2018 16 4 63 507

Dose distributions of high-precision radiotherapy treatment: A comparison between the CyberKnife and TrueBeam systems 2 2 Background: Several high-precision stereotactic radiation therapy modalities are currently used in clinical settings. We aimed to evaluate whether the CyberKnife (CK) or TrueBeam (TB) radiation treatment systems were more appropriate for treating targets of various morphologies according to the physical properties of each device.  Materials and Methods: Spheres (diameter = 5–50 mm), as well as triangular prisms and cubes (length of a side = 10–50 mm), were used as virtual targets for each treatment delivery system. A phantom with dosimetry film was irradiated to evaluate the flatness and gradient of the radiation treatment from each modality. Results: The homogeneity index (HI) for the spherical targets was significantly higher (dose distribution was more homogeneous) using the TB than when using the CK (1.9 vs. 1.4; p = 0.002). There were no significant differences between treatment modalities in the HI for more complex shapes. The HI increased monotonically as the virtual target diameter increased for the CK (p = 0.048). The flatness parameter was lower for the TB than for the CK (1.4 vs. 1.1; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The CK is particularly robust for delivering therapeutic radiation to small targets, while the TB is more suitable for targets with a simple shape or when the HI is a critical treatment factor.     395 402 2019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/5 1397/10/15 M. Ito M. Ito Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan itou.makoto.292@mail.aichi-med-u.ac.jp T. Kawamura T. Kawamura Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan Y. Mori Y. Mori Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan T. Mori T. Mori Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan A. Takeuchi A. Takeuchi Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan Y. Oshima Y. Oshima Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan K. Nakamura K. Nakamura Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan T. Aoyama T. Aoyama Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan N. Kaneda N. Kaneda Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan T. Ishiguchi T. Ishiguchi Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan S. Mizumatsu S. Mizumatsu Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan Cyberknife TrueBeam homogeneity index conformity index. Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology. Regular structural survey by JASTRO. [Internet]. 2011 [Cited 2016 May 21]. Available from: http://www.jastro.or.jp/aboutus/datacenter.php. ##Gallo JJ, Kaufman I, Powell R Pandya S, Somnay A, Bossenberger T, Ramirez E, Reynolds R, Solberg T, Burmeister J (2015) Single-fraction spine SBRT end-to-end testing on TomoTherapy, Vero, TrueBeam, and CyberKnife treatment platforms using a novel anthropomorphic phantom. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 16: 170-182.##Adler JR, Chang SD, Murphy MJ Doty J, Geis P, Hancock SL (1997) The Cyberknife: a frameless robotic system for radiosurgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg, 69: 124-128.##Scorsetti M, Alongi F, Castiglioni S, Clivio A, Fogliata A, Lobefalo F, Mancosu P, Navarria P, Palumbo V, Pellegrini C, Pentimalli S, Reggiori G, Ascolese AM, Roggio A, Arcangeli S, Tozzi A, Vanetti E, Cozzi L (2011) Feasibility and early clinical assessment of flattening filter free (FFF) based stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) treatments. Radiat Oncol, 6: 113.##Blamek S, Grzadziel A, Miszczyk L (2013) Robotic radiosurgery versus micro-multileaf collimator: a dosimetric comparison for large or critically located arteriovenous malformations. Radiat Oncol, 8: 205.##Paik EK, Kim MS, Choi CW, Jang WI, Lee SH, Choi SH, Kim KB, Lee DH (2015) Dosimetric comparison of volumetric modulated arc therapy with robotic stereotactic radiation therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiat Oncol, 33: 233-241.##Treuer H, Hoevels M, Luyken K, Visser-Vandewalle V, Wirths J, Kocher M, Ruge M (2015) Intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery with an adapted linear accelerator vs. robotic radiosurgery: Comparison of dosimetric treatment plan quality. Strahlenther Onkol, 191: 470-476. ##Kaul D, Badakhshi H, Gevaert T, Pasemann D, Budach V, Tuleasca C, Gruen A, Prasad V, Levivier M, Kufeld M (2015) Dosimetric comparison of different treatment modalities for stereotactic radiosurgery of meningioma. 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Radiother Oncol, 82: 317-323.##Kanda Y (2013) Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software “EZR” for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transplant, 48: 452-458.##14. Feuvret L, Noel G, Mazeron JJ, Bey P (2006) Conformity index: a review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 64: 333-42.##Balagamwala EH, Suh JH, Barnett GH, Khan MK, Neyman G, Cai RS, Vogelbaum MA, Novak E, Chao ST (2012) The importance of the conformality, heterogeneity, and gradient indices in evaluating Gamma Knife radiosurgery treatment plans for intracranial meningiomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 83: 1406-1413.##Perks JR, St George EJ, Hamri KE, Blackburn P, Plowman PN (2003) Stereotactic radiosurgery XVI: Isodosimetric comparison of photon stereotactic radiosurgery techniques (gamma knife vs. micromultileaf collimator linear accelerator) for acoustic neuroma—and potential clinical importance. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 57: 1450-1459. ## ##

Lateral ventricule invasion and radiation dose to subventricular zone: Their impact to the treatment outcomes of glioblastoma 2 2 Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the recurrence patterns of GBM in regard to its contact with LVs, the relation between radiation doses to subventrivular zone (SVZ). Materials and Methods: Between 2012 and 2014, 80 adult patients with GBM were included this trial. Median follow-up period was 15 months. Median tumor size was 4.5 cm (1.3-8 cm), where 58% of the patients had a tumor larger than 4 cm. All of the lesions were located supratentorial part of brain. Tumors were classified based on whether the mass involved the SVZ and/or LVs. Reccurrence patterns and treatment outcomes were compared. Results: Tumor progression occurred in 60 (75%) of the patients. Of those 31 (51.6%) were    in-field. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and median overall survival (OS) times were 11 and 15 months, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the negative prognostic factors were maximal surgical resection (p=0.027), LV-invading tumor (p=0.001) and p53 positivity (p=0.034) for PFS. It was found that the patients receiving >50 Gy to iSVZ dose (p=0.024) or >40 Gy to cSVZ dose (p=0.002) or >40 Gy to bSVZ dose (p=0.028) or >50 Gy to bSVZ dose (p=0.008) tended to have more recurrences. Both in-field and out-field recurrences were not affected by higher radiation doses. Conclusion: LVs invading and/or location close to the SVZs can be considered as an important prognostic factor in terms of decreased PFS and OS rates. Additionally both SVZs sparing and dose escalation to SVZs approaches are required to be evaluated in further researches. 403 410 2019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 F. Sert F. Sert Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical School & Hospital, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey gracilis81@gmail.com S. Hoca S. Hoca Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical School & Hospital, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey S. Kamer S. Kamer Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical School & Hospital, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey Y. Anacak Y. Anacak Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical School & Hospital, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey Glioblastoma subventricular zone lateral ventricule invasion progression-free survival. Gilbert MR, Dignam JJ, Armstrong TS, Wefel JS, Blumenthal DT, Vogelbaum MA, et al. (2014) A randomized trial of bevacizumab for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. N Engl J Med, 370: 699–708.##Chinot OL, Wick W, Mason W, Henriksson R, Saran F, Nishikawa R, et al. (2014) Bevacizumab plus radiotherapy-temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. N Engl J Med, 370: 709–722.##Wallner KE, Galicich JH, Krol G, Arbit E, Malkin MG (1989). Patterns of failure following treatment for glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 16: 1405–1409.##Adeberg S, Konig L, Bostel T, Harrabi S, Welzel T, Debus J, et al. (2014) Glioblastoma recurrence patterns after radiation therapy with regard to the subventricular zone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 90: 886–893.##Adeberg S, Bostel T, Konig L, Welzel T, Debus J, Combs SE (2014) A comparison of long-term survivors and short-term survivors with glioblastoma, subventricular zone involvement: a predictive factor for survival? Radiat Oncol, 9: 95.##Lim DA, Cha S, Mayo MC, Chen MH, Keles E, VandenBerg S, et al. (2007) Relationship of glioblastoma multiforme to neural stem cell regions predicts invasive and multifocal tumor phenotype. Neuro Oncol, 9: 424–429.##Jafri NF, Clarke JL, Weinberg V, Barani IJ, Cha S (2013) Relationship of glioblastoma multiforme to the subventricular zone is associated with survival. Neuro Oncol, 15: 91–96.##Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Sanai N, Soriano-Navarro M, Gonzalez-Perez O, Mirzadeh Z, Gil-Perotin S, et al. (2006) Cellular composition and cytoarchitecture of the adult human subventricular zone: a niche of neural stem cells. J Comp Neurol, 494(3): 415-34.##Gibbs IC, Haas-Kogan D, Terezakis S, Kavanagh BD (2013) The subventricular zone neural progenitor cell hypothesis in glioblastoma: epiphany, Trojan Horse, or Cheshire fact? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 86: 606–608.##Lee P, Eppinga W, Lagerwaard F, Cloughesy T, Slotman B, Nghiemphu PL, et al. (2013) Evaluation of high ipsilateral subventricular zone radiation therapy dose in glioblastoma: a pooled analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 86: 609–615.##Kusumawidjaja G, Gan PZ, Ong WS, Teyateeti A, Dankulchai P, Tan DY, et al. (2016) Dose-escalated intensity-modulated radiotherapy and irradiation of subventricular zones in relation to tumor control outcomes of patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Onco Targets Ther, 9: 1115–1122.##Gupta T, Nair V, Paul SN, Kannan S, Moiyadi A, Epari S, et al. (2012) Can irradiation of potential cancer stem-cell niche in the subventricular zone influence survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma? J Neurooncol, 109: 195–203.##Chen L, Guerrero-Cazares H, Ye X, Ford E, McNutt T, Kleinberg L, et al. (2013) Increased subventricular zone radiation dose correlates with survival in glioblastoma patients after gross total resection. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 86: 616–622.##Iuchi T, Hatano K, Kodama T, Sakaida T, Yokoi S, Kawasaki K, et al. (2014) Phase 2 trial of hypofractionated high-dose intensity modulated radiation therapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 88: 793–800.##Elicin O, Inac E, Uzel EK, Karacam S, Uzel OE (2014) Relationship between survival and increased radiation dose to subventricular zone in glioblastoma is controversial. J Neurooncol, 118: 413 – 419.##Gondi V, et al. (2011) Hippocampal Contouring: A Contouring Atlas for RTOG 0933.##Redmond KJ, Achanta P, Grossman SA, Armour M, Reyes J, Kleinberg L, et al. (2011) A radiotherapy technique to limit dose to neural progenitor cell niches without compromising tumor coverage. J Neurooncol, 104(2): 579-87.##Chen L, Chaichana KL, Kleinberg L, Ye X, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Redmond K (2015) Glioblastoma recurrence patterns near neural stem cell regions. Radiother Oncol, 116(2): 294-300.##Liang TH, Kuo SH, Wang CW, Chen WY, Hsu CY, Lai SF, et al. (2016) Adverse prognosis and distinct progression patterns after concurrent chemoradiotherapy for glioblastoma with synchronous subventricular zone and corpus callosum invasion. Radiother Oncol, 118: 16–23.##Mistry AM, Hale AT, Chambless LB, Weaver KD, Thompson RC, Ihrie RA (2017) Influence of glioblastoma contact with the lateral ventricle on survival: a meta-analysis. 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A feasibility study of dynamic verification for tumor target delineation and dose delivery using a six degrees of freedom motion phantom 2 2 Background: The dynamic phantom is one of the best tools to study the impact of motion on tumor target delineation and absorbed dose verification during dose delivery. Materials and Methods: this study, a 6-DOF (degrees of freedom) phantom was designed following the stacked serial kinematics and assembled by six commercial motion stages to generate 6-DOF motion, which were RotX (pitch, around X), RotY (roll, around Y), TransZ (anterior–posterior), RotZ (yaw, around Z), TransY (superior–inferior) and TransX (left–right). Tumor targets were designed by six plastic spheres for the delineation test. Also, an ionization chamber array detector and RW3 solid water were combined to measure the absorbed dose for dose verification tests.  Results: The maximum translation speeds for LineX and LineY were 50mm/s and 35mm/s for LineZ, while the maximum rotation speeds for RotX, RotY, RotZ were 5.33° per second, 6° per second and 15° per second respectively. Spiral-CT and 4D-CT images acquired in the static and dynamic states successfully showed the influences of tumor motion on target delineation. In the absorbed dose verification, all cases did not pass the gamma test; the pass rate for the 6-DOF motion case was only 34.2% and the pass rates of all other cases were less than 90%. Conclusion: The phantom designed in this study is able to simulate complex tumor motion and can be used to study the influence of tumor motion in radiotherapy.   411 420 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 G. Xu G. Xu University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Z. Xiong Z. Xiong Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA H. Wang H. Wang Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China H. Jiang H. Jiang Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China Email: hjiang@aiofm.ac.cn B. Li B. Li Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China L. Liu L. Liu Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China 6DOF dynamic phantom respiratory motion image artifacts dose verification external marker tracking. Kissick, Michael, and T. Mccaw (2014) Motion Phantoms for Radiotherapy. In: The Phantoms of Medical and Health Physics. Springer New York, USA.##Keall PJ, Kini VR, Vedam SS, Mohan R (2001) Motion adaptive x-ray therapy: a feasibility study. Phys Med Biol, 46: 1-10.##Seppenwoolde Y, Shirato H, Kitamura K, Shimizu S, van Herk M, Lebesque JV, Miyasaka K (2002) Precise and real-time measurement of 3D tumor motion in lung due to breathing and heartbeat, measured during radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol, 53: 822-834.##Plathow C, Schoebinger M, Fink C, Hof H, Debus J, Meinzer H-P, Kauczor, H-U (2006) Quantification of lung tumor volume and rotation at 3D dynamic parallel MR imaging with view sharing: preliminary results. Radiology, 240: 537-545.##Huang CY, Tehrani JN, Ng JA, Booth J, Keall P (2015) Six degrees-of-freedom prostate and lung tumor motion measurements using kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 91: 368-375.##Malinowski K, Lu W, Lechleiter K, Low D, Parikh P (2007) Development of the 4D Phantom for patient-specific end-to-end radiation therapy QA. 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Protective role of ferulic acid against the damaging effect induced by electromagnetic waves on rat liver and intestine tissues 2 2 Background: the increasing use of mobile phones in daily life causes many concerns about their effects on human health. Therefore, this work was designed to study the effects of exposure to 1800 MHz electromagnetic waves (EMW) on the liver and intestine of male albino rats and the protective role of ferulic acid (FA) against these harmful effects. Materials and Methods: twenty-four male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: 1) control group, 2) treated group given FA, 3) irradiated group exposed to 1800 MHz EMW and 4) treated-irradiated group given FA then exposed to EMW. Biochemical analysis and histopathological examination were performed. Results: a significant increase in serum activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase, and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α was shown in the irradiated group, while IL-10 was significantly decreased. There was a significant decrease in lactate dehydrogenase and total antioxidant capacity in the tissues of liver and intestine of this group as well as some histopathological changes. All these serum and tissues parameters and histopathological changes were improved in the group treated with FA before exposure to EMW. Conclusion: prolonged exposure to EMW emitted from mobile phones might produce harmful effects in the liver and intestinal tissues of albino rats. These effects can be prevented by FA administration which may be protective against tissue damage induced by EMW through the suppression of oxidative stress. 421 430 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 M.S. Tawfik M.S. Tawfik Health radiation research department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), P.O. Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt M. Saif-Elnasr M. Saif-Elnasr Health radiation research department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), P.O. Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt mostafa_saif_elnasr@yahoo.com A.A. Elkady A.A. Elkady Health radiation research department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), P.O. Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt M.M. Alkady M.M. Alkady Health radiation research department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), P.O. Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt A.M. Hawas A.M. Hawas Drug radiation research department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), P.O. Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Mobile phones electromagnetic waves liver intestine ferulic acid. Koca O, Gökçe AM, Öztürk MI, Ercan F, Yurdakul N, Karaman MI (2013) Effects of intensive cell phone (Philips Genic 900) use on the rat kidney tissue. Urol J, 10(2): 886-891. ##Aberumand M, Mansouri E, Pourmotahari F, Mirlohi M, Abdoli Z (2016) Biochemical and histological effects of mobile phone radiation on enzymes and tissues of mice. RJPBCS, 7(5): 1962-1971.##Knave B (2001) Electromagnetic fields and health outcomes. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 30(5): 489-493.##Bortkiewicz A (2001) A study on the biological effects of exposure mobile-phone frequency EMF. Med Pr, 52(2): 101-106.##Parsanezhad ME, Mortazavi SMJ, Doohandeh T, Namavar Jahromi B, Mozdarani H, Zarei A, Davari M, Amjadi S, Soleimani A, Haghani M (2017) Exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phone jammers adversely affects the quality of human sperm. Int J Radiat Res, 15(1): 63-70.##Balmori A (2005) Possible effects of electromagnetic fields from phone masts on a population of white stork (Ciconia ciconia). Electromagn Biol Med, 24: 109-119.##Vanderstraeten J (2009) GSM fields and health: an updated literature review. Rev Med Brux, 30(4): 416-424. ##Balci M, Devrim E, Durak I (2007) Effects of mobile phones on oxidant/antioxidant balance in cornea and lens of rats. Curr Eye Res, 32(1): 21-25. ##Kim HK, Jeong TS, Lee MK, Park YB, Choi MS (2003) Lipid lowering efficacy of hesperidin metabolites in high-cholesterol fed rats. Clin Chim Acta, 327(1-2): 129-137.##Soobrattee MA, Neergheen VS, Luximon-Ramma A, Aruoma OI, Bahorun T (2005) Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: mechanism and actions. Mutat Res, 579(1-2): 200-213. ##Gohil KJ, Kshirsagar SB, Sahane RS (2012) Ferulic acid – a comprehensive pharmacology of an important bioflavonoid. IJPSR, 3(1): 700-710.##Kikuzaki H, Hisamoto M, Hirose K, Akiyama K, Taniguchi H (2003) Antioxidant properties of ferulic acid and its related compounds. J Agric Food Chem, 50: 2161–2168.##Mishra K, Ojha H, Kallepalli S, Alok A, Kumar Chaudhury N (2014) Protective effect of ferulic acid on ionizing radiation induced damage in bovine serum albumin. Int J Radiat Res, 12(2): 113-121.##Rukkumani R, Aruna K, Suresh Varma P, Padmanabhan Menon V (2004) Hepatoprotective role of ferulic acid: a dose-dependent study. J Med Food, 7(4): 456-461.##Bancroft JD and Stevens AE (1996) Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 4th ed. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, pp: 766.##Oftedal G, Wilen J, Sandstrom M, Mild KH (2000) Symptoms experienced in connection with mobile phone use. Occup Med (Lond), 50: 237-245.##Friedman J, Kraus S, Hauptman Y, Schiff Y, Seger R (2007) Mechanism of short-term ERK activation by electromagnetic fields at mobile phone frequencies. Biochem J, 405: 559–568. ##McNamee JP, Bellier PV, Gajda GB, Lavallee BF, Marro L, Lemay E, Thansandote A (2003) No evidence for genotoxic effects from 24 h exposure of human leukocytes to 1.9 GHz radiofrequency fields. Radiat Res, 159: 693–697.##World Health Organization (WHO) (2006) WHO research agenda for radio frequency fields. ##Desai NR, Kesari KK, Agarwal A (2009) Pathophysiology of cell phone radiation: oxidative stress and carcinogenesis with focus on male reproductive system. Reprod Biol Endocrinol, 7: 114.##El-Bediwi A, El-kott AF, Saad M, Eid E (2011) Effects of electromagnetic radiation produced by mobile phone on some visceral organs of rat. 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Effects of 2100 MHz radio frequency radiation on the viscosity of blood and oxidative stress parameters in hypertensive and normal rats 2 2 Background: With the development of technology, human beings are increasingly under the exposure of Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) (due to wireless technologies, mobile phones, base stations etc). The aim was to investigate the possible effects of Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) on blood, aorta and heart tissue in hypertensive and non-hypertensive rats with various parameters. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar Albino rats were divided into 4 groups: 1.Control (C), 2.Hypertension (H), 3.RFR, 4.RFR+Hypertension (RFR+H). 60 mg/kg L-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) was administered for 1 month by oral gavage to induce hypertension. The rats were exposed to 2100 MHz RFR for 60 minutes/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Blood hematocrit, blood and plasma viscosity, malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitric oxide (NOX), and Total sulphydril groups (RSH) / glutathione (GSH) levels in plasma and heart tissue were determined. Histological examination of the aortic wall and left ventricular muscle was performed. Results: RFR exposure resulted in a marked increase in cardiac and plasma MDA and NOX levels and a decrease in RSH/GSH levels (p<0.05). Blood viscosity increased in the hypertensive group with RFR exposure (p<0.05). There was an increase in left ventricular weight and number of muscle cells in hypertensive groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: According Our study suggests that exposure to RFR causes more negative effects on hypertension in terms of oxidative stress and antioxidants in the heart and plasma. Also, RFR exposure showed more prominent left ventricular fibrosis and aortic degenerative effects in hypertensive groups.   431 442 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 D. Kuzay D. Kuzay Ahi Evran University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Kirsehir, Turkey dilekkuzay@gmail.com C. Ozer C. Ozer Gazi University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Ankara, Turkey T. Goktas T. Goktas Near East University Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Lefkosa, Cyprus B. Sirav B. Sirav Gazi University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biophysics, Ankara, Turkey F. Senturk F. Senturk Gazi University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biophysics, Ankara, Turkey G.T. Kaplanoglu G.T. Kaplanoglu Gazi University, Medical Faculty, Department of Histology, Ankara, Turkey M. Seymen M. 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Study of natural radioactivity to Assess of radiation  hazards from soil samples collected  from Mounana in south-east of Gabon 2 2 Background: The present work aims to determine the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 233Th and 40K in soil samples collected in Mounana in the Southeastern region of Gabon, to evaluate the contribution of the natural. Materials and Methods: An HPGe p-type detector coupled with a multichannel analyzer DSA-1000 was used to perform measurements and process data. Data acquisition and analysis were made possible  using Genie 2000 software version 2.1 and detector was calibrated using the IAEA certified soil reference standard material multi-gamma (No71863/3). Results: The activity concentrations of 226Ra,232Th and 40K varied respectively from 12 ± 03 Bq kg-1 to 23022 ± 2572 Bq kg-1, 12 ± 04 Bq kg-1 to 265 ± Bq kg-1 and64 ± 13 Bq kg-1 to 811 ± 74 Bq kg-1with means values of 2811 ± 198Bq kg-1, 63 ± 14 Bq kg-1 and of 355 ± 93 Bq kg-1wet weight. In order to assess the radiological risks due to primordial radionuclides in Mounana, the absorbed dose rate, effective dose, radium equivalent and external hazard index were estimated. Conclusion: Absorbed dose rates which have been calculated for each site varied from 26.12 nGy h-1 to 10817.99nGy h-1 with a mean value of 1352.76 nGy h-1. The mean value of annual effective dose was estimated to be 10.96 mSv y-1 from the studied area. The areas investigated in this study showed a strong radioactive contamination of sites inhabited by populations. 443 453 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 S.Y.L Mouandza S.Y.L Mouandza Departement de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku yannicksky43@gmail.com A.B. Moubissi A.B. Moubissi Departement de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku P.E. Abiama P.E. Abiama Laboratory of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon T.B. Ekogo T.B. Ekogo Departement de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku G.H. Ben-Bolie G.H. Ben-Bolie Laboratory of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon Activity concentration 226Ra 232Th 40K HPGe high background radiation Mounana Gabon. NEA/IAEA Nuclear Energy Agency and International Atomic Energy Agency (2002) A Joint Report by the OECD; Environmental Remediation of Uranium Production Facilities, 2: 217-220.##Commission de Recherche et d’Information Indépendantes sur la Radioactivité CRIIRAD (2009) Contamination radiologique relevée sur l’ancien site minier uranifère de COMUF-AREVA à Mounana au GABON. Note N°09-118.www.criirad.org/.##Manjunatha S, Jayasheelan A, Venkataranabauag P (2013) Study of distribution of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in different rock formations and their dose estimation in and around Chickmagalur, India. Int J Radiat Res, 11: 183-187.##UNSCEAR-United Nations Scientific Commitee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000) Sources and effects of Ionizing radiation. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. New York: United Nations Publications.##Ravisankar R, Vanasundari K, Chandrasekaran A, Rajalakshmi A, Suganya M, Vijayagopal P, Meenakshisundaram V (2012) Measurement of natural radioactivity in building materials of Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India using gamma-ray spectrometry. Appl Radiat Isot, 70: 699-704.##Usikalu MR, Rabiu AB, Oyeyemi KD, Achuka JA, Maaza M (2017) Radiation hazard in soil from Ajaokuta North-central Nigeria. 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Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11: 1633.##EleAbiama P, OwonoAteba P, Ben-Bolie GH, Ekobena FHP, El Khoukhi T (2010) High background radiation investigated by gamma spectrometry of the soil in the Southwestern region of Cameroon. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 101: 739-743.##International Atomic Energy Agency (1989) Measurement of radionuclides in food and the environment. IAEA technical report series no. 295, Vienna.##UNSCEAR (2008) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation report to the general assembly. Annex B: exposures of the public and workers from various sources of radiation.##Lidman, Fredrik, Henrik Ramebäck, ÅsaBengtsson, and HjalmarLaudon (2013) Distribution and Transport of Radionuclides in a Boreal Mire – Assessing Past, Present and Future Accumulation of Uranium, Thorium and Radium. 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Natural radioactivity assessment in soil samples from Kirkuk city of Iraq using HPGe detector 2 2 Background: Inspection of the level of radioactivity from radionuclides in soil is important for the assessment of the exposure to natural radiation. Materials and Methods: Ten samples from soil were collected from different sites of Kirkuk-IRAQ and the level of natural radioactivity was measured using gamma-ray spectrometry based on a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Results: It was found that the specific activity ranged from 27.4 to 57.0 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra, from 11.0 to 25.4 Bq kg−1 for 232Th, and from 207.4 to 516.0 Bq kg−1 for 40K. The results have been compared with the average values worldwide. The hazard indices have also been calculated. In general certain average values were found to be lower than the world average values; these included the average value of the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the absorbed gamma dose rate (D), the external and internal hazard Hex and Hin, the gamma radiation representative level Index (Iγ) and the outdoor and indoor annual effective dose rate (AEDE) Conclusion: In general there are no harmful radiations effects posed to the population who live in the study area; however there are some spots which have values higher than the internationally allowable values.   455 463 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 A.H. Taqi A.H. Taqi Physics Department, College of Science, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq alitaqi@uokirkuk.edu.iq A.M. Shaker A.M. Shaker Physics Department, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq A.A. Battawy A.A. 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Uncertainties in effective dose estimation for CT transmission scan in total body PET-CT imaging with Auto mA3D tube current modulation 2 2 Background: Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) is a useful hybrid imaging modality in the diagnosis of various malignancies. This modality imposes almost 20 mSv radiation dose to the patient. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the uncertainties in calculated CT effective dose in TUBE CURRENT MODULATION-activated scans by Impact-Dose software.  Materials and Methods: Sixty total body DICOM (30 male and 30 female) whole body PET-CT images were selected. Volume CT Dose Index (CTDIvol) was recorded for each of the procedures. The image was divided into 5 regions of head & neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs according to special anatomical markers. Effective doses for total body and separate organs were calculated by means of Impact-Dose software once with global CTDIvol and once with a summation of doses calculated by 5 Regional CTDIvol and related scan ranges. Results: The difference among effective doses for some organs and total body were considerable. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the coefficient of variations (CV%) for total body, breast, gonads, liver, lung, red bone marrow (RBM), thyroid, kidneys, and uterus were 12.56, 11.61, 9.44, 8.1, 11.31, 5.93, 8.61, 6.03 and 12.49, respectively. Uncertainties were higher for smaller patients by 19 noise indexes while these changes were higher for bigger patients and 22 noise indexes. Conclusion: The tube current variation depends on the acquisition and patient parameters. For measuring and reporting the total body and organs’ effective doses in order to estimate the risks of CT’s radiation for total body PET-CT procedures, the tube current variations must be considered. 465 472 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 Y. Salimi Y. Salimi Department of Medical Engineering and Physics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran M.R. Deevband M.R. Deevband Department of Medical Engineering and Physics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran mdeevband@sbmu.ac.ir P. Ghafarian P. Ghafarian hronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran M.R. Ay M.R. Ay Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, and Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Effective dose computed tomography individual dosimetry PET-CT regional CTDI. Söderberg M and Gunnarsson M (2010)Automatic exposure control in computed tomography–an evaluation of systems from different manufacturers. Acta Radiologica, 51(6): 625-34.##2. ICRU Report No. 87: Radiation dose and image-quality assessment in computed tomography. Journal of the ICRU. 2012 Apr;12(1):1-149. PubMed PMID: 24158924. Epub 2012/04/01. eng.##3. Hara N, Onoguchi M, Takenaka K, Matsubara K, Ujita H, Kenko Y (2010) Assessment of patient exposure to X-radiation from SPECT/CT scanners. Journal of nuclear medicine technology, 38(3): 138-48.##4. Brix G, Nekolla EA, Borowski M, Noßke D (2014) Radiation risk and protection of patients in clinical SPECT/CT. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 41(1): 125-36.##5. Hays MT, Watson EE, Thomas SR, Stabin M (2002) MIRD dose estimate report no. 19: radiation absorbed dose estimates from 18F-FDG. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 43(2): 210-4.##6. McCollough CH, Leng S, Yu L, Cody DD, Boone JM, McNitt-Gray MF (2011) CT dose index and patient dose: they are not the same thing. Radiology, 259(2): 311-6.##7. Christner JA, Kofler JM, McCollough CH (2010) Estimating effective dose for CT using dose–length product compared with using organ doses: consequences of adopting International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 103 or dual-energy scanning. American Journal of Roentgenology, 194(4): 881-9.##8. Rong X and Cody D (2010) TH‐C‐201B‐07: How Accurate Is Estimating CT Skin Dose Based on CTDI? Medical Physics, 37(6): 3463-????.##9. Kalender WA (2014) Dose in X-ray computed tomography. Physics in medicine and biology, 59(3): R129.##10. Valeri G, Cegna S, Mari A, La Riccia L, Mazzoni G, Maggi S, et al. (2015) Evaluating the appropriateness of dosimetric indices in body CT. La radiologia medica, 120(5): 466-73.##11. Frush DP and Applegate K. (2004) Computed tomography and radiation: understanding the issues. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 1(2): 113-9.##12. Protection R. ICRP (2007) Publication 103. Ann ICRP, 37(2.4): 2.##13. Kalender W, Schmidt B, Zankl M, Schmidt M (1999) A PC program for estimating organ dose and effective dose values in computed tomography. European radiology, 9(3): 555-62.##14. Jackson J, Pan T, Tonkopi E, Swanston N, Macapinlac HA, Rohren EM (2011) Implementation of automated tube current modulation in PET/CT: prospective selection of a noise index and retrospective patient analysis to ensure image quality. Journal of nuclear medicine technology, 39(2): 83-90.##15. Kamel E, Hany TF, Burger C, Treyer V, Lonn AH, von Schulthess GK, et al. (2002) CT vs 68Ge attenuation correction in a combined PET/CT system: evaluation of the effect of lowering the CT tube current. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 29(3): 346-50.##16. Fahey F, Stabin M, editors (2014) Dose optimization in nuclear medicine. Seminars in nuclear medicine; Elsevier.##17. Singh S, Kalra MK, Thrall JH, Mahesh M (2011) Automatic exposure control in CT: applications and limitations. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 8(6): 446-9.##18. Khatonabadi M, Kim HJ, Lu P, McMillan KL, Cagnon CH, DeMarco JJ, et al. (2013) The feasibility of a regional CTDIvol to estimate organ dose from tube current modulated CT exams. Medical physics, 40(5): 051903.##19. AAPM (2014) Use of Water Equivalent Diameter for Calculating Patient Size and Size-Specific Dose Estimates (SSDE) in CT. report, 220.##20. http://www.impactscan.org/ctdosimetry.htm. Impact web site. Accessed February, 2015.##21. Tian X, Li X, Segars WP, Frush DP, Samei E. (2015) Prospective estimation of organ dose in CT under tube current modulation. Medical physics, 42(4): 1575-85.##22. Khatonabadi M, Zhang D, Mathieu K, Kim HJ, Lu P, Cody D, et al. (2012) A comparison of methods to estimate organ doses in CT when utilizing approximations to the tube current modulation function. Medical physics, 39(8): 5212-28.##23. Yamane T. Statistics: An introductory analysis. 1973.##24. Larson DB, Strauss KJ, Podberesky DJ (2015) Toward large-scale process control to enable consistent CT radiation dose optimization. American Journal of Roentgenology, 204(5): 959-66.##25. Schlattl H, Zankl M, Becker J, Hoeschen C (2012) Dose conversion coefficients for paediatric CT examinations with automatic tube current modulation. Physics in medicine and biology, 57(20): 6309.##26. Gyssels E, Bohy P, Cornil A, van Muylem A, Howarth N, Gevenois PA, et al. (2016) Chest Computed Tomography Radiation Dose Optimization: Comparison of Automatic Exposure Control Strength Curves. 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Pharmacokinetic studies and human absorbed dose estimation of 68Ga-(4 {[(bis (phosphonomethyl)) carbamoyl] methyl}-7,10-bis(carboxymethy l) -1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododec-1-yl) acetic acid 2 2 Background: In this study, human absorbed dose of a newly introduced bone imaging agent, 68Ga-(4-{[(bis(phosphonomethyl))carbamoyl]methyl}-7,10-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododec-1-yl) acetic acid (68Ga-BPAMD), was estimated based on the rats data. Materials and Methods: 68Ga was obtained from the 68Ge/68Ga generator and it's radionuclidic and radiochemical purities were investigated. 68Ga-BPAMD complex was prepared at optimal conditions and the radiochemical purity was studied using instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC) method. The final preparation was injected to the normal rats and the biodistribution of the complex was followed up to 120 min post injection. The accumulated activity for animal organs was calculated. Finally, the human absorbed dose of the complexes was estimated by RADAR method. Results: 68Ga-BPAMD complex was prepared in high radiochemical purity (>99%, ITLC) at optimal conditions. The biodistribution of the complex demonstrated that the main remained radioactivity would considerably accumulate into the bones. The results showed the highest amounts of absorbed dose on the bone surface (0.253 mGy/MBq) and in the bone marrow (0.250 mGy/MBq), while the other organs would receive an insignificant absorbed dose after injection of the 68Ga-BPAMD complex. Conclusion: The comparison of dosimetric results for 68Ga-BPAMD with other complexes shows this complex is a safer agent for bone scanning. This property as well as other characteristics such as the high resolution images of the positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and the availability of 68Ga in the form of 68Ge/68Ga generator, make this complex as a suitable agent for PET bone imaging. 473 480 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 A. Rabiei A. Rabiei Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran M. Shamsaei M. Shamsaei Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran H. Yousefnia H. Yousefnia Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran hyousefnia@aeoi.org.ir A.R. Jalilian A.R. Jalilian Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran Absorbed dose Bone metastases BPAMD Ga-68 Positron emission tomography. 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J Bone Oncol, 4(3): 92–97.##Jalilian AR, Rowshanfarzad P, Rahiminejad A, Rajamand AA, Novinrooz AJ (2003) [66Ga]oxine complex; preparation and stability as a possible PET radiopharmaceutical. Iran JRR, 1(3): 157-161. ##Deppen SA, Liu E, Blume JD, Clanton J, Shi C, Jones-Jackson LB, Lakhani V, Baum RP, Berlin J, Smith GT, Graham M, Sandler MP, Delbeke D, Walker RC (2016) Safety and efficacy of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT for diagnosis, staging, and treatment management of neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med, 57(5): 708-14. ##Jalilian AR (2016) An overview on Ga-68 radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography applications. Iran J Nucl Med, 24(1): 1-10. ##Fellner M, Biesalski B, Bausbacher N, Kubícek V, Hermann P, Rösch F, Thews O (2012) 68Ga-BPAMD: PET- imaging of bone metastases with a generator based positron emitter. 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Peri-operative radiotherapy for the prevention of post-operative fibrosis on rats 2 2 Background: Post-operative fibrosis related pains and functional anomalies  can be serious problems for patients. Radiotherapy (RT) could inhibit fibrosis which may occurs post- operation especially following laminectomy. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of peri-operative RT on the prevention of post-operative fibrosis and scar formation on rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty three male Wistar albino rats,  were divided into three experimental groups. Laminectomy was performed to L3 and L4 lomber vertebral regions of group L and L+R rats. The rats in L+R group  in addition to this procedure also received peri-operative RT on the laminectomy area. A total dose of 700 cGy of RT was applied as a single fraction  using electrons. Control rats received no treatment. A rotarod test was performed at 20, 30 and 40 rpm/min speed rates to determine the physical performances of the rats. Results: The results have indicated statistically significant (P<0.05) differences for the 30 rpm/min rotarod test between the L and L+R groups. Histopatologically, significant differences were observed in epidural fibrosis, fibroblast cell density and arachnoid adhesion between the L and L+R groups. Conclusion: It was concluded that peri-operative RT may provide a significant advantage for prevention post-laminectomic of scar tissue formation. 481 485 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 H.S. Kiziltan H.S. Kiziltan Department of Radiation Oncology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medical, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey A.H. Eris A.H. Eris Department of Radiation Oncology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medical, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey I. Meral I. Meral Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey H. Seyithanoglu H. Seyithanoglu Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University 34093 Faculty of Medical, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey T. Dundar T. Dundar Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University 34093 Faculty of Medical, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey F. Eren F. Eren Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medical, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey N. Unver N. Unver Department of Pathology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medical, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey T. Aydin T. Aydin Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medical, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey A. Mayadagli A. Mayadagli Department of Radiation Oncology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medical, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey alpdag@hotmail.com A.G. Bayir A.G. Bayir Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medical, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey M. Celikten M. Celikten Department of Animal Scientific Research Center, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey Laminectomy peri-operative radiotherapy fibrosis rotarod tests. Finnegan WJ, Fenlin JM, Marvel JP, Nardini RJ, Rothman RH (1979) Result of surgical intervention in the symptomatic multiply-operated back patient. Analysis of sixty-seven cases followed for three to seven years. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 61: 1077–1083. ##Meaume S, Le Pillouer-Prost A, Richert B, Roseeuw D, Vadoud J (2014) Management of scars: updated practical guidelines and use of silicones. Eur J Dermatol, 24(4): 435-43.##Ji J1, Tian Y, Zhu YQ, Zhang LY, Ji SJ, Huan J, Zhou XZ, Cao JP (2015) Ionizing irradiation inhibits keloid fibroblast cell proliferation and induces premature cellular senescence. J Dermatol, 42(1):56-63.##Gerszten PC, Moossy JJ, Bahri S, Kalend A, Martínez AJ (1999) Inhibition of peridural fibrosis after laminectomy using low-dose external beam radiation in a rat model. Neurosurgery, 44(3): 597-602.##Gerszten PC, Moossy JJ, Flickinger JC, Welch WC (2003) Low-dose radiotherapy for the inhibition of peridural fibrosis after reexploratory nerve root decompression for postlaminectomy syndrome. J Neurosurg, 99(3): 271-7.##Borok TL, Bray M, Sinclair I, Plafker J, LaBirth L, Rollins C (1988) Role of ionizing irradiation for 393 keloids. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 15: 865-70.##He Y, Revel M, Loty B (1995) A quantitative model of post-laminectomy scar formation. Effects of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Spine, 20: 557-563. ##Gabriel EM and Friedman AH (1996) The failed back surgery syndrome. In: Wilkins RH, Rengachary DD, editors. New York: McGraw-Hill, Neurosurgery, 3863–3870.##LaRocca H and Macnab I (1974) The laminectomy membrane. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 56: 545–550.##Berman B and Bieley HC (1996) Adjunct therapies to surgical management of keloids.Dermatol Surg, 22: 126-30.##Kovalic JJ and Perez CA (1989) Radiation therapy following keloidectomy: a 20-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 17: 77-80.##Mustoe TA, Cooter RD, Gold MH,  Hobbs FD, Ramelet AA, Shakespeare PG, Stella M (2002) International clinical recommendations on scar management. Plast Reconstr Surg, 110: 560-71.##De Cicco L, Vischioni B, Vavassori A,  Gherardi F, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Lazzari R, Cattani F (2014) Postoperative management of keloids: Low-dose-rate and high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy, 17: 1538-4721(14)00025-7. ##Kim KD (2004) Low-dose radiotherapy for the inhibition of peridural fibrosis after reexploratory nerve root decompression for postlaminectomy syndrome. J Neurosurg, 100(4): 400-1.##Bora H, Aykol SV, Akyürek N, Akmansu M, Ataoglu O (2001) Inhibition of epidural scar tissue formation after spinal surgery: external irradiation vs. spinal membrane application. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1;51(2): 507-13.##Wang LZ, Ding JP, Yang MY, Chen B (2014) Forty-five cases of chest keloids treated with subcutaneous super-tension-reduction suture combined withpostoperative electron-beam irradiation. Dermatol Surg, 40(12): 1378-84.##Jones BJ and Roberts DJ (1968) The quantitative measurement of motor inco-ordination in naive mice using an accelerating rotarod. 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Exposure to radiofrequency wave (RFW) generated by a base transceiver stations (BTS) antenna model affects learning and memory in female more than male rats 2 2 Background: Exposure to electromagnetic radiation may impair memory. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of radiofrequency wave (hereafter referred to as RFW) on passive avoidance learning and memory in healthy males and females. Materials and Methods: Ten adult male and ten female Sprague-Dawley rats (230±20 gr) were randomly divided into four groups including two control groups (one for males and one for females), and two experimental groups (exposed to 900 MHz radio frequency wave) each representing one gender. The exposure was performed for 30 consecutive days (4h/day). Evaluation of learning and memory of the rats started on the last day of exposure by shuttle box. Learning and memory of animals was recorded by the period of time they remained within the light area; this time was called the light time. Results: Results of the study showed that exposure to RFW significantly decreased the duration of light time in the rats within the experimental groups as compared to the control groups (P<0.05). Exposure to RFW significantly decreased the light time in females in comparison to males in the experimental group (P<0.05). Histological study of brain section did not show significant changes between groups. Conclusion: With regard to these findings, it was concluded that exposure to RFW causes disorder in memory retention of passive avoidance learning in rats. The extent of damage to the learning and memory in rats exposed to RFW was more for females than males. 487 491 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 M. Azimzadeh M. Azimzadeh Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran G.A. Jelodar G.A. Jelodar Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran jelodar@shirazu.ac.ir F. Namazi F. Namazi Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran F. Soleimani F. Soleimani Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran RFW (radio frequency wave) learning and memory BTS (base transceiver stations) rats. Abdel-Rassoul G, El-Fateh OA, Salem MA, Michael A, Farahat F, El-Batanouny M, et al. (2007) Neurobehavioral effects among inhabitants around mobile phone base stations. Neurotoxicology, 28(2): 434-40.##2. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Bhat PG, Mailankot M (2010) Effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in Wistar rats. Ups J Med Sci, 115(2): 91-6.##3. Akbari A, Jelodar G, Nazifi S (2014) Vitamin C protects rat cerebellum and encephalon from oxidative stress following exposure to radiofrequency wave generated by a BTS antenna model. Toxicology mechanisms and methods, 24(5): 347-52.##4. Manikonda PK, Rajendra P, Devendranath D, Gunasekaran B, Channakeshava, Aradhya RS, et al. (2007) Influence of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on Ca2+ signaling and NMDA receptor functions in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett, 413(2): 145-9.##5. Beck KD and Luine VN (2002) Sex differences in behavioral and neurochemical profiles after chronic stress: role of housing conditions. Physiology & behavior, 75(5): 661-73.##6. Galea LA, McEwen BS, Tanapat P, Deak T, Spencer RL, Dhabhar FS (1997) Sex differences in dendritic atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons in response to chronic restraint stress. Neuroscience, 81(3): 689-97.##7. Luine V (2002) Sex differences in chronic stress effects on memory in rats. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 5(3):205-16.##8. Khalil A, Al-Adhammi M, Al-shara B, Gagaa M, Rawshdeh A, Alshamli A (2012) Histological and ultrastructural analyses of male mice exposed to mobile phone radiation. J of Toxicology Review, 1(1): 1-6.##9. Bures J, Buresova O, Huston J (1983) Techniques and basic experiments for the study of brain and behavior. Amsterdam, New York: Elsevier Science, p. 148.##10. Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J (2011) 900-MHz microwave radiation promotes oxidation in rat brain. Electromagn Biol Med, 30(4):219-34.##11. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C (2008) Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Radiat Res, 169(1): 38-45.##12. Bouji M, Lecomte A, Hode Y, de Seze R, Villegier AS (2012) Effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency on corticosterone, emotional memory and neuroinflammation in middle-aged rats. Exp Gerontol, 47(6): 444-51.##13. Sepehrimanesh M, Saeb M, Nazifi S, Kazemipour N, Jelodar G, Saeb S (2014) Impact of 900 MHz electromagnetic field exposure on main male reproductive hormone levels: a Rattus norvegicus model. International journal of biometeorology, 58(7): 1657-63.##14. Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, et al. (2009) Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in-vitro pilot study. Fertil Steril, 92(4): 1318-25.##15. Cahill L (2006) Why sex matters for neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(6): 477-84.##16. Maren S, De Oca B, Fanselow MS (1994) Sex differences in hippocampal longterm potentiation (LTP) and pavlovian fear conditioning in rats: Positive correlation between LTP and contextual learning. Brain Research, 1–2(661): 25–34.##17. Warren SG, Humphreys AG, Juraska JM, Greenough WT (1995) LTP varies across the estrous cycle: enhanced synaptic plasticity in proestrus rats. Brain Res, 703(1-2): 26-30.##18. Foy M, Baudry M, Thompson R (2004) Estrogen and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Neuron glia biology, 1(04): 327-38.##19. Bowman R, Ferguson D, Luine V (2002) Effects of chronic restraint stress and estradiol on open field activity, spatial memory, and monoaminergic neurotransmitters in ovariectomized rats. Neuroscience, 113(2): 401-10.##20. Andreano JM, Arjomandi H, Cahill L (2008) Menstrual cycle modulation of the relationship between cortisol and long-term memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33(6): 874-82.##21. Denti A and Negroni JA (1975) Activity and learning in neonatally hormone treated rats. Acta physiologica latino americana, 25(2): 99-106.## ##

Dosimetric verification of pre-treatment intensity modulated radiation therapy in the commissioning process 2 2 Background: Commissioning tests are recommended before implementing Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy. This study evaluated five different plans of IMRT mocks for different modulation indices. Materials and Methods: IMRT tests were done in slab phantom for both 6MV and 15 MV photon energies using a 2D array ion chamber dosimeter. Results: The acceptance criteria were based on 3% /3mm. All tests passed the gamma criteria except for the prostate test with 15 MV photon beams and C shape test for both 6 MV and 15 MV energies. The Ratio passing points for Multi target test in 6 MV and 15 MV plans were 93.1% and 91.5%, respectively. The results of the prostate tests with 3%/3mm was 92.3% for 6MV and 91.2% for 15 MV in 4%/4 mm tolerance limit. For Head and Neck test with the same gamma criteria, the percentages of the points were 93.2 and 94 for 6 MV and 15 MV plans, respectively. For C shape tests, the used gamma criteria were 4%/ 4 mm. The ratio passing points were 94.9% and 94.3% for 6MV and 15MV plans, respectively. However, C shape hard test could not pass the gamma criteria of 4%/ 4mm for 6MV. Conclusion: results showed that by increasing the complexity of the IMRT plan, the verification test must be done in a more strict-manner, because a small change in dose delivery can cause a large discrepancy between planned and real dosimetry and may produce hot spots in organs or a cold spot in the target volume. 493 497 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 G. Esmaili G. Esmaili Department of Medical Physics. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran S.R. Mahdavi S.R. Mahdavi Radiation Biology Research Center & Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran mahdavi.r@iums.ac.ir A.R. Nikoofar A.R. Nikoofar Radiation Oncology Department, Faulty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran P. Fadavi P. Fadavi Radiation Oncology Department, Faulty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran A. Ameri A. Ameri Radiation Oncology Department, Faulty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran V. Nazari V. Nazari Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran Pre- treatment IMRT 2D array IMRT mock Gamma evaluation. Palta JR, Liu C, Li JG (2008) Quality assurance of intensity modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 71(1): 108-12.##Bedford JL, Childs PJ, Warrington AP (2004) Verification of inverse planning and treatment delivery for segmental IMRT. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 5(2): 1-17.##Ezzell GA, Galvin JM, Low D, et al. (2003) Guidance document on delivery, treatment planning, and clinical implementation of IMRT: Report of the IMRT subcommittee of the AAPM radiation therapy committee. Med Phys 2003, 30(8): 2089-115.## Doblado FS, Capote R, Rosello JV, Leal A, Lagares JI, Arrans R, Hartmann GH (2005) Micro ionization-chamber dosimetry in IMRT verification: Clinical implications of dosimetric errors in the PTV. Radiother Oncol, 75(3): 342-8.##Ezzell GA, Burmeister JW, Dogan N, et al. (2009) IMRT commissioning: Multiple institution planning and dosimetry comparisons, a report from AAPM Task Group 119. Med Phys, 36(11): 5359-73.##Childress NL, White RA, Bloch C, et al.(2005) Retrospective analysis of 2D patient-specific IMRT verifications. Med Phys, 32(4): 838-50.##Clark CH, Hansen VN, Chantler H, Edwards C, James HV, Webster G, Miles EA, Guerrero Urbano MT, Bhide SA, Bidmead AM, Nutting CM (2009) Dosimetry audit for a multi-centre IMRT head and neck trial. Radiother Oncol , 93(1): 102-8.##Budgell GJ, Perrin BA, Mott JH, Fairfoul J, Mackay RI(2005) Quantitative analysis of patient-specific dosimetric IMRT verification. Phys Med Biol, 50(1): 103–19.##Varatharaj C, Ravikumar M, Sathiyan S, Supe SS, Vivek TR, Manikandan A (2010) Dosimetric verification of brain and head and neck intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatment using EDR2 films and 2D ion chamber array matrix. J Cancer Res Ther, 6(2): 179-84.##Chung JB, Kim JS, Ha SW, Ye SJ (2011) statistical analysis of IMRT dosimetry quality assurance measurements for local delivery guideline. Radiat Oncol,  6(27): 1-8.##De Martin E, Fiorino C, Broggi S, Longobardi B, Pierelli A, Lucia Perna L, et al. (2007) Agreement criteria between expected and measured field fluences in IMRT of head and neck cancer: the importance and use of the gamma histograms statistical analysis. Radiother Oncol, 85(3): 399–406.##Jang SY, Liu HH, Mohan R(2008) Underestimation of low-dose radiation in treatment planning of intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 71(5): 1537-46. ##Das IJ, Ding GX, Ahnesjo A (2008) Small fields: Non-equilibrium radiation dosimetry. Med Phys, 35(1):206-13.##Papatheodorou S, Rosenwald JC, Zefkili S, Murillo MC, Drouard J,Gaboriaud G (2000) Dose calculation and verification of intensity modulation generated by dynamic multileaf collimators. Med Phys, 27(5): 960-71.## Xing L, Curran B, Hill R, Holmes T, Ma L, Forster KM, Boyer AL (1999) Dosimetric verification of a commercial inverse treatment planning system. Phys Med Biol, 44(2): 463-78.##Capote R, Sanchez-Doblado F, Leal A, Lagares JL, Arrans R, Hartman GH (2004) An EGSnrc Monte Carlo study of the microionization-chamber for reference dosimetry of narrow irregular IMRT beamlets. Med Phys, 31(9): 2416-22.##Van Zijtveld M, Dirkx M, de Boer H, Heijmen B (2006) Dosimetric pre-treatment verification of IMRT using an EPID; clinical experience. Radiother Oncol, 81(2): 168–75.## ##

Assessment of skyshine photon dose rates from 9 and 18 MV medical linear accelerators 2 2 Background: Skyshine describes the radiation scattered by the atmosphere above a LINAC facility to a point on the ground. The aim of this study was to measure the skyshine photon dose rates from two different (9 MV and 18 MV) medical linear accelerators. Materials and Methods: The photon beam was directed upward (180° gantry position), with a maximum photon field size (40 × 40 cm2) at the isocenter. Measurements were obtained around the external points selected outside the room facilities at a horizontal distance from the target by the calibrated RDS-110 survey meter at four points around the isocenter. Results: The measured values of the skyshine photon exposure rates at four points for 9 MV and 18 MV were 0.6, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.4 μSv/h, and 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, and 0.5 μSv/h, respectively. All the measured skyshine photon exposure rates were lower than the values recommended by NCRP 147. Conclusion: There is a poor agreement between the measured and the calculated values; therefore it seems that caution is needed while using the equations available in NCRP 147 or 151. 499 503 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 N. Rostampour N. Rostampour Department of Medical Physics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran nima.rostampour@kums.ac.ir S. Jafari S. Jafari Department of Radiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran M. Saeb M. Saeb Department of Radiation Oncology, Seyed-al-Shohada Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran M. Keshtkar M. Keshtkar Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran P. Shokrani P. Shokrani Department of Medical Physics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran T. Almasi T. Almasi Department of Medical Physics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Skyshine shielding radiation measurement radiation protection radiotherapy scattering medical accelerator. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Radiation protection design guidelines for 0.1–100 MeV particle accelerator facilities. NCRP Report No. 51. Washington, D.C. 1977, NCRP.##National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Structural shielding design and evaluation for megavoltage x- and gamma-ray radiotherapy facilities. NCRP Report No. 151. Bethesda, MD. 2005, NCRP.##McGinley PH (1993) Radiation skyshine produced by an 18 MeV medical accelerator. Rad Prot Mgmt, 10(5): 59-64.##Gossman MS, McGinley PH, Rising MB, Pahikkala AJ (2010) Radiation skyshine from a 6 MeV medical accelerator. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 11(3): 259-64.##Gossman MS, Pahikkala AJ, Rising MB, McGinley PH (2010) Providing solid angle formalism for skyshine calculations. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 11(4): 278-82.##de Paiva E, da Rosa LAR (2012) Skyshine photon doses from 6 and 10 MV medical linear accelerators. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 13(1): 215-19.##RDS-110 Multi-purpose Survey Meter PSMHP, Mirion Technologies Division, featuring Rados. 2011; Document No. 2096 6082, Version 2.1.##Zavgorodni SF (2001) A method for calculating the dose to a multi-storey building due to radiation scattered from the roof of an adjacent radiotherapy facility. Med Phys, 28(9): 1926-30.##Biggs PJ (1998) Determination of the shielding for an unoccupied roof of a radiation therapy facility to account for adjacent buildings--modification of a computer program. Health Phys, 75(4): 431-5.##National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Structural Shielding Design for Medical X-Ray Imaging Facilities. NCRP Report No. 147. Bethesda, MD. 2005, NCRP. ## ##

Significance of MIBI scintigraphy in a patient with hydatid cyst and parathyroid adenoma 2 2 A 17-year-old boy with hyperparathyroidism exhibited a large cyst in the left hemi-thorax on his chest X-ray. The cyst was identified as a hydatid cyst. He was referred for biphasic methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) parathyroid scan. A discrete ectopic parathyroid was detected in the left upper mediastinum in addition to accumulation of the MIBI tracer in the cyst wall. Using radio-guided occult lesion localization with an injection of 3 mCi 99m Tc - MIBI in the morning of the operation day, an ectopic adenoma was detected with a gamma probe within the thymus, resected with a consequent decline of serum high parathyroid hormone (PTH). This report is remarkable in two different aspects: the importance of radio-guided localization of ectopic adenoma, which in this case was within the thymus, and the accumulation of MIBI in hydatid cyst wall, as a unique report of this condition. 505 507 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 2019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/52019/01/5 1397/10/15 Sh. Rafieian Sh. Rafieian Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran S. Farzanefar S. Farzanefar Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran M. Abbasi M. Abbasi Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran meabbasi@tums.ac.ir MIBI SPECT Radio-guided surgery hydatid cyst parathyroid adenoma. Rokni MB (2009) Echinococcosis/hydatidosis in Iran. Iran J Parasitol, 4(2): 1-6. ##Mamishi S, Sagheb S, Pourakbari B (2007) Hydatid disease in Iranian children. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 40(5): 428-31.##Moretti JL, Hauet N, Caglar M, Rebillard O, Burak Z (2005) To use MIBI or not to use MIBI? That is the question when assessing tumour cells. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 32(7): 836-42.##Prager G, Czerny C, Ofluoglu S, Kurtaran A, Passler C, Kaczirek K, et al. (2003) Impact of localization studies on feasibility of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy in an endemic goiter region. J Am Coll Surg, 196(4): 541-8.##Kunstman JW, Kirsch JD, Mahajan A, Udelsman R (2013) Parathyroid localization and implications for clinical management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98(3): 902-12.##Rubello D and Mariani G (2007) Hand-held gamma probe or hand-held miniature gamma camera for minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: competition, evolution or synergy? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 34(2): 162-4.##Paredes P, Vidal-Sicart S, Zanón G, Roé N, Rubí S, Lafuente S, et al. (2008) Radioguided occult lesion localisation in breast cancer using an intraoperative portable gamma camera: first results. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 35(2): 230-5.## ##