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Effects of quercetin on ionizing radiation-induced cellular responses in HepG2 cells 2 2 Background: Quercetin has been reported to modulate cell proliferation and apoptosis. The present study aimed at identifying whether treatment of ionizing radiation (IR) combined with quercetin induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Materials and Methods: HepG2 cells were plated at an appropriate density according to each experimental scale and irradiated with 1, 5 and 10 Gy gamma-rays from a 60Co source at room temperature. Cell viability, SOD and CAT were assessed by using commercial assay kits. Western blot analyses were done on apoptosis related proteins. The cells were treated with various concentrations of quercetin alone or in combination with IR.  Results: The cell viability was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner 24 h after treatment of quercetin. It was significantly lowered after the combined treatment of quercetin with IR than that of the cells treated with quercetin alone. Moreover, quercetin increased the expression of p53 levels in a dose-dependent manner. Combined treatment of quercetin with IR significantly increased the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-7, and Bax. Cell cycle analyses indicated a drastic increase in the Sub G1 population after quercetin treatment combined with IR. The activity of caspase-3 increased coincidently with apoptosis. The combined treatment of quercetin with IR decreased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, as well. Conclusion: Quercetin made the radio-resistant HepG2 cells undergo apoptosis by activating p53. These results suggest that the combined treatment of quercetin with IR may provide an effective therapeutic strategy to improve the radiotherapy efficacy.     229 239 2017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/15 1396/8/24 J.Y. Jang J.Y. Jang 1Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Advanced Radiation Technology institute, Jeongeup, Korea M.Y. Kang M.Y. Kang Present address: Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Enineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Y.K. Lim Y.K. Lim Department of Radiological Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea J.H. Kim J.H. Kim Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Advanced Radiation Technology institute, Jeongeup, Korea J.K. Kim J.K. Kim Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Advanced Radiation Technology institute, Jeongeup, Korea jkkim@kaeri.re.kr Quercetin apoptosis autophagy human hepatocellular carcinoma cell radiosensitizer. Rodemann, HP (2009) Molecular radiation biology: perspectives for radiation oncology. Radiation Oncology, 92: 293-298.##Roninson I, Broude EV, Chang BD (2001) If not apoptosis, then what? Treatment-induced senescence and mitotic catastrophe in tumor cells. Drug Resistance Updates, 4: 303-313.##Verheij M (2008) Clinical biomarkers and imaging for radiotherapy induced cells death. 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Dosimetric investigation of high dose rate Ir-192 source with Monte Carlo method 2 2 Background: This study aims to calculate the air-kerma strength (SK), the dose rate constant (∧) and the dose rate profiles of a Gammamed 12i Ir-192 source by using the Monte Carlo technique and to compare the dose rate values with those calculated by the Abacus HDR treatment planning system (TPS). Materials and Methods: Air-kerma strength (in units of U; 1 U= μGy m2 h-1) and the dose rate constant (∧) of a Gammamed 12i Ir-192 source were computed with the Monte Carlo-based code MCNP. For a single dwell position, profiles of dose rate per air kerma rate strength (in unit of U) along the x axis were obtained with MCNP and compared with data from the Abacus TPS at y=0, 1, and 2 cm. Results: The air-kerma strength and the dose rate constant of the source were calculated to 9.98×10-8 U and 1.106 cGy h-1 U-1, respectively. The maximum dose differences between MCNP and TPS along the x axis were found to be 1.3, 3.7 and 5.4% at distances more than 1 cm away from the source center for y= 0, 1 and 2 cm planes, respectively. Conclusion: The dose rate profiles calculated with MCNP and by the TPS show good agreement except for points located beyond the tip of the source.   241 249 2017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 H. Acun H. Acun Harran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Osmanbey Campus, 63300 Sanliurfa, Turkey acunhediye@yahoo.com A. Bozkurt A. Bozkurt Akdeniz University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antalya, Turkey G. Kemikler G. Kemikler Istanbul University, Institute of Oncology, Department of Medical Physics, 34390 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey Monte Carlo high dose rate brachytherapy Ir-192. Khan FM and Gibbons JP (2003) High Dose Rate Brachytherapy. In: The Physics of Radiation Therapy. 3th. ed. 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Iran J Radiat Res, 5:181-186. ##Bidmeshki NB, Sohrabpour M, Mahdavi SR (2014) Dosimetric characterization of a high dose rate 192I source for brachytherapy application using Monte Carlo simulation and benchmarking with thermoluminescent dosimetry. Int J Radiat Res, 12: 265-270. ##Granero D, Vijande J, Ballester F, Rivard MJ (2011) Dosimetry revisited for the HDR 192Ir brachytherapy source model mHDR-v2. Med Phys, 38: 487-494.##Anagnostopoulos G, Baltas D, Pantelis E, Papagiannis P, Sakelliou L (2004) The effect of patient inhomogeneities in oesophageal 192Ir HDR brachytherapy: a Monte Carlo and analytical dosimetry study. Phys Med Biol, 49: 2675–2685.##Lymperopoulou G, Pantelis E, Papagiannis P, Rozaki-Mavrouli H, Sakelliou L (2004) A Monte Carlo dosimetry study of vaginal 192Ir brachytherapy applications with a shielded cylindrical applicator set. 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Application of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging fusion images for delineating gross tumor volume in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma 2 2 Background: To evaluate computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fusion images for delineating gross tumor volume (GTV) in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) of nasophanrygeal carcinoma (NPC), and compare treatment outcomes between CT- and CT+MRI-based targets. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 NPC patients treated with 3D-CRT were included, in which, 60 each were treated with CT-based and 60 with CT+MRI fusion targets. We explored the clinical application of CT+MRI fusion targets and compared the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival and relapse rates between both targets. Results: The clinical characteristics and treatment factors were well balanced. The differences in public volume using CT alone in the CT+MRI (Group A) and the CT arm (Group B) were not significant (33.6±2.18 vs. 34.3±2.98, P > 0.05). The public volumes of GTV in the two arms were 49.48±2.46 cm3 and 33.6±2.18 cm3 respectively (P < 0.05). CT+MR fusion images did not influence the one-, three-, and 5-year survival rates (100% vs. 98.3%, 85.0% vs. 81.2%, and 73.3% vs. 68.3%, respectively). The three- and 5-year out-of-field progression was reduced in the CT+MRI arm. However, only the difference in 3-year out-of-field relapse rate was significant (3.3% vs. 13.3%; P < 0.05). The incidence of acute toxicities was similar between groups. Conclusion: The variability in GTV delineation in NPC was ascribed to intermodality and not interobserver variability. CT+MR fusion images likely reduced the 3-year out-of-field relapse rate.     251 257 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 H. Chen H. Chen Department of Medical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, China H. Huang H. Huang Department of Medical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, China haixinhuangcn@163.com G. Li G. Li Department of Medical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, China D. Huang D. Huang Department of Medical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, China S. Huang S. Huang Department of Medical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, China Z. Wang Z. Wang Department of Medical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, China Nasophanrygeal carcinoma image fusion three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. Wang YJ, Chen WX1, Zhang JL, et al. 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Dosimetric comparison of TomoDirect and TomoHelical plans in post-mastectomy chest wall radiation therapy 2 2 Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of TomoDirect (TD) plans compared to conventional TomoHelical (TH) plans in chest wall irradiation in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: TD and TH plans for only chest wall were retrospectively created for 30 patients previously treated with TH technique in our clinic. The beam angles were arranged to cover PTV chest wall and to minimize doses to OARs, ipsilateral lung and contralateral breast in TD plan. The prescribed dose was 50 Gy in 25 fractions. Results: The mean treatment times were similar in TH and TD (310.8 and 309 s, respectively, p> 0.05). There was no difference between the values of CI and HI of both plans (p>0.05). The values of Dmean, V5 and V20 of the ipsilateral lung in TD plan was significantly lower than that in TH plan for all 30 patients (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively).  V25 and V30 values of the heart were significantly lower in TH than those in TD plan in left-sided chest wall irradiation (p=0.006 and p<0.001, respectively). However, V5 values in TH was significantly higher than those in TD (p<0.001). In the right-sided, there was no difference between two plans for V25 and V30 values of heart (p>0.05). Conclusion: Both of TH and TD plans produce acceptable target dose coverage in chest wall RT. Considering the risk of low-dose radiation to the critical organs; TD mode improve dose distribution.     259 266 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 F. Teke F. Teke Dicle University, Medical School, Department of Radiation Oncology, Yenişehir 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey doktorfatmateke@gmail.com H.M. Doğan H.M. 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Radiat Oncol Lond Engl, 6:26. ##Mayo CS, Urie MM, Fitzgerald TJ (2005) Hybrid IMRT plans—concurrently treating conventional and IMRT beams for improved breast irradiation and reduced planning time. Int. J Radiat Oncol, 61:922–32. ##Borca VC, Franco P, Catuzzo P, Migliaccio F, Zenone F, Aimonetto S, Peruzzo A, Pasquino M, Russo G, La Porta, et al. (2012) Does TomoDirect 3DCRT represent a suitable option for post-operative whole breast irradiation? A hypothesis-generating pilot study. Radiat Oncol Lond Engl, 7:211. ##Haciislamoglu E, Colak F, Canyilmaz E, Dirican B, Gurdalli S, Yilmaz AH, Yoney A, Bahat Z (2015) Dosimetric comparison of left-sided whole-breast irradiation with 3DCRT, forward-planned IMRT, inverse-planned IMRT, helical tomotherapy, and volumetric arc therapy. Phys Medical PM Int J Devoted Appl Phys Med Biol Off J Ital Assoc Biomed Phys AIFB, 31:360–7. ##Kim MJ, Kim JH, Kim HK, Cho KC, Chun BC, Cho JH (2011). Evaluation of tangential fields’ technique using tomo direct radiation therapy after breast partial mastectomy. Journal of the Korean Society for Radiotherapeutic Technology, 23: 59-66.##Jones R, Yang W, Read P, Sheng K (2011) Radiation therapy of post-mastectomy patients with positive nodes using fixed beam tomotherapy. Radiother Oncol J Eur Soc Ther Radiol Oncol, 100: 247–52. ##Prescribing, recording, and reporting proton-beam therapy: contents (2007) J ICRU, 7(2): NP. ##Hodapp N (2012) [The ICRU Report 83: prescribing, recording and reporting photon-beam intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)]. Strahlenther Onkol Organ Dtsch Röntgenges Al, 188: 97–9.##Goddu SM, Chaudhari S, Mamalui-Hunter M, Pechenaya OL, Pratt D, Mutic S, Zoberi I, Jeswani S, Powell SN, Low DA (2009) Helical tomotherapy planning for left-sided breast cancer patients with positive lymph nodes: comparison to conventional multiport breast technique. 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Standardization of whole breast radiotherapy is required for safe omission of axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer patients 2 2 Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the dose distribution and coverage of level Ⅰ-Ⅱ axillary lymph nodes during whole breast tangential field radiotherapy (RT) after breast-conserving surgery in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The level Ⅰ-Ⅱ axillary lymph node volumes were retrospectively contoured by a single radiation oncologist based on computed tomography simulation data from 44 patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery without axillary dissection and who received postoperative whole breast RT between January and December 2014. The dose distributions of the whole breast tangential RT fields were reassessed in relation to the axillary level Ⅰ and Ⅱ lymph node volumes. Results: : The average doses delivered to level I and I axillary lymph nodes were 49.4% (range, 14.2–94.6) and 30.8% (range, 2.6–71.5) of the prescribed radiation dose, respectively. The volumes receiving at least 95% of the prescribed radiation dose were 12.7% (range, 0–67.4%) for level I and 1.4% (range, 0–7.7%) for level II nodes. Compared to thin patients, the average doses delivered to axillary lymph node levels I and II were significantly higher in overweight patients. Conclusion: The radiation dose coverage of axillary lymph nodes by whole breast tangential RT varies greatly among patients. To safely omit axillary lymph node dissection from the treatment of clinically axillary lymph node negative T1-2 breast cancer patients with 1–2 positive sentinel lymph nodes, standardization and individualization of whole breast RT are necessary.     267 273 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 M. Kong M. Kong Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea kongmoonkyoo@khu.ac.kr D.O. Shin D.O. Shin Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea Breast carcinoma lymph nodes radiotherapy. Giuliano AE, McCall L, Beitsch P,  Whitworth PW, Blumencranz P, Leitch AM et al. (2010) Locoregional recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection with or without axillary dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node metastases: the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 randomized trial. Ann Surg, 252: 426-32.##Giuliano AE, Hunt KK, Ballman KV,  Beitsch PD, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz PW, et al. (2011) Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 305: 569-75.##Gralow JR, Burstein HJ, Wood W,  Hortobagyi GN, Gianni L, von Minckwitz G, et al. (2008) Preoperative therapy in invasive breast cancer: pathologic assessment and systemic therapy issues in operable disease. J Clin Oncol, 26: 814-9.##Gralow JR, Zujewski JA, Winer E (2008) Preoperative therapy in invasive breast cancer: reviewing the state of the science and exploring new research directions. J Clin Oncol, 26: 696-7. ##Haffty BG, Hunt KK, Harris JR, Buchholz TA (2011) Positive sentinel nodes without axillary dissection: implications for the radiation oncologist. J Clin Oncol, 29: 4479-81. ##Jagsi R, Chadha M, Moni J,  Ballman K, Laurie F, Buchholz TA, et al. (2014) Radiation field design in the ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance) Trial. J Clin Oncol, 32: 3600-6. ##Belkacemi Y, Allab-Pan Q, Bigorie V,  Khodari W, Beaussart P, Totobenazara JL, et al. (2013) The standard tangential fields used for breast irradiation do not allow optimal coverage and dose distribution in axillary levels I-II and the sentinel node area. Ann Oncol, 24: 2023-8. ##Alco G, Igdem SI, Ercan T, Dinçer M, Sentürk R, Atilla S, et al. (2010) Coverage of axillary lymph nodes with high tangential fields in breast radiotherapy. Br J Radiol, 83: 1072-6. ##Reznik J, Cicchetti MG, Degaspe B, Fitzgerald TJ (2005) Analysis of axillary coverage during tangential radiation therapy to the breast. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 61: 163-8. ##Reed DR, Lindsley SK, Mann GN,  Austin-Seymour M, Korssjoen T, Anderson BO, et al. (2005) Axillary lymph node dose with tangential breast irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 61: 358-64. ##Schlembach PJ, Buchholz TA, Ross MI,  Kirsner SM, Salas GJ, Strom EA, et al. (2001) Relationship of sentinel and axillary level I-II lymph nodes to tangential fields used in breast irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 51: 671-8. ##Park SH, Kim JC, Lee JE, Park IK (2015) Virtual lymph node analysis to evaluate axillary lymph node coverage provided by tangential breast irradiation. Radiat Oncol, 33: 50-6. ##Nielsen MH, Berg M, Pedersen AN,  Andersen K, Glavicic V, Jakobsen EH, et al. (2013) Delineation of target volumes and organs at risk in adjuvant radiotherapy of early breast cancer: national guidelines and contouring atlas by the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. Acta Oncol, 52: 703-10. ##Aristei C, Chionne F, Marsella AR,  Alessandro M, Rulli A, Lemmi A, et al. (2001) Evaluation of level I and II axillary nodes included in the standard breast tangential fields and calculation of the administered dose: results of a prospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 51: 69-73. ##Fisher B, Montague E, Redmond C,  Barton B, Borland D, Fisher ER,  et al. (1977) Comparison of radical mastectomy with alternative treatments for primary breast cancer. A first report of results from a prospective randomized clinical trial. Cancer, 39: 2827-39. ##Fisher B, Jeong JH, Anderson S, Bryant J, Fisher ER, Wolmark N (2002) Twenty-five-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing radical mastectomy, total mastectomy, and total mastectomy followed by irradiation. N Engl J Med, 347: 567-75. ##Hwang RF, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Yi M,  Buchholz TA, Meric-Bernstam F, Kuerer HM, et al. (2007) Low locoregional failure rates in selected breast cancer patients with tumor-positive sentinel lymph nodes who do not undergo completion axillary dissection. Cancer, 110: 723-30. ##Fisher B, Redmond C, Poisson R,  Margolese R, Wolmark N, Wickerham L, et al. (1989) Eight-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy and lumpectomy with or without irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 320: 822-8. ##Louis-Sylvestre C, Clough K, Asselain B,  Vilcoq JR, Salmon RJ, Campana F, et al. (2004) Axillary treatment in conservative management of operable breast cancer: dissection or radiotherapy? Results of a randomized study with 15 years of follow-up. J Clin Oncol, 22: 97-101. ##Haffty BG, Fischer D, Fischer JJ (1990) Regional nodal irradiation in the conservative treatment of breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 19: 859-65. ##Ribeiro GG, Dunn G, Swindell R, Harris M, Banerjee SS (1990) Conservation of the breast using two different radiotherapy techniques: interim report of a clinical trial. Clin Oncol, (R Coll Radiol) 2: 27-34.##Recht A (1999). Should irradiation replace dissection for patients with breast cancer with clinically negative axillary lymph nodes? J Surg Oncol, 72: 184-92.## ##

Monte carlo simulation of varian clinac iX 10 MV photon beam for small field dosimetry 2 2 Background: The lack of lateral electronic disequilibrium (LED) becomes a main problem in small field. This factor affects the dose in target volume cannot predict correctly. In addition, utilization of high-energy linear accelerator (10 MV) can emit some unwanted particles (electron contamination). Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize head linear accelerator (linac) Varian Clinac iX 10 MV photon beam for square small field size (1×1, 2×2, 3×3, 4×4 and 5×5 cm2) using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Materials and Methods: The commissioning process for this linac, has been conducted for field size 6×6, 10×10 and 20×20 cm2 by comparing the measurement and MC simulation data. Head linac simulation was performed with BEAMnrc and dose calculation with DOSXYZnrc. The phase space (phsp) data from BEAMnrc was analyzed using BEAMDP to get the particles information in scoring plane. Results and Discussion: The scatter angle of particles depends on the field size. This factor affects the penumbra width in water phantom. On the other hand, PDD data show that the depth of maximum dose and penumbra width in small field shifted correspond with the number of scatter particle. The difference of relative output factor between measurement and MC results were found less than 2%. However, the 2% difference was still acceptable in photon beam dosimetry. Conclusion: From this simulation, the electron contamination give contribution in surface dose of water phantom about 13.0581% and less than 1% for field size 10×10 cm2 and small field size, respectively.     275 282 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 S. Yani S. Yani 1Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute Technology Bandung, Indonesia sitti.yani@s.itb.ac.id M.F. Rhani M.F. Rhani 2Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Cancer Institute Singapore, Singapore R.C.X. Soh R.C.X. Soh 3School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore F. Haryanto F. Haryanto 4Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute Technology Bandung, Indonesia I. Arif I. Arif 5Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute Technology Bandung, Indonesia Photon beam Monte Carlo small field dosimetry. Ahnesjo A and Aspradakis M M (1999) Dose calculations for external photon beams in radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol, 44.##Matalaras G, Kappas C and Lovelock DM (2001) A Monte Carlo approach to electron contamination sources in the Saturne-25 and -41. Phys Med Biol, 46: 2435-46.##Medina AL, Terron JA, Ruiz DP and Carrion MC (2005) Characterization of electron contamination in megavoltage photon beams. Med Phys, 32: 1281-92.##Sjögren and M Karlsson (1996) Electron contamination in clinical high energy photon beams. Med Phys, 23: 1873–81.##Allahverdi M, Zabihzadeh M, Ay MR, Mahdavi SR, Shahriari M, Mesbahi A and Alijanzadeh H (2011) Monte Carlo estimation of electron contamination in A 18 MV clinical photon beam. Int J Radiat Res, 9(1): 15-28.##Mesbahi A, Mehnati P and Keshtkar A (2007) A comparative Monte Carlo study on 6 MV photon beam characteristics of Varian 21EX and Elekta SL-25 linacs. Int J Radiant Res, 5: 23-30.##Biggs J and Ling CC (1979) Electrons as the cause of the observed dmax shift with field size in high energy photon beams. Med Phys, 6: 291-5.##Yani S, Dirgayussa IGE, Pratama D, Rhani MF, Haryanto F, Arif I (2014) Determination the electron contamination from the head of Varian Clinac iX 6 MV photon beam using Monte Carlo simulation. Proceedings of The 14th AOCMP and 12th SEACOMP; 10-12 October 2014 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.##Stapleton S, Zavgorodni S, Popescu IA and Beckham WA (2004) Implementation of random set-up errors in Monte Carlo calculated dynamic IMRT treatment plans. Phys Med Biol, 50: 429–39.##Lee J, Park J, Chung J, Park J, Choe B, Suh T, Lee D, Hong S, Kang M and Choi K (2009) Inverse IMRT verification of the dose distribution for intensity modulated radiation therapy patient-specific quality assurance using dynamic MLC log files. Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 55(4): 1649-56.##Luo W, Li J, Price Jr RA, Chen L, Yang J, Fan J, Chen Z, McNeeley S, Xu X, Ma C (2009) Monte Carlo based IMRT dose verification using MLC log files and R/V outputs. Medical Physics, 33: 2557-64.##Teke T, Bergman AM, Kwa W, Gill B, Duzenli C and Popescu IA (2010) Monte Carlo based, patient-specific RapidArc QA using Linac log files. Medical Physics, 37: 116-23.##Boylan CJ, Aitkenhead AH, Rowbottom CG, Mackay RI (2013) Simulation of realistic linac motion improves the accuracy of a Monte Carlo based VMAT plan QA system. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 109: 377–383.##Fippel M, Haryanto F, Dohm O and Nusslin F (2003) A virtual photon energy fluence model for Monte Carlo dose calculation. Med Phys, 30(3): 301-11.##Charles PH, Cranmer-Sargison G, Thwaites DI, Crowe SB, Kairn T, Knight RT, Kenny J, Langton CM, Trapp JV (2014) A practical and theoretical definition of very small field size for radiotherapy output. Medical Physics, 41(40): 041707.##Benmakhlouf H, Sempau J, Andreo P (2014) Output correction factors for nine small field detectors in 6 MV radiation therapy photon beams: A PENELOPE Monte Carlo study. Medical Physics, 41: 041711.##Vazquez-Quino LA, Massingill B, Shi C, Gutierrez A, Esquivel C, Eng T, Papanikolaou N, Stathakis S (2012) Monte Carlo modeling of a Novalis TX Varian 6 MV with HD-120 multileaf collimator. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 13(5): 300-13.##Keall PJ, Siebers JV, Libby B, Mohan R (2003) Determining the incident electron fluence for Monte Carlo-based photon treatment planning using a standard measured data set. Med Phys, 30(4): 574-82.##Mesbahi A (2006) Development a simple point source model for Elekta SL-25 linear accelerator using MCNP4C Monte Carlo code. Iran J Radiat Res, 4(1): 7-14.##Sempau J, Sanchez-Reyes A, Salvat F, Tahar HO, Jiang SB, Fernandez-Varea JM (2001) Monte Carlo simulation of electron beams from an accelerator head using PENELOPE. 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National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa##Rogers DWO, Walters B, Kawrakow I (2011) BEAMnrc. User’s Manual. National Research Council Canada, Ottawa.##Ramdani R, Yani S, Rhani MF, Arif I and Haryanto F (2015) Commissioning Linear Accelerator Varian Clinac iX Foton Beam 10 MV Menggunakan Simulasi Monte Carlo EGSnrc Code System. In Wungu TDK, Pramuditya S, editors. Proceedings of Simposium Nasional Inovasi dan Pembelaran Sains 2015; 8-9 Juni 2015; Bandung, Indonesia: SNIPS Proceedings.##Walters BRB, Kawrakow I, Rogers DWO (2011) DOSXYZnrc Users Manual. National Research Council Canada, Ottawa.##Yani S, Dirgayussa IGE, Rhani MF, Haryanto F, Arif I (2015) The effect of voxel size on dose distribution in Varian Clinac iX 6 MV photon beam using Monte Carlo simulation. In Purqon A, Pramuditya S, editors. 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Fewer beams and segments result in a shorter delivery time and a better quality intensity-modulated radiotherapy plan in gastric cancer 2 2 Background: This study evaluated whether IMRT using fewer beams and segments could reduce delivery time without compromising plan quality in gastric cancer adjuvant radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with advanced gastric cancer who underwent D2, R0 surgery were included in this study. IMRT plans for each patient were designed as 7 equal beams with 40 segments, 5 beams with 25 segments and 4 beams with 20 segments. The dosimetric parameters were compared for the planned target volume (PTV). The dose of normal organs at risk (OARs) was also assessed. The monitor units and treatment times of the different IMRT plans were calculated. Results: The 20-segment IMRT plan significantly reduced the PTV maximum dose compared to the 40-segment IMRT plan. The 20-segment IMRT plan improved left kidney and liver dose sparing in V20 and V30 as well as the 40-segment IMRT plan did and provided better protection for the V20 (13.86±7.78) of the right kidney, the V30 (9.25±4.04) of the left kidney, the D mean (19.68±2.47) of liver and D max (38.79±3.57) of the spinal cord. Irradiation times in the         20-segment and 25-segment plans decreased by 2.5 and 1.9 min, respectively, compared to the 40-segment IMRT plan. Conclusion: IMRT using fewer beams and segments reduced delivery time without compromising plan quality in gastric cancer adjuvant radiotherapy. Fewer segments IMRT plans lowered the monitor units and the treatment time.   281 288 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 Y. Shen Y. Shen Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China X. Li X. Li Radiation Physics Center, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China L. Liang L. Liang Department of Oncology, Sichuan Province People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China Y. Zhao Y. Zhao Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China S. Bai S. Bai Radiation Physics Center, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China F. Xu F. Xu Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China XF5780@163.com Beams and segments intensity-modulated radiotherapy plan quality delivery time gastric cancer. Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF (2006) Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. 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Wambersie A, Landberg T, Gahbauer R (1999) Prescribing, recording and reporting photon beam therapy: the problem of margins (the recent ICRU recommendations, Report #62, 1999). Patras Medical Physics, 99:25-31.##18. Smalley SR, Gunderson L, Tepper J, et al. (20020 Gastric surgical adjuvant radiotherapy consensus report: rationale and treatment implementation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 52: 283-293.##19. Tepper JE and Gunderson LL (2002) Radiation treatment parameters in the adjuvant postoperative therapy of gastric cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol, 12: 187-195.##20. Chung HT, Lee B, Park E, Lu JJ, Xia P (2008) Can all centers plan intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) effectively? An external audit of dosimetric comparisons between three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and IMRT for adjuvant chemoradiation for gastric cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 71: 1167-74.##21. Dzierma Y, Nuesken FG, Fleckenstein J, Melchior P, Licht NP, Rube C (2014) Comparative planning of flattening-filter-free and flat beam IMRT for hypopharynx cancer as a function of beam and segment number. PLoS One, 9: e94371.##22. Bzdusek K, Friberger H, Eriksson K, Hardemark B, Robinson D, Kaus M (2009) Development and evaluation of an efficient approach to volumetric arc therapy planning. Medical physics, 36: 2328-39.##23. Fung-Kee-Fung SD, Hackett R, Hales L, Warren G, Singh AK (2012) A prospective trial of volumetric intensity-modulated arc therapy vs conventional intensity modulated radiation therapy in advanced head and neck cancer. World J Clin Oncol, 3: 57-62.##24. Bewes JM, Suchowerska N, Jackson M, Zhang M, McKenzie DR (2008) The radiobiological effect of intra-fraction dose-rate modulation in intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53: 3567-3578.##25. Bratengeier K, Gainey MB, Flentje M (2011) Fast IMRT by increasing the beam number and reducing the number of segments. Radiation Oncology, 6: 170.##26. Samiei F, Maddah Safaei A, Esmati E, et al. (2015) Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced gastric and gastroesophageal cancer: Phase II clinical trial. Int J Radiat Res, 13: 259-264.##27. Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, et al. (2006) Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 355: 11-20.## ##

Development and implementation of a Monte Carlo frame work for evaluation of patient specific out- of - field organ equivalent dose 2 2 Background: The aim of this study was to develop and implement a Monte Carlo framework for evaluation of patient specific out-of-field organ equivalent dose (OED). Materials and Methods: Dose calculations were performed using a Monte Carlo-based model of Oncor linac and tomographic phantoms. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using EGSnrc user codes. Dose measurements were performed using radiochromic films. Furthermore, the applicability of this framework was examined for a 3D conformal radiotherapy of breast. Results: Commissioning of the beam model was done by comparing the measured and calculated out-of-field dose values of several points in the physical and tomographic phantoms, respectively. The maximum percentage difference was 17%, which was smaller than 30% acceptance criteria for Monte Carlo modeling. The maximum statistical uncertainty in out-of-field dose calculation was 23%. Organ equivalent doses for out of field organs in 3D conformal radiotherapy of left breast varied from 2.4 cGy for right kidney to 134.6 cGy for the left humeral head. Conclusion: The framework developed in this research is a valuable tool for calculating peripheral dose and out-of field patient specific OEDs, the quantities needed for calculating risk of secondary cancer induction as a result of radiotherapy. This code can be used as a patient specific treatment plan optimization tool in order to select a treatment plan with the lowest risk of secondary cancer induction.     289 294 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 M. Atarod M. Atarod Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran maryamatarod@yahoo.com P. Shokrani P. Shokrani Department of Medical Physics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran A. Amouheidari A. Amouheidari Radiotherapy Department, Milad Hospital, Isfahan, Iran Out-of-field organ doses secondary cancer risk tomographic models Monte Carlo simulations. BEIR (2006) Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation BEIR VII. P.N.R.C., National Academy of Science.##Xu XG, Bednarz B, Paganetti H (2008) A review of dosimetry studies on external-beam radiation treatment with respect to second cancer induction. Phys Med Biol, 53: 193-241.##Atarod M, Shokrani P, Azarnoosh A (2013) Out-of-field beam characteristics of a 6 MV photon beam: results of a Monte Carlo study. Appl Radiat Isot, 72: 182-194.##Bednarz B, Athar B, Xu XG (2010) A comparative study on the risk of second primary cancers in out-of-field organs associated with radiotherapy of localized prostate carcinoma using Monte Carlo-based accelerator and patient models. Med Phys, 37: 1987-93.##Cyriac TS, Musthafa MM, Ganapathi Raman R, Abdul Haneefa K, Bhasi S (2015) Out-of-field photon dosimetry study between 3-D conformal and intensity modulated radiation therapy in the management of prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Res, 13(2):127-34.##Sotirios S, Li J, Ma CM (2007) Monte Carlo determination of radiation-induced cancer risks for prostate patients undergoing intensity-modulated radiation therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 8(4):14-27.##Ruben J, Davis S, Evans C, Jones P, Gagliard F, Haynes M, Hunter A (2008) The Effect of Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy on Radiation-Induced Second Malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 70: 1530-6.##Donovan E, James H, Bonora M, Yarnold J, Evans P (2012) Second cancer incidence risk estimates using BEIR VII models for standard and complex external beam radiotherapy for early breast cancer. Med Phys, 39: 5814-24.##Hall EJ and Wuu CS (2003) Radiation-induced second cancers: The impact of 3D-CRT and IMRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 56: 83-88.##Howell RM, Hertel NE, Wang ZL, Hutchinson J, Fullerton GD (2006) Calculation of effective dose from measurements of secondary neutron spectra and scattered photon dose from dynamic MLC IMRT for 6 MV, 15 MV, and 18 MV beam energies. Med Phys, 33: 360-368.##Rogers DWO, Walters B, Kawrakow I (2007) BEAMnrc user manual. NRCC Report PRIS-0509(a).##Walters B, Kawrakow I, Rogers DWO (2005) DOSXYZnrcUsers Manual NRC Report PIRS-794 rev B. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.##Zhan L, Jiang R, Osei EK (2012) Beam coordinate transformations from DICOM to DOSXYZnrc. Phys Med Biol, 57: 513-23.##Atarod M and Shokrani P (2013) Monte Carlo study of fetal dosimetryparameters for 6 MV photon beam. J Med Signals Sens, 3: 12-17.##Devic S, Seuntjens J, Sham E, Podgorsak EB (2005) Preciseradiochromic film dosimetry using a flat-bed document scanner. Med Phys, 32: 2245-53.##Popescu IA, Shaw CP, Zavgorodni SF, Beckham WA (2005) Absolute dose calculations for Monte Carlo simulations of radiotherapy beams. Phys Med Biol, 50: 3375-92.##Deasy JO, Blanco AI, Clark VH (2003) CERR: A computational environment for radiotherapy research. Med Phys, 30 (5):979-85.##Venselaar J, Welleweerd H, Mijnheer B (2001) Tolerances for the accuracy of photon beam dose calculations of treatment planning systems. Radiother Oncol, 60:191–201.##Berris T, Mazonakis J, Tzedakis A, Fasoulaki A (2013) Calculation of organ doses from breast cancer radiotherapy: a Monte Carlo study. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 14(1):133-46.##Schneider U, Zwahlen D, Ross D, KaserHotz B, Vet M (2005) Estimation of radiation-induced cancer from three-dimentional dose distributions: concept of organ equivalent dose. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 61(5):1510-5.## ##

A comparison of contralateral breast dose due to breast cancer radiotherapy using two different treatment machines in a radiotherapy center 2 2 Background: The radiation dose received by contralateral breast (CLB) is one of the concerns of breast radiotherapy, because it may lead to the induction of secondary breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the CLB surface dose in the breast treatment in Yazd radiotherapy center. Materials and Methods: The surface dose of CLB was measured using TLD dosimetry in 50 cancer breast patients. The TLD chips were placed at four points on the each of CLBs. The patients were treated by 6MV photon beams of Oncor (physical wedge) and Compact (motorized wedge) LINAC. The TLD chips were placed on the surfaces of CLB during the medial and lateral tangent radiation fields in one of radiotherapy fractions. Results: The mean percent of prescription dose of the CLB surface doses on the point 1 in the two Linac (Oncor & Compact) were significantly different. The mean of CLB surface doses of point 1 in the physical and the motorized wedge techniques were 5.78 and 7.84 percent of prescription dose of breast cancer, respectively. The medial and lateral fields' contribution from 7.4% surface dose of CLB were 5.8% and 1.6%, respectively. Conclusion: In Shahid Ramezanzadeh radiotherapy center, the CLB surface dose due to breast cancer radiotherapy by the Compact machine (7.84 %) was significantly more than the allowable value (6% prescription dose). The CLB does due to the medial field beam was more than the lateral field.   295 299 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 F. Bouzarjomehri F. Bouzarjomehri Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran S.buouzarj@gmail.com M. Rezaie Yazdi M. Rezaie Yazdi Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Contralateral breast radiotherapy LINAC thermoluminescence dosimetry secondary cancer. Baumann M and Petersen C (2004) TCP and NTCP: a basic introduction. Rays, 30(2): 99-104.##2. Pawlicki T, Dunscombe P, Mundt AJ, Scalliet P. (2010) Quality and safety in radiotherapy: CRC Press.##3. Tse Kh (2014) A comparison of contralateral breast dose from primary breast radiotherapy using different treatment techniques: The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong). ##4. Alzoubi AS, Kandaiya S, Shukri A, Elsherbieny E (2010) Contralateral breast dose from chest wall and breast irradiation: local experience. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 33(2): 137-44.##5. Protection R. (2007). ICRP publication 103. Ann ICRP, 37(2.4): 2.##6. Faaruq S, Kakakhail B, ur Rehman S (2009) Comparison of Contra lateral Breast & Chest wall doses during Radiotherapy of Ca-Breast (with mastectomy) using Co-60 machine and 6 MV LINAC. World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering. Place where and the date the congress was held##7. Yadav BS, Sharma SC, Patel FD, Ghoshal S, Kapoor RK (2008) Second primary in the contralateral breast after treatment of breast cancer. Radiother Oncol, 86(2): 171-6.##8. Gao X, Fisher SG, Emami B (2003) Risk of second primary cancer in the contralateral breast in women treated for early-stage breast cancer: a population-based study. Int J Radiat Oncol, 56(4): 1038-45.##9. Rather SA, Haq MM-u, Khan NA, Khan AA, Sofi A (2014) Determining the contralateral breast dose during radiotherapy of breast cancer using rainbow dosimeter. J Radiat Res Appl Sci, 7(4): 384-9.##10. Yaparpalvi R, Fontenla DP, Yu L, Lai PP, Vikram B (1996. Radiation therapy of breast carcinoma: Confirmation of prescription dose using diodes. Int J Radiat Oncol, 35(1): 173-83.##11. Bhatnagar AK, Brandner E, Sonnik D, Wu A, Kalnicki S, Deutsch M, et al. (2004) Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) reduces the dose to the contralateral breast when compared to conventional tangential fields for primary breast irradiation: Initial report. Cancer J, 10(6): 381-5.##12. Sohn JW, Macklis R, Suh JH, Kupelian P (1999) A mobile shield to reduce scatter radiation to the contralateral breast during radiotherapy for breast cancer: preclinical results. Int J Radiat Oncol, 43(5): 1037-41.##13. Balasubramanian R, Sellakumar P, Bilimagga RS, Supe SS, Sankar B (2006) Measurements of peripheral dose for multileaf collimator based linear accelerator. Rep Prac Oncol Radiother, 11(6): 281-5.##14. Chougule A (2007) Radiation dose to contra lateral breast during treatment of breast malignancy by radiotherapy. J Cancer Res Ther, 3(1): 8.##15. Muller-Runkel R, Kalokhe UP. (1994) Method for reducing scatter radiation dose to the contralateral breast during tangential breast irradiation therapy. Radiology, 191(3):853-5.##16. Muller-Runkel R, Kalokhe UP. (1990) Scatter dose from tangential breast irradiation to the uninvolved breast. Radiology, 175(3):873-6.##17. Kelly CA, Wang XY, Chu JC, Hartsell WF (1996) Dose to contralateral breast: a comparison of four primary breast irradiation techniques. Int J Radiat Oncol, 34(3): 727-32.##18. Akram M, Iqbal K, Isa M, Afzal M, Buzdar SA (2014) Optimum reckoning of contra lateral breast dose using physical wedge and enhanced dynamic wedge in radiotherapy treatment planning system. Int J Radiat Res, 12(4): 295-302.##19. Prabhakar R, Haresh KP, Julka PK, Ganesh T, Rath GK, Joshi RC, et al. (2007) A study on contralateral breast surface dose for various tangential field techniques and the impact of set-up error on this dose. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 30(1): 42-5.## ##

Preliminary study on the properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) for alpha particles detection 2 2 Background: : Due to the difficulties of locally obtaining ZnS(Ag), preliminary investigation of the radioluminescence characterization of Zinc oxide (ZnO) for alpha particle detection was performed. Materials and Methods: The scintillation properties of ZnO films were tested using alpha sources                     (Am-241). The correlations between ZnO scintillation responses and irradiation time and source activity were also verified and compared with the response of a ZnS(Ag) detector. Results: The obtained results showed that the response of ZnO was linear with the exposure time, and the uncertainty of the repeatability was less than 1%. In addition, ZnO was found to have good radiation resistance over a wide range of doses. Conclusion: The preliminary results may be indicative that the proposed ZnO detector could be considered as a promising detector for alpha particles.   301 306 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 R. Shweikani R. Shweikani Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Protection and Safety Department, Damascus, P. O. Box 6091, Syria prscientific@aec.org.sy A. Ismail A. Ismail Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Protection and Safety Department, Damascus, P. O. Box 6091, Syria B. Jerby B. Jerby Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Protection and Safety Department, Damascus, P. O. Box 6091, Syria ZnO ZnS (Ag) Scintillation Alpha particles detection. IAEA (1976) Manual on radiological safety in uranium and thorium mines and mills. IAEA, editor. Vienna.##2. Misdaq MA, Moustaadine H (1997) A new method for determining the radon emanation coefficients and radon production rates. J Radioanal Nucl Ch, 218: 9 – 12.##3. Lee SK, KANG SY, Jang DY, LEE CH, Kang SM, Kang BH, et al. (2011) Comparison of New Simple Methods in Fabricating ZnS(Ag) Scintillators for Detecting Alpha Particles. Progress in Nuclear Science and Technology, 1:194-7.##4. Karali T, Can N, Valberg L, Stepanov AL, Townsend PD, Buchal C, et al. (2005) Optical properties and luminescence of metallic nanoclusters in ZnO: Cu. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 363: 88-95.##5. Water W, Fang TH, Ji LW, Lee CC (2009) Effect of growth temperature on photoluminescence and piezoelectric characteristics of ZnO nanowires. Materials Science and Engineering B, 158: 75–8.##6. Yanagida T, Fujimoto Y, Yoshikawa A, Yokota Y, Miyamoto M, Sekiwa H, et al. (2010) Scintillation properties of In doped ZnO with different In concentrations. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 57: 1325-8.##7. Li YY, Li YX, Wu YL, Sun WL (2007) Preparation and photoluminescent properties of zinc oxide phosphor. Journal of Luminescence, 126(1):177-81.##8. Yu H, Wang S, Li N, Fenwick W, Melton A, Klein B, et al. (2008) MOVPE growth of AlGaN/GaN superlattices on ZnO substrates for green emitter applications. J Cryst Growth, 310: 4904-7.##9. Look DC (2001) recent advances in ZnO materials and devices. Mater Sci Eng B, 80(1-3): 383–7.##10. Özgür Ü, Alivov YI, Liu C, Teke A, et al. (2005) a comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices. J Appl Phys, 98: 041301.##11. Banaee N, Nedaie HA, Shirazi AR, Zirak AR, Sadjadi S (2016) evaluating the effect of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles doped with Gadolinium on dose enhancement factor by PRESAGE dosimeter. Int J Radiat Res, 14(2): 119-125.##12. Cooper JC, Koltick DS, Mihalczo JT, Neal JS (2003) Evaluation of ZnO(Ga) coatings as alpha particle transducers within a neutron generator. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 505: 498-501.##13. Bourret-Courchesne ED, Derenzo SE, Weber MJ (2009) Development of ZnO: Ga as an ultra-fast scintillator. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 601(3): 358-63.##14. Milenova K, Stambolova I, Blaskov V, Eliyas A, Vassilev S, Shipochka M (2013) The effect of introducing copper dopant on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles. Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 48(3): 259-64.##15. Erfurt G and Krbetschek MR (2002) A Radioluminescence Study of Spectral and Dose Characteristics of Common Luminophors. Radiat Prot Dosim, 100: 403-6.##16. Tojo T, Zainuddin M, Soemad W (2000) Experiments of Pulse-Shape Discrimination Technique of AIpha- and Beta (X, gamma) - Particles with Uses of a Phoswich and a CsI (TI) Scintillation Detectors. Widyanuklida, 3(1): 6-19.##17. Liu K, Sakurai M, Aono M (2010) ZnO-Based Ultraviolet Photodetectors. Sensors, 10: 8604-34.## ##

Radio-epidemiological evaluation and remediation in water sources from two mines in South Africa 2 2 Background: In this study, the health risk associated with three types of drinking waters (fissure, underground treated and surrounding waters) from two mines in South Africa were assessed. Materials and Methods: The measurement of the radionuclides concentration was carried out by liquid scintillation counter and alpha spectrometer. The estimated radiological risk pose to the people consuming the water types were evaluated based on the calculated radionuclide concentrations. Results: The value of the gross alpha was 1.15 ± 0.13 Bq/L and gross beta activity was 0.87 ± 0.11 Bq/L in the treated underground water. These values were several fold above the limit value of 1.0 Bq/L for gross alpha and 0.1 Bq/L for gross beta. For the fissure water, the gross alpha activity value was 0.56 ± 0.10 Bq/L which is less than the limit of 1.0 Bq/L and the gross beta activity was high with a value of 0.52 ± 0.11 Bq/L compared to the limit value of 0.1 Bq/L. The results around the Princess gold mine showed very high gross alpha and beta activity in the collected water samples studied. In general, the concentrations of the natural radionuclides were high especially 238U, 226Ra, 230Th, 235U, 234U and 210Po in all the water samples. Conclusion: The calculated chemical toxicity, cancer mortality/morbidity and hazards quotient with respect to 238U were very high. Hence, the waters within these vicinities are polluted with radionuclides and may posed serious health effect to the inhabitant.   307 315 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 R.L. Njinga R.L. Njinga Centre for Applied Radiation Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa njingaraymond@yahoo.co.uk V.M. Tshivhase V.M. Tshivhase Centre for Applied Radiation Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa Gross alpha and beta cancer water radio-epidemiology Gauteng Princess Gold mine. Blowes DW, Ptacek CJ, Jambor JL, Weisener CG (2003) The geochemistry of acid mine drainage. In: Holland HD, Turekian KK, editors. Treatise on geochemistry. Oxford: Elsevier, p. 150–204. ##Naiker K, Cukrowska E, McCarthy TS (2003) Acid mine drainage arising from gold mining activity in Johannesburg, South Africa, and environs. Environ Pollut, 122: 29–40. ##Tutu H, McCarthy TS, Cukrowska E (2008) The chemical characteristics of acid mine drainage with particular reference to sources, distribution and remediation: The Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, as a case study. Appl Geochem, 23: 3666–3684. ##Winde FLA (2004) Uranium pollution of South African streams – An overview of the situation in gold mining areas of the Witwatersrand. Geo Journal, 61: 131–149. ## Meindinyo RK and Agbalagba EO (2012) Radioactivity concentration and heavy metal assessment of soil and water, in and around Imirigin oil field, Bayalsa state, Nigeria. J Environ Chem Ecotoxicol, 4(2): 29-34.##Mortazavi SMJ and Mozdarani H (2012) Is it time to shed some light on the black box of health policies regarding the inhabitants of the high background radiation areas of Ramsar? Int J Radiat Res, 10(3-4): 111-116.##UNSCEAR (1993) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, UNSCEAR report to the General assembly with scientific annexes, United Nations, New York.##Radespiel-Troeger M, Meyer M (2013) Association between drinking water uranium content and cancer risk in Bavaria, Germany. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 10: 767-776.##Nengovhela NR, de beer M, Greben HA, Maree JP, Strydom CA (2002) Iron (II) oxidation to support limestone neutralization in acid mine water. Paper presented at the Biennial Conference of the Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA).##USEPA (1996) National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. United State Environmental Protection Agency ##Report EPA-570/9; 76-03.http://yosemite.epa.gov/water/owrccatalog.nsf. ##USEPA (2010) United State Environmental Protection Agency.”Exposure Pathways. http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/understand/pathways. ##Benedik L, Vasile M (2008). On the determination of Ra-228, Po-210, U-234, and U-238 in mineral waters. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, EU23683 EN.##Liefferink M (2014) Uranium Mining in South Africa: Environment and Human Rights. Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, 30 -33.##Dimova N, Kinova L, Veleva B, Slavchev (2003) Radiochemical procedures for determination of naturally occurred Uranium isotopes in environmental samples. Geology and Geophysics, 46:241-246.##Arnold EG, Lemore SC, Andrew DE (1992) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 18th edition. American Public Health Association Washington, 71 – 77.##NIPDWR (2015) National interim drinking water regulations. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Supply, EPA-570/9-76-003.##World Health Organization (WHO) (2004) Guidelines for drinking water quality, 3rd edn. Report submitted to World Health Organization, Geneva, pp. 1-9.##Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria (2004) Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 2004a. Free State Region River Systems – 2003. State of Rivers Report 6. March 2004. ##Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria (2004) Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 2004b. Internal Strategic Perspective Vaal River System: Overarching. Report Number P RSA C000/00/0103.##Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria (2004) Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 2004c. Internal Strategic Perspective Upper Vaal Water Management Area. Report Number P WMA 08/000/00/0304. ##UNSCEAR (2000) Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation; UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes Volume I: sources.##McCarthy TS (2010) The decant of acid mine water in the Gauteng city-region – analysis, prognosis and solutions. Provocations Series, Gauteng City- Region Observatory. Johannesburg: Universities of the Witwatersrand and Johannesburg.##NNR (2015) National Nuclear Regulator For the protection of persons, property and the environment against nuclear damage, Regulatory Guide Safety Assessment Of Radiation Hazards To Members Of The Public From Norm Activities RG-002.##IAEA safety series (1996) International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against ionizing Radiation and for the safety of Radiation Sources; IAEA safety series 115.##Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria (2004) Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 2004d. Internal Strategic Perspective Upper Orange Water Management Area. 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Imbalances of the autonomic nervous system in people living in radioactive contaminated territories: radioactivity and vegetative imbalance 2 2 Background: The Ural region is highlighted among other Russian regions for its unfavorable radiation situation and complexity of the overall environmental situation. The source of man-made radioactive contamination is the work of the "Mayak" Production Association. A significant radioactive contamination has happened as a result of several radiation incidents in the early period of the company activity and it has affected a territory total area of over 23,000 km2 in the Chelyabinsk, Kurgan and Sverdlovsk regions. Our primary aim is to compare the characteristics of Heart Rate Variability among residents of the Ural region, living in the territories with different levels of radioactive contamination. Materials and Methods: The segment of the population exposed to increased radiation exposure amounted to approximately 500 thousand people. We have distinguished three territories in the Urals region to perform a comparative study of environmental factors (the radioactive contamination) on human health. Two of these territories are case territories, which are exposed to environmental hazards, and one of them is the control. Data were collected from 1992 to 1995. Results: To assess the dependence of the state of adaptation abilities of the organism exposed to radiation contamination of the territory, we used the stress index. We determined the statistically significant influence of man-made radioactive contamination of the environment on the functional adaptation of the body. Conclusion: Our study showed the predominance of sympathetic regulation of heart rate, which indicates the tension of adaptation capabilities of the organism for the population living in radioactive contaminated areas. 317 320 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 E. Konstantinova E. Konstantinova Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling in Ecology and Medicine, Institute of Industrial Ecology of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya st. 20, 620990, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation k_konst@ecko.uran.ru T. Maslakova T. Maslakova Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling in Ecology and Medicine, Institute of Industrial Ecology of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya st. 20, 620990, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation A. Zhivoderov A. Zhivoderov Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling in Ecology and Medicine, Institute of Industrial Ecology of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya st. 20, 620990, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation Y. Shalaumova Y. Shalaumova Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling in Ecology and Medicine, Institute of Industrial Ecology of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya st. 20, 620990, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation A. Varaksin A. Varaksin Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling in Ecology and Medicine, Institute of Industrial Ecology of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya st. 20, 620990, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation Radiation heart rate variability stress index autonomic nervous system. Blowes DW, Ptacek CJ, Jambor JL, Weisener CG (2003) The geochemistry of acid mine drainage. In: Holland HD, Turekian KK, editors. Treatise on geochemistry. Oxford: Elsevier, p. 150–204. ##Naiker K, Cukrowska E, McCarthy TS (2003) Acid mine drainage arising from gold mining activity in Johannesburg, South Africa, and environs. Environ Pollut, 122: 29–40. ##Tutu H, McCarthy TS, Cukrowska E (2008) The chemical characteristics of acid mine drainage with particular reference to sources, distribution and remediation: The Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, as a case study. Appl Geochem, 23: 3666–3684. ##Winde FLA (2004) Uranium pollution of South African streams – An overview of the situation in gold mining areas of the Witwatersrand. Geo Journal, 61: 131–149. ## Meindinyo RK and Agbalagba EO (2012) Radioactivity concentration and heavy metal assessment of soil and water, in and around Imirigin oil field, Bayalsa state, Nigeria. J Environ Chem Ecotoxicol, 4(2): 29-34.##Mortazavi SMJ and Mozdarani H (2012) Is it time to shed some light on the black box of health policies regarding the inhabitants of the high background radiation areas of Ramsar? 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Radioactivity level of soil around a coal-fired thermal power plant of northwest China 2 2 Background: The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in soil around a coal-fired thermal power plant of northwest China were investigated for assessing the radioactivity level. Materials and Methods: Soil samples were collected around the coal-fired thermal power plant and their radioactivity levels were determined using gamma ray spectrometry. Radiation hazards were assessed by radium equivalent activity (Raeq), air absorbed dose rate (D) and annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE). ResultsThe activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K ranged from 24.7 to 89.8, 38.4 to 122.3 and 206.7 to 573.8 Bq kg-1 with an average of 49.7, 63.5 and 396.3 Bq kg-1, respectively. The mean Raeq value was less than the recommended limit, while the mean values of D and AEDE were slightly higher than the corresponding world average. Conclusion: The coal-fired thermal power plant enhanced the natural radiation of surrounding soil environment.   321 324 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 2017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/152017/11/15 1396/8/24 X. Zhang X. Zhang School of Fine Arts, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China zhangxiaolan@snnu.edu.cn Radioactivity gamma ray spectrometry radiation hazard soil coal-fired thermal power plant. UNSCEAR-United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000) Sources and effects of Ionizing radiation. Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes. United Nations, New York.##Usikalu MR, Maleka PP, Malik M, Oyeyemi KD, Adewoyin OO (2015) Assessment of geogenic natural radionuclide contents of soil samples collected from Ogun State, South western, Nigeria. Int J Radiat Res, 13: 355–361.##Ajayi OS and Ibikunle SB (2013) Radioactivity of surface soils from Oyo state, South Western Nigeria. Int J Radiat Res, 11: 271–278.##Rahman S, Matiullah, Mujahid SA, Hussain S (2008) Assessment of the radiological hazards due to natural occurring radionuclides in soil samples collected from the north western areas of Pakistan. Radiat Protect Dosim, 128: 191–197.##Lu X, Zhao C, Chen C, Liu W (2012) Radioactivity level of soil around Baqiao coal-fired power plant in China. Radiat Phys and Chem, 81: 1827–1832.##Ferdous J, Begum A, Islam A (2015) Radioactivity of soil at proposed Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant site in Bangladesh. Int J Radiat Res, 13: 135–142.##Cevik U, Damla N, Nezir S (2007) Radiological characterization of Cayırhan coal-fired power plant in Turkey. Fuel, 86: 2509–2513. ##Cevik U, Damla N, Koz B, Kaya S (2008) Radiological characterization around the Afsin-Elbistan Coal-fired power plant in Turkey. Energ Fuels, 22: 428–432. ##Karamanis D, Ioannides K, Stamoulis K (2009) Environmental assessment of natural radionuclides and heavy metals in waters discharged from a lignite-fired power plant. Fuel, 88: 2046–2052.##Mishra UC (2004) Environmental impact of coal industry and thermal power plants in India. J Environ Radioact 72: 35–40.##Papp Z, Dezső Z, Daróczy S (2002) Significant radioactive contamination of soil around a coal-fired thermal power plant. J Environ Radioact, 95: 191–205.##Tsikritzis LI (2004) Chemometry of the distribution and origin of 226Ra, 228Ra, 40K and 137Cs in the soil near the lignite fired plants of West Macedonia (Greece). J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 261: 215–220.##Zhang B, Li W, Fu Z, Chen J, Zheng L, Du X, Fu S, Zhang W, Zhang W (1991) Survey of natural radionuclide contents in soil in Inner Mongolia. Radiat Protect 11(5): 370–374 (in Chinese).##Duong PV, Thanh VT, Dien PQ, Binh NT (1995) Application of nuclear activation analysis (NAA) and low-level gamma counting to determine the radionuclide and trace element-pollutant releases from coal-fired power plants in Vietnam. Sci Total Environ, 173/174: 339–344.##Wang L and Lu X (2007) Natural radionuclide concentrations in soils around Baoji coal-fired power plant, China. Effect Deffect Solids, 162: 677–683.##Li W, Du X, Zhang B, Fu S, Chen J, Zhang W (1990) Investigation of environmental natural penetrating radiation level in Inner Mongolia. Radiat Protect, 10(6): 435-448 (in Chinese).## ##