dimensional dosimetry using polymer gel and magnetic resonance imaging applied to the verification of conformal radiation therapy in head-and-neck cancer. Radiother Oncol, 48:283-91. ##2. Khan FM (2003) The physics of radiation therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.##3. Ibbott GS (2004) Application of gel dosimetry. J Phys Conf Ser, 3:58-77.##4. Baldock C, Deene YD, Doran S, Ibbott G, Jirasek A, Lepage M, McAuley KB, Oldham M, Schreiner9 LJ (2010) Polymer gel dosimetry. 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Deene YD, Vergote K, Claeys C, Wagter Cd (2006) The fundamental radiation properties of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters: a comparison between a methacrylic acid based gel and acrylamide based gels. Phys Med Biol, 51:653-73.##15. De Jeana P, Sendenb R, McAuleyb K, Rogersa M, Schreinera LJ (2006) Initial experience with a commercial cone beam optical CT unit for polymer gel dosimetry II: Clinical potential. J Phys Conf Ser, 56:183–6.##16. Wuu CS and Xu Y (2011) 3-D dosimetry with optical CT scanning of polymer gels and radiochromic plastic dosimeter. Rad Meas, 46: 1903-7.##17. Cheng HW, Ho CJ, Lee CC, Tu SJ, Shih BY, Chao TC (2011) Development of a novel optical CT employing a laser to create a collimated line-source with a flat-top intensity distribution. Rad Meas, 46: 1932-5.##18. Hilts M, Jirasek A, Duzenli C (2005) Technical consideration for implantation of X-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry. Phys Med Biol, 50:1727-45.##19. Sedaghat M, Zahmatkesh MH, Jaberi R, Akhlaghpoor S, Allahverdi M (2005) Brachytherapy polymer gel dosimetry with xCT. Int J Radiat Res,3(3):101-8.##20. Remo AC, Bamber JC, Partridge M, Bush NL, Webb S (2007) Characterization of the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient and its frequency dependence in a polymer gel dosimeter. Phys Med Biol, 52:6747–59.##21. Akhlaghpoor S, Zahmatkesh MH, Pourbeigi H (2003) 3D MRI gel dosimetry based on image intensity (A new approach). Int J Radiat Res, 1(1): 45-50.##22. Abtahi SM, Shahriari M, Zahmatkesh MH, Khalafi H, Akhlaghpoor S, Bagheri S (2008) A new approach to contrast enhancement in MAGICA gel dosimeter image with MRI technique. Int J Radiat Res, 6(3):151-6.##23. Watanabe Y and Kubo H (2011) A variable echo-number method for estimating R2 in MRI-based polymer gel dosimetry. Med Phys, 38 (2):975-82.##24. 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Evaluation of radiation-induced cancer risk to patients undergoing intra-oral and panoramic dental radiographies using experimental measurements and Monte Carlo calculations 2 2 Background: Radiation doses associated with the conventional dental radiographies are relatively low, but their number is high. Therefore, justification is necessary to ensure that radiation doses to patients, particularly children, are kept as low as reasonably achievable. Materials and Methods: The exposure factors applied for real patients in four age groups (5, 10, 15-year-old and adult) were obtained for conventional dental radiographies, periapical, bitewing, and panoramic. The dose-area product (DAP) values were measured for every dental radiographies. The risk of exposure-induced cancer death (REID) was estimated for every dental radiographies in different age groups and in both genders. Results: The range of the REID values in periapical radiography were 1.3 to 20.9 per ten million for male patients, and 1.6 to 28.3 per ten million for female patients in different age groups. The range of REID values in bitewing radiography were 1.5 to 11.2 per ten million for male, and 1.9 to 13.2, per ten million for female in different age groups. The mean of REID values in panoramic radiography were 7.32, 4.70, 3.55, and 2.1 per ten million for male patients in 5-, 10-, and 15-year-old and adult age groups, respectively, and were 9.43, 5.86, 4.25 and 2.41 per ten million for female patients in 5, 10, 15-year-old and adult age groups, respectively. Conclusion: In accordance with the results of the present study, the overall risk of cancer from radiation in children was more than adult and in female patients is more than male patients in dental X-ray examinations. 197 205 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 A. Chaparian A. Chaparian Medical Physics Department, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran ali_chaparian@yahoo.com F. Dehghanzade F. Dehghanzade Technology of Radiology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran Dental radiography organ doses effective dose radiation risk. 1. Radiation Protection (2004) European guidelines on radiation protection in dental radiology. The safe use of radiographs in dental practice. European Committee Issue 136.##2. Niroomand-Rad A (2003) Radiological protection of patients. Iran JRR, 1(3): 125-31.##3. Eskandarlou A, Ghazi-Khanlou Sani K, Mehdizadeh A (2010) Radiation protection principles observance in Iranian dental schools. Iran JRR, 8(1): 51-7.##4. Aps JK (2013) Theoretical Assessment of the Thyroid Gland’s Radiation Dose from Radiographs taken in Dento-Alveolar Trauma Cases in Pediatric Patients. Pediatr Neonatal Care, 104(1): 1-5.##5. Walker C and van der Putten W (2012) Patient dosimetry and a novel approach to establishing Diagnostic Reference Levels in dental radiology. Physica Medica, 28(1): 7-12.##6. Ludlow JB, Davies-Ludlow LE, White SC (2008) Patient risk related to common dental radiographic examinations: the impact of 2007 International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendations regarding dose calculation. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 139(9): 1237-43.##7. Lam E (2011) Considerations for the use of ionizing radiation in dentistry. Dispatch Magazine, 25: 1-12.##8. Souza EM, Correab SC, Brito A, Limaa MA, Silvab AX, Kelecoma A (2008) Dose and risk evaluation to the thyroid gland in intra-oral dental radiology. Available on http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/41/006/41006662.pdf##9. International Commission on Radiological Protection (2007) The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103, 37: 1–332.##10. McCollough CH, Christner JA, Kofler JM (2010) How effective is effective dose as a predictor of radiation risk? American Journal of Roentgenology, 194(4): 890-6.##11. Pradhan A, Kim J, Lee J (2012) On the use of “effective dose” (E) in medical exposures. Journal of medical physics/Association of Medical Physicists of India, 37(2): 63.##12. International Commission on Radiological Protection (1991) 1990 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 60, Ann ICRP 21: 1-201. ##13. Hall EJ (2002) Lessons we have learned from our children: cancer risks from diagnostic radiology. Pediatric radiology, 32(10): 700-6.##14. Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) (2006) Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2. The National Academies Press, 248-66.##15. Mihai LT, Milu C, Voicu B, Enachescu D (2005) Ionizing radiation—understanding and acceptance. Health physics, 89(4): 375-82.##16. Cook J (2001) Radiation protection and quality assurance in paediatric radiology. Imaging, 13(4): 229-38.##17. Tapiovaara M and Siiskonen T (2008) PCXMC: A Monte Carlo program for calculating patient doses in medical X-ray examinations Report STUK-A231. Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, Helsinki.##18. Eckerman KF, Cristy M, Ryman JC (1996) The ORNL Mathematical Phantom Series. Available on http://ats.ronl.gov/documents/mird2.pdf.##19. Chaparian A, Kanani A, Baghbanian M (2014) Reduction of radiation risks in patients undergoing some X-ray examinations by using optimal projections: a Monte Carlo program-based mathematical calculation. Journal of Medical Physics, 39(1): 32-39.##20. Chaparian A and Aghabagheri M (2013) Fetal radiation doses and subsequent risks from X-ray examinations: Should we be concerned? Iran J Reprod Med, 11(11): 899-904.##21. Lee JS, Kim YH, Yoon SJ, Kang BC (2010) Reference dose levels for dental panoramic radiography in Gwangju, South Korea. Radiat Prot Dosim, 1-7.##22. Zenone F, Aimonetto S, Catuzzo P, Cornetto AP, Marchisio P, Natrella M (2014) Effective dose delivered by conventional radiology to Aosta Valley population between 2002 and 2009. The British Journal of Radiology, 330-338.##23. Hart D, Wall BF, Hillier MC, Shrimpton PC (2010) Frequency and Collective Dose for Medical and Dental X-ray Examinations in the UK, 2008. Health Protection Agency HPA-CRCE-012.##24. Chen TR, Tyan YS, Teng PS, Chou JH, Yeh CY, Shao CH, Tung CJ (2011) Population dose from medical exposure in Taiwan for 2008. Medical Physics, 38(6): 3139-3148.##25. Health Service Executive (2011) Population Dose from Dental Radiology: 2010. Health Service Executive. Available on http://www.hse.ie/eng/about/Who/quality and patient safety/safe patient care/medexpradiatonunit/HSE Dental Radiation Dose Survey 2010.pdf ##26. Kodak Dental Systems (2007) Radiation safety in dental radiography. Dental Radiography Series. Available on http://www.happyhealthyteeth.com/wpt/blog-docs/n_414.pdf##27. Lecomber A, Yoneyama Y, Lovelock D, Hosoi T, Adams A (2001) Comparison of patient dose from imaging protocols for dental implant planning using conventional radiography and computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol, 30: 255-9.##28. Danforth RA and Clark DE (2000) Effective dose from radiation absorbed during a panoramic examination with a new generation machine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 89: 236– 243.##29. Nahangi H and Chaparian A (2015) Assessment of radiation risk to pediatric patients undergoing conventional X-ray examinations. Radioprotection, 50(1): 19-25.##30. Chaparian A, Tavakoli I, Karimi V (2013) Organ doses, effective dose, and radiation risk assessment in radiography of pediatric paranasal sinuses (Waters view). Asian Biomed, 7(5): 695-8.## ##

The effective radium content and radon exhalation rate in hair dyes samples 2 2 Background: Hair dyes are the important materials widely used by various peoples in Iraq and other countries. The present work investigates the presence of the effective radium content and radon exhalation rate in hair dyes samples. Materials and Methods: Twenty  hair dyes  samples were collected from Iraqi markets. Sealed can technique using LR-115 type II plastic track detector s has been used in order to measure the effective radium content and radon exhalation rate. Results: The average values of the effective radium content ranges were from 2.30±0.179 Bq/kg to 3.07±0.254Bq/kg and the average values of radon exhalation rate range of 0.282±0.019 mBq/m2.day to 0.369±0.026 mBq/m2.day. Conclusion: The results coincide with the recommended OECD and ICRP's action level. In addition a good correlation was found between the effective radium content and radon exhalation rate in hair dyes samples. 207 211 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 A.A. Abojassim A.A. Abojassim University of Kufa, Collage of Science, Department of Physics, Kufa, Iraq Iraq ali.alhameedawi@uokufa.edu.iq L.A. Najam L.A. Najam Department of Physics, College of Science, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq Iraq D. Naji D. Naji University of Kufa, Collage of Science, Department of Physics, Kufa, Iraq Iraq T.A. Hussain T.A. Hussain University of Kufa, Collage of Science, Department of Physics, Kufa, Iraq Iraq Hair dyes samples Radon exhalation rate effective radium content Sealed can technique LR- 115 type II. UNSEAR (2000) Sources, effects and risks of ionizing. United Nations, New York.##WHO (2005) Radon and cancer, fact sheet 291.##Fleischer RL (1980) Isotopic disequilibrium of uranium: Alpha – recoil damage and preferential solution effects. Science, 207: 979-981.##Tanner AB (1980) Radon migration in the ground: A supplementary review. In The Natural Radiation Environment III. (Eds. T.F. Gesell and W.M. Lowder), National Technical Information service, Springfield, VA. CONF-780422: 50-56.##Fleischer RL (1992) Alpha-recoil damage and solution effects in minerals: Isotopic disequilibrium and radon release. Geochemical et Cosmochimica Acta, 46: 2191-2201.##Anderson P, Clavensjo B, Akerblom G (1983) The effect of the ground on the concentration of radon and gamma radiation indoors. Swedish Council for Building Research, 9: 1-442.##Chan A and Kung S (2006) Hair colorant technology advances further. Personal Care Magazine, October 23, 2006, 11-16.##Hashim AK and Najam LA (2015) Measurement of uranium concentrations, radium content and radon exhalation rate in Iraqi building materials samples. International Journal of Physics, 3(4): 150-164.##Abojassim AA, Shaymaa AK, Faeq AM (2014) Radon of concentrations measurement in some types of toothpastes available in the Iraqi markets. Journal of Babylon University/Pure and Applied Sciences, 22(7): 1967-1972.##Naom HA (2002) Determining of uranium in toothpaste by using CR-39 detector. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Science, Mosul University, Iraq.##Hashim AK and Najam Laith A (2015) Alpha radioactivity in various brands of Rice in Iraqi market. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Protection, 2(5): 70-75. ##Nisar A, Mohamad S, Sohail AK, Tabassum N, Sajjad A, Muhammad R (2014) Measurement of radon exhalation rate, radium activity and annual effective dose from bricks and cement samples collected From Dera Ismail Khan. American Journal of Applied Science, 11(2): 240-247.##Mayya YS, Eappen KP, Nambi KS (1998) Methodology for mixed field inhalation in monazite areas using a twin-cup dosimeter with three-track detector. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 77: 177–184.##Mahur AK, Khan MS, Naqvi AH, Prasad R, Azam A (2008) Measurement of effective radium content of sand samples collected from Chhatrapur beach, Orissa, India using track etch technique. Radiation Measurement, 43: 520–522.##Khan MS, Zubair M, Verma D, Naqvi AH, Azam A, Bhardwaj MK, (2011) The study of door radon in the urban dwellings using plastic track detectors. Environmental Earth Sciences, 63: 279–282.##Azam A, Naqvi AH, Srivastava DS (1995) Radium concentration and radon exhalation measurements using LR-115 type II plastic track detector. Nuclear Geophysics, 9(6): 653-657.##OECD (1979) Report by a group of experts of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Paris, France.## ##

Human amniotic membrane effect on colorectal anastomosis in dogs undergoing radiotherapy with/without diverting stoma: An experimental preliminary study 2 2 Background: : Radiotherapy is an important factor which results in increase of anastomosis leakage. Diverting loop ileostomy has been usually performed after colorectal anastomosis with history of neo-adjuvant radiotherapy to decrease the chance of leakage. Considering this effect, we assessed the feasibility and outcome of human amniotic membrane in rectal anastomosis in dogs previously treated by high-dose radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Twelve cross-breed male dogs with the age of 6-8 months and weighting 10-15 kg were randomly divided into four groups. Groups 1 and 2 received radiotherapy and 4 weeks later, single layer end to end anastomosis was performed for all the dogs; also, diverting loop ileostomy was placed in groups 1 and 3. Four weeks later, the anastomosis site was resected and sent for pathologic wound healing scoring. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using Mann- Whitney test. Results: Two dogs (of group 1 and 2) died of peritonitis due to anastomosis leakage during the 2nd post operation week. There was no statistically significant difference in wound healing between the case and control groups (P-Value: 0.01). Conclusion: HAM had a protective role in colorectal anastomosis after neo-adjuvant radiation in cases without loop diverting ileostomy. It can be concluded that HAM placement is a feasible technique instead of diverting loop ileostomy in cases with neo-adjuvant radiotherapy and also in the benign colorectal diseases with high risk anastomoses. 213 218 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 S.V. Hosseini S.V. Hosseini Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran M. Dehghani M. Dehghani Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran H. Khazraei H. Khazraei Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran hajarkhazraei@gmail.com M.Y. Karami M.Y. Karami Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran S. Karbasi S. Karbasi Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran S.H. Banihashmi S.H. Banihashmi Department of surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Iran Human amniotic membrane radiation therapy anastomosis leakage ileostomy. Uludag M, Citgez B, Ozkaya O, Yetkin G, Ozcan O, Polat N, et al. (2009) Effects of amniotic membrane on the healing of primary colonic anastomoses in the cecal ligation and puncture model of secondary peritonitis in rats. Int J Colorec Dis, 24(5): 559-67.##Corman ML, I.Allison S, P.Kuehne J (2005) Colon and Rectal Surgery. Colon and Rectal Surgery. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p. 177-277.##Kruschewski M, Rieger H, Pohlen U, Hotz HG, Buhr HJ (2007) Risk factors for clinical anastomotic leakage and postoperative mortality in elective surgery for rectal cancer. Int J Colorec Dis, 22(8): 919-27. ##Niknejad H, Peirovi H, Jorjani M, Ahmadiani A, Ghanavi J, Seifalian AM (2008) Properties of the amniotic membrane for potential use in tissue engineering. European Cells & Materials, 15: 88-99.##Tibbs MK (1997) Wound healing following radiation therapy: a review. Radiotherapy and oncology. Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, 42(2):99-106. ##Haubner F, Ohmann E, Pohl F, Strutz J, Gassner HG (2012) Wound healing after radiation therapy: review of the literature. Radiation Oncology, 7: 162.##Beck DE, Roberts PL, Saclarides TJ, Senagore AJ, Stamos MJ, Wexner SD (2011) The ASCRS textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery. 2th ed., Springer Science and Business Media, New York.##Tsai BM, Finne CO, Nordenstam JF, Christoforidis D, Madoff RD, Mellgren A (2010) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery resection of rectal tumors: outcomes and recommendations. Dis Colon Rectum, 53(1): 16-23. ##Telem DA, Chin EH, Nguyen SQ, Divino CM (2010) Risk factors for anastomotic leak following colorectal surgery: a case-control study. Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill : 1960), 145(4): 371-6.##DKA FCB, R Billiar T, Dunn DL, G Hunter J, B Matthews J, Pollock RE (2010) Schwartz principles of surgery. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, USA.##Abramov Y, Golden B, Sullivan M, Botros SM, Miller JJ, Alshahrour A, et al. (2007) Histologic characterization of vaginal vs. abdominal surgical wound healing in a rabbit model. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 15(1): 80-6.##McArdle CS, McMillan DC, Hole DJ (2005) Impact ofanastomotic leakage on long-term survival of patients undergoing curative resection for colorectal cancer. The British Journal of Surgery, 92(9): 1150-4. ##Bell SW, Walker KG, Rickard MJ, Sinclair G, Dent OF, Chapuis PH, et al. (2003) Anastomotic leakage after curative anterior resection results in a higher prevalence of local recurrence. The British Journal of Surgery, 90(10): 1261-6. ##Dormand EL, Banwell PE, Goodacre TE (2005) Radiotherapy and wound healing. International Wound Journal, 2(2): 112-27. ##Kesting MR, Wolff KD, Hohlweg-Majert B, Steinstraesser L (2008) The role of allogenic amniotic membrane in burn treatment. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 29(6): 907-16. ##Barlas M, Gokcora H, Erekul S, Dindar H, Yucesan S (1992) Human amniotic membrane as an intestinal patch for neomucosal growth in the rabbit model. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 27(5): 597-601. ##Najibpour N, Jahantab MB, Hosseinzadeh M, Roshanravan R, Moslemi S, Rahimikazerooni S, et al. (2013) The Effects of Human Amniotic Membrane on Healing of Colonic Anastomosis in Dogs. Annals of Colorectal Research, 1(3): 97-100.##Roshanravan R, Ghahramani L, Hosseinzadeh M, Mohammadipour M, Moslemi S, Rezaianzadeh A, et al. (2014) A new method to repair recto-vaginal fistula: Use of human amniotic membrane in an animal model. Advanced Biomedical Research, 3: 114. ##Schimidt LR, Cardoso EJ, Schimidt RR, Back LA, Schiazawa MB, d'Acampora AJ, et al. (2010) The use of amniotic membrane in the repair of duodenal wounds in Wistar rats. Acta cirurgica brasileira / Sociedade Brasileira para Desenvolvimento Pesquisa em Cirurgia, 25(1): 18-23. ##Kuriu Y, Yamagishi H, Otsuji E, Nakashima S, Miyagawa K, Yoshikawa T, et al. (2009) Regeneration of peritoneum using amniotic membrane to prevent postoperative adhesions. Hepato-gastroenterology, 56(93): 1064-8. ##von Versen-Hoynck F, Hesselbarth U, Moller DE (2004) Application of sterilised human amnion for reconstruction of the ocular surface. Cell and Tissue Banking, 5(1): 57-65. ##Szabo A, Haj M, Waxsman I, Eitan A (2000) Evaluation of seprafilm and amniotic membrane as adhesion prophylaxis in mesh repair of abdominal wall hernia in rats. European Surgical Research, 32(2): 125-8.##Uludag M, Ozdilli K, Citgez B, Yetkin G, Ipcioglu OM, Ozcan O, et al. (2010) Covering the colon anastomoses with amniotic membrane prevents the negative effects of early intraperitoneal 5-FU administration on anastomotic healing. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 25(2): 223-32. ##Uludag M, Citgez B, Ozkaya O, Yetkin G, Ozcan O, Polat N, et al. (2009) Effects of amniotic membrane on the healing of normal and high-risk colonic anastomoses in rats. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 24(7):809-17. ##Kruse FE and Meller D (2001) Amniotic membrane transplantation for reconstruction of the ocular surface. Der Ophthalmologe: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, 98(9): 801-10. ## ##

Radiation hazard in soil from Ajaokuta North-central Nigeria 2 2 Background: Measurement of the radiation dose distribution is important in assessing the health risk a population and serve as reference in documenting changes to environmental radioactivity in soil due to man-made activities. Materials and Methods: The activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K in soil samples obtained from different locations in Ajaokuta Local Government area was measured using Hyper Pure germanium Detection System (HPGe). Results: The calculated average concentration of the radionuclides ranged from 12 ± 1 Bqkg-1 to 59 ± 2 Bqkg-1 for 238U, 14 ± 1 Bqkg-1 to 78 ± 5 Bqkg-1 for 232Th and 49 ± 2 Bqkg-1 to 1272 ± 23 Bqkg-1 for 40K. In order to evaluate the radiological hazards due to natural radionuclides within Ajaokuta, the absorbed dose rate, gamma index, radium equivalent and excess lifetime cancer risk were estimated. According to measured data from the top soil (0-10 cm), the estimated radium equivalent (Raeq) ranges from 55.7 Bqkg-1 at Steel Complex to 253.3 Bqkg-1 obtained from Forest samples. Conclusion: The mean absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose and gamma radiation index evaluated were 66.2 nGyh-1, 81.2 µSvy-1 and 1.05 respectively which are higher than the recommended limit for normal background radiation. Thus, we conclude that people living in these locations may be exposed to higher radiation. 219 224 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 M.R. Usikalu M.R. Usikalu Department of Physics, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Otta, Ogun State, Nigeria Nigeria moji.usikalu@covenantuniversity.edu.ng A.B. Rabiu A.B. Rabiu Centre for Atmospheric Research, NASRDA, Kogi State University, Ayimgba, Nigeria Nigeria K.D. Oyeyemi K.D. Oyeyemi Department of Physics, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Otta, Ogun State, Nigeria Nigeria J.A. Achuka J.A. Achuka Department of Physics, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Otta, Ogun State, Nigeria Nigeria M. Maaza M. Maaza Material Science Department, iThemba Labs, Somerset West, South Africa South Africa Radiation hazard gamma index excess lifetime cancer risk soil Ajaokuta. Tso MY and Leung JK (2000) Population dose due to natural radiations in Hong Kong. Health Physics, 8:555-578.##Chikasawa K, shii TI, Ugiyama H (2001) Terrestrial gamma radiation in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. J Health Sci, 47: 361-372.##Dhawal SJ, Kulkarni GS, Pawar SH (2013) Terrestrial background radiation studies in South Konkan, Maharashtra, India. Int J Radiat Res, 11(4): 263-270.##Usikalu MR, Maleka PP, Malik M, Oyeyemi KD, Adewoyin OO (2015) Assessment of geogenic natural radionuclide contents of soil samples collected from Ogun State, South western, Nigeria. Int J Radiat Res, 13(4): 355-361.## Kant K, Gupta R, Kumari, Gupta N, Garg M (2015) Natural radioactivity in Indian vegetation samples. Int J Radiat Res, 13(2): 143-150.##Abimbola AF, Ojo AM, Okunlola OA, Oguntoyinbo FI (2002) Agrogeological studies of limestone, phosphate and gypsumoccurrences in the Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria in relationto Soil Acidity Amelioration. Nig J Sci, 36: 119–128. ##Myrick TE, Berven BA, Haywood FF (1983) Determination of concentrations of selected radionuclides in surface soil in the U.S. Health Phys, 45: 631–642.## Lalit BY and Ramachandran TV (1980) Natural radioactivity in Indian food stuffs. Natural Radiation Environment III, Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Houston, Texas, USA, CONF – 7804222, 800-809. ##Mishra UC, Lalit BY, Shukla VK, Ramachandran TV (1981) Standardized low level measurement methods for environmental studies. STI/PUB/529. Vienna: IAEA, 189-191. ##UNSCEAR (2000) Sources and effects of ionizing radiations, report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes, United Nations, New York, USA. ##Al-Hamarneh, IF and Awadallah, MI (2009) Soil radioactivity levels and radiation hazard assessment in the highlands of Northern Jordan. Radiation Measurements, 44: 102-110. ##Zarie KA and Al Mugren KS (2010) Measurement of natural radioactivity and assessment of radiation hazard in soil samples from Tammy area (KSA). Isotope and Radiation Research, 42: 1-9. ##Abd El-mageed AI, El-Kamel AH, Abbady A, Harb S, Youssef AMM, Saleh II (2011) Assessment of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity levels in rocks and soils in the environments of Juban Town in Yemen, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 80: 710-715. ##Sahu SK, Ajmal PY, Bhangare RC, Tiware M, Pandit GG (2014) Natural radioactivity assessment of a phosphate fertilizer plant area. Journal of Radiation and Applied Sciences, 1(1): 123–128.##Beretka J, and Mathew PJ (1985) Natural radioactivity of Australian building materials, building materials, Health Phys, 45: 349-361.##UNSCEAR (1993) Exposure from natural sources of radiation, report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes, United Nations, New York, USA.##European Commission (EC) (1999) Radiation Unit, Radiological protection principles. ##Taskin H, Karavus M, Ayb P, Topuzoglu, A, Hidiroglu S, Karahan G (2009) Radionuclide concentrations in soil and lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radioactivity in Kirklareli, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 100: 49-53. ## ##

Radioactive analysis and radiological hazards of sand in Weifang, China 2 2 Background: The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in sand used as building material in Weifang of China were investigated for evaluating the radiation hazard. Materials and Methods: Sand samples were collected from Weifang and their radioactivity levels were measured using gamma-ray spectrometry. The radiation hazard for residents was assessed by radium equivalent activity (Raeq), indoor air absorbed dose rate (D), annual effective dose (AED) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). Results: The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K ranged from 11.7 to 23.0, 33.6 to 126.1 and 353.2 to 924.8 Bq kg−1 with averages of 15.5, 70.3 and 802.9 Bq kg-1, respectively. All Raeq values were lower than the limit of 370 Bq kg-1. The mean value of D was higher than the world population-weighted average of 84 nGy h-1, while the mean AED and ELCR values were below the internationally accepted values. Conclusions: The use of sand in construction of dwellings is considered to be safe for inhabitants. 225 228 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 2017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/52017/07/5 1396/4/14 N. Yin N. Yin School of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P.R. China China X. Lu X. Lu School of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P.R. China China luxinwei@snnu.edu.cn Y. Li Y. Li School of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P.R. China China Gamma-ray spectroscopy natural radioactivity radiation hazard excess lifetime cancer risk sand. Manjunatha S, Jayasheelan A, Venkataranabauag P (2013) Study of distribution of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in different rock formations and their dose estimation in and around Chickmagalur, India. Int J Radiat Res, 11: 183-187.##UNSCEAR-United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000) Sources and effects of Ionizing radiation. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. New York: United Nations Publications.##Ravisankar R, Vanasundari K, Chandrasekaran A, Rajalakshmi A, Suganya M, Vijayagopal P, Meenakshisundaram V (2012) Measurement of natural radioactivity in building materials of Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India using gamma-ray spectrometry. Appl Radiat Isot, 70: 699-704.##Rafique M, Rehman H, Matiullah, Malik F, Rajput MU, Rahman SU, Rathore MH (2011) Assessment of radiological hazards due to soil and building materials used in Mirpur Azad Kashmir; Pakistan. Int J Radiat Res, 9(2): 77-87.##Hussain HH, Hussain RO, Yousef RM, Shamkhi Q (2010) Natural radioactivity of some local building materials in the middle Euphrates of Iraq. J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 284: 43-47.##Malik F, Matiullah, Akram M, Rajput MU (2011) Measurement of natural radioactivity in sand samples collected along the bank of rivers Indus and Kabul in northern Pakistan. Radiat Protect Dosim, 143: 97-105.##Chao S, Lu X, Zhang M, Pang L (2014) Natural radioactivity level and radiological hazard assessment of commonly used building material in Xining, China. J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 300: 879-885. ##Ding X, Lu X, Zhao C, Yang G, Li N (2013) Measurement of natural radioactivity in building materials used in Urumqi, China. Radiat Protect Dosim, 155: 374-379.##Zhao C, Lu X, Li N, Yang G (2012) Natural radioactivity measurements of building materials in Baotou, China. Radiat Protect Dosim, 152: 434-437.##Rahman SU, Rafique M, Jabbar A, Matiullah (2013) Radiological hazards due to naturally occurring radionuclides in the selected building materials used for the construction of dwellings in four districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan. Radiat Protect Dosim, 153: 352-360.##Chowdhury MI, Alam MN, Ahmed AKS (1998) Concentration of radionuclides in building and ceramic materials of Bangladesh and evaluation of radiation hazard. J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 231: 117-122.##Ibrahim N (1999) Natural activities of 238U, 232Th and 40 K in building materials. J Environ Radioact, 43: 255-258.##Kumar V, Ramachandran TV, Prasad R (1999) Natural radioactivity of Indian building materials and by products. Appl Radiat Isot, 51: 93-96.##EC-European Commission (1999) Radiation protection 112. Radiological protection principles concerning the natural radioactivity of building materials. Directorate-General Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection. ##Taskin H, Karavus M, Ay P, Topuzoglu A, Hidiroglu S, Karahan, G (2009) Radionuclide concentrations in soil and lifetime cancer risk due to the gamma radioactivity in Kirklareli, Turkey. J Environ Radioact, 100: 49-53.## ##