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Radiological hazards due to natural radioactivity and radon concentrations in water samples at Al-Hurrah city, Iraq 2 2 Background: This research focuses on study of natural radioactivity (226Ra 238U, 232Th, 40K and 222Rn) in different types of water samples at Al-Hurrah City in Najaf province/Iraq using NaI (Tl) and RAD-7 detector. Materials and Methods: Samples have been collected from three major sources of water, City Water (Drinking Water), River Water and Underground Water. The daily consumption of these three sources by humans in construction materials determines the standards used to measure the Radiological Contamination in these sources such as Annual Effective Dose, Radium Equivalent, Absorbed Dose rate, External Hazard Indexes, Internal Hazard Indexes and Activity Concentration Index Due to Gamma Ray of long-live Radioisotopes. Results: The results show that the average of Radioactivity Concentration forRadium-232 were 1.84±0.39Bq/L, 2.31±0.43Bq/Land 7.15±1.88Bq/L, for Thorium-232 were 1.31±0.33Bq/L, 0.98±0.13Bq/Land 2.19±0.44Bq/L, for Potasium-40 were 9.07±1.32Bq/L, 22.29±2.93Bq/Land 40.89±8.93Bq/L and for Radon-222 were 35.5±0.00 mBq/L, 355.50±30.33 mBq/L and 712.00±97.20 mBq/L. Based on Gamma Radionuclides measurement, the mean annual effective doses of city water and river water are lower than the reference level of the effective dose recommended by the ICRP, while the mean annual effective doses of underground water were higher than the reference level of the effective dose recommended by the ICRP.  Conclusion: Finally, the researcher found that all the radiological parameters such as Raeq, D, Hex, Hin and Iγ in the water samples were within the range the global limit, thus it’s safe to use in construction materials. 1 11 2019/12/10 1398/9/19 2019/12/10 1398/9/19 A.S. Alaboodi A.S. Alaboodi Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Iraq N.A. Kadhim N.A. Kadhim Ministry of Education, Al-Najaf, Kufa, Iraq A.A. Abojassim A.A. Abojassim Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Iraq ali.alhameedawi@uokufa.edu.iq A. Baqir Hassan A. Baqir Hassan Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Iraq Natural radioactivity radon concentrations water annual effective dose and Iraq. International Atomic Energy Agency (2004) Extent of environmental contamination by naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) and technological options for mitigation. 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Elsevier, USA.##Abojassim A A, Al-kufi FA, Hameed DN, Gaghan OA, Hameed EN (2017) 222Rn and 238U concentrations in some samples of hair dyes in local Iraqi pharmacies. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 10(6): 1592.##Abbasi A and Bashiry V (2016) Measurement of radium-226 concentration and dose calculation of drinking water samples in Guilan province of Iran. Int J Radiat Res, 14(4): 361-366.##Ahmed NK (2004) Natural radioactivity of ground and drinking water in some areas of upper Egypt. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 28(6): 345-354.##Elzain AEA (2014) Measurement of radon-222 concentration levels in water samples in Sudan. Advances in Applied Science Research, 5(2): 229-234.##Abojassim AA, Kadhim SH, Mraity A, Abid H, Munim RR (2017) Radon levels in different types of bottled drinking water and carbonated drinks in Iraqi markets. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 17(1): 206-211.##Al-Hamidawi AAA (2015) Monitoring of 220Rn concentrations in buildings of Kufa technical institute, Iraq. Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations. ##Durridge RAD (2012) Radon Detector. 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Non-rigid magnetic resonance image registration for cervical cancer radiation therapy evaluation using hybrid features 2 2 Background: A non-rigid cervical magnetic resonance (MR) image registration algorithm combining pixel intensity and local region gradient features was proposed in this study for cervical cancer radiation therapy (RT) evaluation. Materials and Methods: The method was based on the following main steps: (1) each patient was scanned 2 times. The first scan was before internal-beam RT, and second scan was about 3~4 weeks after internal-beam RT. (2) DoG salient points mixed with stochastically sampled points were used as keypoints, and pixel intensity and PCA-SIFT features around them were extracted to build a feature vector for each keypoint. (3) In non-rigid registration process, α-mutual information (α-MI) was used as similarity measure. The method was evaluated by 20 MR images acquired from 10 patients with biopsy-proven squamous cell carcinomas. Results: For cervical cancer, the deformation of tumor and organ between different MR image acquisitions was subject to several errors, including possible mechanical misalignment, respiratory and cardiac motion, involuntary and voluntary patient motion, bladder and bowel filling differences. To minimize these ambiguities, patients filled their bladder before scanning. The proposed hybrid features can effectively catch the bladder and bowel in MR images, and α-mutual information (α-MI) based non-rigid registration can effectively align two long time internal MR images. Conclusion: Non-rigid cervical MR image registration method using hybrid features on α-MI can effectively capture different tissues in cervical MR images. Accurately aligned MR images can assist cervical cancer RT evaluation process. 13 22 2019/12/102019/12/11 1398/9/20 2019/12/102019/12/11 1398/9/20 L. Zhi L. Zhi School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China S. Zhang S. Zhang School of Computer Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China shmzhang_paper@163.com J. Xin J. Xin Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China J. Ma J. Ma Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China R. Zhu R. Zhu Department of Radiology, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China Cervical cancer radiotherapy evaluation magnetic image registration hybrid feature pca-sift α-mutual information. 1. Organization WH (2006) Comprehensive cervical cancer control: a guide to essential practice. Geneva Switzerland Who, 14(4667): 1436.##2. Engin G (2006) Cervical cancer: MR imaging findings before, during, and after radiation therapy. European radiology, 16(2): 313-24.##3. Zhang S, Xin J, Guo Q, Ma J, Ma Q, Sun H, et al. (2014) Defining PET tumor volume in cervical cancer with hybrid PET/MRI: a comparative study. Nuclear medicine communications, 35(7): 712-9.##4. Mikolajczyk K, Schmid C (2005) A Performance Evaluation of Local Descriptors. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell, 27(10):1615-30.##5. Cheung W, Hamarneh G (2009) n-SIFT: n-Dimensional Scale Invariant Feature Transform. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 18(9): 2012-21.##6. Sotiras A, Davatzikos C, Paragios N (2013) Deformable Medical Image Registration: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging ,32(7):1153-90.##7. Bondar L, Hoogeman MS, Vasquez Osorio EM, Heijmen BJ (2010) A symmetric nonrigid registration method to handle large organ deformations in cervical cancer patients. Medical physics, 37(7): 3760-72.##8. Ferris DG, Lawhead RA, Dickman ED, Holtzapple N, Miller JA, Grogan S, et al. (2001) Multimodal hyperspectral imaging for the noninvasive diagnosis of cervical neoplasia. Journal of lower genital tract disease, 5(2): 65-72.##9. Vasquez Osorio EM, Hoogeman MS, Bondar L, Levendag PC, Heijmen BJ (2009) A novel flexible framework with automatic feature correspondence optimization for nonrigid registration in radiotherapy. Medical physics, 36(7): 2848-59.##10. Lu C, Chelikani S, Jaffray DA, Milosevic MF, Staib LH, Duncan JS (2012) Simultaneous nonrigid registration, segmentation, and tumor detection in MRI guided cervical cancer radiation therapy. IEEE transactions on medical imaging, 31(6): 1213-27.##11. García-Arteaga JD, Kybic J (2007) Automatic landmark detection for cervical image registration validation. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 68(4): 948-60.##12. Staring M, Heide UAvd, Klein S, Viergever MA, Pluim JPW (2009) Registration of Cervical MRI Using Multifeature Mutual Information Using Multifeature Mutual Information. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging,28(9): 1412-21.##13. Mikolajczyk K and Schmid C (2004) Scale & Affine Invariant Interest Point Detectors. 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Zaidi H and El Naqa I (2010) PET-guided delineation of radiation therapy treatment volumes: a survey of image segmentation techniques. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 37(11): 2165-87.##26. Rakheja R, DeMello L, Chandarana H, Glielmi C, Geppert C, Faul D, et al. (2013) Comparison of the accuracy of PET/CT and PET/MRI spatial registration of multiple metastatic lesions. AJR American journal of roentgenology, 201(5): 1120-3.##27. Cohade C, Osman M, Marshall LN, Wahl RN (2003) PET-CT: accuracy of PET and CT spatial registration of lung lesions. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging,30(5): 721-6.##28. Brendle CB, Schmidt H, Fleischer S, Braeuning UH, Pfannenberg CA, Schwenzer NF (2013) Simultaneously acquired MR/PET images compared with sequential MR/PET and PET/CT: alignment quality. Radiology, 268(1): 190-9.##29. Ma DJ, Zhu JM, Grigsby PW (2011) Tumor volume discrepancies between FDG-PET and MRI for cervical cancer. 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Effects of different doses of X-ray radiation on nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in a rat model 2 2 Background: Physical agents, such as ultrasound, can promote functional restoration and regenerative processes of the peripheral nervous system. However, little is known about the effects of X-ray radiation on nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of various doses of X-ray radiation on nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in rats. Materials and Methods: The sciatic nerves of Sprague-Dawley rats were transected and repaired via epineurium end-to-end neurorrhaphy. Eighty rats each received single and local X-ray doses of 0 Gy, 0.2 Gy, 1 Gy, 7 Gy and 14 Gy. Functional and morphological assessments of the process of nerve regeneration were performed by using various measurement tools. Results: Compared with the 0 Gy, 0.2 Gy and 14 Gy groups, the 1 Gy and 7 Gy radiation groups experienced significantly increased sciatic functional index, motor nerve conductive velocity (MNCV), expression of S-100, mean diameter of axons, and thickness of myelin sheaths and decreased perineural scar tissue. There were no differences between the 1 Gy group and the 7 Gy group or between the 0 Gy group, the 0.2 Gy group and the 14 Gy group with the exception of MNCV and the expression level of S-100. Conclusion: X-ray radiation in doses of 1 Gy and 7 Gy promoted nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in a rat model. The dose of 14 Gy exerted inhibitory effects, and 0.2 Gy exerted no significant effect on nerve regeneration. 23 31 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/11 1398/9/20 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/11 1398/9/20 Y. Zhang Y. Zhang Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China B. Jiang B. Jiang Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China J.J. Zhao J.J. Zhao Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China J.P. Zhou J.P. Zhou Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China Z.C. Zuo Z.C. Zuo Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China Z.Y. Qian Z.Y. Qian Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China 13625280020@163.com P.J. Wang P.J. Wang Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China wangpeiji88 Peripheral nerve injury nerve regeneration X-ray irradiation. 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Comparison of 3D conformal and intensity modulated radiotherapy in early stage oral tongue cancer: dosimetric and radiobiological evaluation 2 2 Background: The aim of this study was to compare the dosimetric and radiobiological efficiency of various intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques with 3D conventional radiotherapy (3D-CRT) technique in the treatment of early stage oral tongue cancer. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 38 CT images of patients who were planned with 3D-CRT and three sets of IMRT treatment plans including five, seven and nine fields with prescribed dose of 66 Gy to planning target volume. The dose volume histograms, homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) of main organs at risk were derived using Prowess Panther treatment planning system. Results: The results of this study indicated an increase in HI and CI for IMRT plans compared to 3D-CRT. Furthermore, IMRT techniques led to a statistically significant reduction in received dose by mandible (up to 10.10 Gy) and thyroid (up to 13.59 Gy) compared to the conventional technique used; whereas, it led to a statistically significant increase in received dose by parotid glands (up to 7.62 Gy) and brain stem (up to 9.87 Gy). In addition, IMRT increased (up to 12.79%) the probability of occurrence of parotid xerostomia and decreased mandibular complications (up to 7.76%) in comparison to conventional treatment. Conclusions: It can be concluded that IMRT can be more successful in improving oral tongue cancer treatment with more conformity and homogeneity. However, IMRT may not be required for all patients with oral tongue cancer at early stage of the disease. 33 42 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/11 1398/9/20 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/11 1398/9/20 A. Shanei A. Shanei Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran I. Abedi I. Abedi Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran P. Saadatmand P. Saadatmand Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran saadatmand.pegah@yahoo.com A.R. Amouheidari A.R. Amouheidari Radiation Oncology Department, Isfahan Milad General Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. H. Akbari-Zadeh H. Akbari-Zadeh Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran hadi.akbari.zadeh@gmail.com, Oral cavity cancer oral tongue cancer 3D conformal radiation therapy intensity modulated radiotherapy. Jemal FDA, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E (2011) Global cancer statistics. Cancer J Clin, 61: 69–90.##2. Miller KD, Siegel RL, Lin CC, Mariotto AB, Kramer JL, Rowland JH, Stein KD, Alteri R, Jemal A (2016) Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016, CA. Cancer J Clin, 66: 271–289.##3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2019) Cancer statistics, 2019, CA. Cancer J Clin, 7-34.##4. Collan J, Lundberg M, Vaalavirta L, Bäck L, Kajanti M, Mäkitie A, Tenhunen M, Saarilahti K (2011) Patterns of relapse following surgery and postoperative intensity modulated radiotherapy for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Acta Oncol, (Madr), 50: 1119–1125.##5. De Felice F, Musio D, Terenzi V, Valentini V, Cassoni A, Tombolini M, De Vincentiis M, Tombolini V (2014) Treatment improvement and better patient care: which is the most important one in oral cavity cancer? Radiat Oncol, 9: 263.##6. Chen CC, Lin JC, Chen KW (2015) Lymph node ratio as a prognostic factor in head and neck cancer patients. Radiat Oncol, 10: 181.##7. Huang TY, Hsu LP, Wen YH, Huang TT, Chou YF, LeeCF, Yang MC, Chang YK, Chen PR (2010) Predictors of locoregional recurrence in early stage oral cavity cancer with free surgical margins. Oral Oncol, 46: 49–55.##8. Chen WC, Hwang TZ, Wang WH, Lu CH, Chen CC, Chen CM, Weng HH, Lai CH, Chen MF (2009) Comparison between conventional and intensity-modulated post-operative radiotherapy for stage III and IV oral cavity cancer in terms of treatment results and toxicity. Oral Oncol, 45: 505–510.##9. Khan FM and Gibbons JP (2014) Khan’s the physics of radiation therapy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, .##10. Daly ME, Le QT, Kozak MM, Maxim PG, Murphy JD, Hsu A, Loo Jr BW, Kaplan MJ, Fischbein NJ, Chang DT (2011) Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: patterns of failure and predictors of local control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 80: 1412–1422.##11. 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Ghosh G, Gupta G, Malviya A, Saroj D (2018) Comparison three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus intensity modulated radiation therapy in local control of head and neck cancer. J Cancer Res Ther, 14: 1412.##16. Rosenthal DI, Chambers MS, Fuller CD, Rebueno NCS, Garcia J, Kies MS, Morrison WH,.Ang KK, Garden AS (2008) Beam path toxicities to non-target structures during intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 72: 747–755.##17. Yong JHE, McGowan T, Redmond-Misner R, Beca J, WardeP, Gutierrez E, Hoch JS (2016) Estimating the costs of intensity-modulated and 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in Ontario. Curr Oncol, 23: e228.##18. Morgan WF, Naqvi SA, Yu C, Smith LE, Bose M (2002) Does the time required to deliver IMRT reduce its biological effectiveness. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 54: 222.##19. Lee S, Cao YJ, Kim CY (2015) Physical and radiobiological evaluation of radiotherapy treatment plan, evolution of ionizing radiation research. Dr. Mitsuru N (Ed.), Croatia.##20. Eisbruch A, Chao KC, Garden A, (2004) Phase I/II study of conformal and intensity modulated irradiation for oropharyngeal cancer (RTOG 0022). Radiat Ther Oncol Gr Am Coll Radiol, 1-29.##21. Chen BB, Huang SM, Xiao WW, Sun WZ, Liu M, Lu TX, Deng XW, Han F (2018) Prospective matched study on comparison of volumetric-modulated arc therapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: dosimetry, delivery efficiency and outcomes. J Cancer, 9: 978–986.##22. Fujiwara M, Kamikonya N, Odawara S, Suzuki H, Niwa Y, Takada Y, Doi H, Terada T, Uwa N, Sagawa K (2015) The threshold of hypothyroidism after radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: a retrospective analysis of 116 cases. J Radiat Res, 56: 577–582.##23. 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Radioprotective efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract against gamma-ray radiation-induced genotoxicity in rats 2 2 Background: Ginger (Zingiber officinale), a member of the Zingiberaceae family that contains phenolic compounds such as gingerol, paradol, zingerone, zingiberol and shogaols, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal and antitumour activity. Materials: The present investigation was intended to evaluate the radioprotective effects of ginger extract in Wistar albino rats against whole-body gamma-ray irradiation. Rats were orally administered 250 mg/kg b.w. of ginger extract by gavage for 14 consecutive days. On the 14th day, 2 hr after the last ginger administration, the animals were exposed to whole-body gamma-rays of 6 Gy. The radioprotective potential of ginger was assessed through measurement of the DNA oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in serum, analysis of chromosomal abnormalities and micronucleus formation in bone marrow cells and estimation of DNA impairment in both bone marrow cells and epidydimal sperm using comet assay. Sperm DNA integrity and sperm shape abnormalities were also studied. Results: The results revealed that ginger extract reduced DNA oxidation by restoring the levels of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in serum. Ginger also significantly reduced radiation-induced chromosomal abnormality and micronucleus formation. Additionally, pretreatment with ginger extract significantly decreased DNA damage in both bone marrow cells and epididymal sperm, maintained sperm DNA integrity and reduced the occurrence of sperm anomalies after irradiation. Conclusion: Our results confirmed that ginger extract offers rats significant protection against whole-body gamma-rays and helps to alleviate the effects of radiation. Our findings suggest a new strategy to combat the effects of acute radiation doses that impair biological systems. 43 55 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/16 1398/9/25 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/16 1398/9/25 D.D. Abd El-Monem D.D. Abd El-Monem Department of Zoology, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt S.H.B. Elwakeel S.H.B. Elwakeel Department of Zoology, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt sherien.elwakeel@women.asu.edu.eg Ginger gamma-radiation DNA damage genotoxicity. Shaban NZ, Ahmed Zahran AM, El-Rashidy FH, Abdo Kodous AS (2017) Protective role of hesperidin against gamma-radiation-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat testis. 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The effects of melatonin on the frequency of micronuclei induced by ionizing radiation in cancerous and normal cell lines 2 2 Background: Melatonin is a natural antioxidant that is produced by the pineal gland. In this study was evaluated antioxidant and possible protective effects of melatonin on frequency of micronucleus (MN) formation in human cell lines exposed to γ-radiation. Materials and Methods: To achieve the best concentration for antioxidant activity of melatonin DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay was used. Hela and MRC5 cells were cultured and treated with optimum concentration of melatonin (1200μg/ml). After 2h, cells were exposed to 2Gy-gamma ray. For each cell group, one flask was considered as control. Immediately after irradiation, cells were exposed to cytochalasin B to arrest cells at cytokinesis. Then the frequency of MN induced by radiation alone or in the presence of melatonin was evaluated.  Results: By DPPH assay, the optimum concentration of melatonin for its antioxidant activity was determined 1200μg/ml. Our results showed that the frequency of micronuclei increased in irradiated cells compared to the control groups (p<0.05). Conversely, pre-treatment of cells with melatonin significantly reduced the number of MN produced both in MRC5 and Hela cells (p<0.05). Conclusion: Results indicated that γ-radiation induced MN in the cells. The protective effect was achieved when melatonin was present in the cellular environment pre-irradiation. Indeed, melatonin with scavenging and antioxidant ability neutralizes toxic reactants and stimulates DNA repair pathways. Moreover, the results indicate that protective effect of melatonin is higher in MRC5 cells than in Hela cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that other mechanisms such as induction of cell cycle arrest by melatonin might be exist only in MRC5 cells. However, the radio-protective mechanism of melatonin is not clearly known. 57 64 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/21 1398/9/30 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/21 1398/9/30 S. Ghorbanian Kelachayeh S. Ghorbanian Kelachayeh Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran M.H. Sangtarash M.H. Sangtarash Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran sangtarash@hamoon.usb.ac.ir H. Mozdarani H. Mozdarani Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran mozdarah@modares.ac.ir Radioprotection melatonin CBMN γ- radiation micronucleus DPPH assay. 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Caveolin-1 was involved in the reduced adiosensitivity to X-ray in human mammary epithelial MCF10A cells 2 2 Background: X-ray chest fluoroscopy is a compulsory component of the health examination procedure in China. The radiation dose from chest fluoroscopy is the largest in X-ray examination. More than half of the women in their twenties with breast cancer have been given X-ray fluoroscopy. Studies have shown that Caveolin-1 is involved in the repair of damage DNA in tumor cells induced by irradiation. However the mechanism and role of Caveolin-1 in normal human mammary epithelial cells are not clear.  Materials and Methods: Here, normal human mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A) and the cells with Caveolin-1 knockdown (MCF10ACE) were exposed to X-ray radiation to investigate the role of Caveolin-1 in the enhancement of radiosensitivity in these cells and the associated mechanism. Results: Decreased survival rate and a significantly higher level of cell arrest at the G1 and G2 phases, as well as reduced activation of the DNA damage repair proteins ATM and p53, and the stress protein p38MAPK were manifested by MCF10ACE cells compared to MCF10A cells, following exposure to X-ray radiation. Furthermore, binding between Caveolin-1 and Mdm2 in MCF10ACE cells was also lower than in MCF10A cells. Conclusion: Overall, the finding indicated that Caveolin-1 played an important role in decreasing the radiosensitivity of human mammary epithelial cells. 65 74 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/21 1398/9/30 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/21 1398/9/30 Y.J. Zhang Y.J. Zhang School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China H.Y. Li H.Y. Li School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China C. Qu C. Qu School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China N. Zhang N. Zhang School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China J. Liu J. Liu School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China Y.Y. Cui Y.Y. Cui School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China W. Zou W. Zou School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China weizou60@126.com Caveolin-1 mammary epithelial cell radiosensitivity enhancement DNA damage repair. 1. High dose X-ray is closely related to breast cancer. 1995 Journal of the South, 9: 46 (Brief report in Chinese).##2. Garner E and Costanzo V (2009) Studying the DNA damage response using in vitro model systems. DNA Repair (Amst), 8(9): 1025-1037.##3. Belyaev IY (2010) Radiation-induced DNA repair foci: spatio-temporal aspects of formation, application for assessment of radiosensitivity and biological dosimetry. Mutat Res, 704(1-3): 132-141.##4. Nahas SA and Gatti RA (2009) DNA double strand break repair defects, primary immunodeficiency disorders, and 'radiosensitivity'. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 9(6): 510-516.##5. Mian E and Wiesmüller L (2017) Phenotypic Analysis of ATM Protein Kinase in DNA Double-Strand Break Formation and Repair. Methods Mol Biol, 1599: 317-334.##6. Bensimon A, Schmidt A, Ziv Y, Elkon R, Wang SY, Chen DJ, Aebersold R, Shiloh Y (2010) ATM-dependent and -independent dynamics of the nuclear phosphoproteome after DNA damage. Sci Signal, 3(151): rs3.##7. Chatterjee M, Ben-Josef E, Thomas DG, Morgan MA, Zalupski MM, Khan G, Andrew Robinson C, Griffith KA, Chen CS, Ludwig T, Bekaii-Saab T, Chakravarti A, Williams TM (2015) Caveolin-1 is Associated with Tumor Progression and Confers a Multi-Modality Resistance Phenotype in Pancreatic Cancer. Sci Rep, 5: 10867.##8. Zhan Y, Wang L, Liu J, Ma K, Liu C, Zhang Y, Zou W (2013) Choline plasmalogens isolated from swine liver inhibit hepatoma cell proliferation associated with caveolin-1/Akt signaling. PLoS One, 8(10): e77387.##9. Zou W, Che J, Wang C, Cui Y, Zhang Q (2009) DNA-PKcs silencing inhibit the DNA repair induced by low dose radiation on human breast epithelial cells. Chin J Biotech, 25(5): 727-732.##10. Zhang YJ, Cui YY, Li HY, Che J, Shi D, Wang Y, Zou W (2017) Effects of low dose radiation on the expression of proteins related to DNA repair requiring Caveolin-1. IJRR, 15(2): 141-148.##11. Wang XX, Wu Z, Huang HF, Han C, Zou W, Liu J (2013) Caveolin-1, through its ability to negatively regulate TLR4, is a crucial determinant of MAPK activation in LPS-challenged mammary epithelial cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14(4): 2295-2299.##12. Volonte D, Kahkonen B, Shapiro S, Di Y, Galbiati F (2009) Caveolin-1 expression is required for the development of pulmonary emphysema through activation of the ATM-p53-p21 pathway. J Biol Chem, 284(9): 5462-5466.##13. Cordes N, Frick S, Brunner TB, Pilarsky C, Grützmann R, Sipos B, Klöppel G, McKenna WG, Bernhard EJ (2007) Humanpancreatic tumor cells are sensitized to ionizing radiation by knockdown of Caveolin-1. Oncogene, 26(48): 6851-6862.##14. Li J, Hassan GS, Williams TM, Minetti C, Pestell RG, Tanowitz HB, Frank PG, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP (2005) Loss of Caveolin-1 causes the hyper-proliferation of intestinal crypt stem cells, with increased sensitivity to whole body gamma-radiation. Cell Cycle, 4(12): 1817-1825.##15. Morgan MA and Lawrence TS (2015) Molecular Pathways: Overcoming Radiation Resistance by Targeting DNA Damage Response Pathways. Clin Cancer Res, 21(13): 2898-2904.##16. Santivasi WL and Xia F (2014) Ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage, response, and repair. Antioxid Redox Signal, 21(2): 251-259.##17. MacPhail SH, Banáth JP, Yu TY, Chu EH, Lambur H, Olive PL (2003) Expression of phosphorylated hmtone H2AX in cultured celllines following exposure to X-rays. Int J Radiat Biol, 79(5): 35l-358.##18. Rogakou EP, Pilch DR, Orr AH, Ivanova VS, Bonner WM (1998) DNA double stranded bresks induce histone H2AX phosphorylation on serme 139. J Biol Chem, 273(10): 5858-5868.##19. Zhao J, Guo Z, Pei S, Song L, Wang C, Ma J, Jin L, Ma Y, He R, Zhong J, Ma Y, Zhang H (2017) pATM and γH2AX are effective radiation biomarkers in assessing the radiosensitivity of 12C6+ in human tumor cells. Cancer Cell Int, 17: 49.##20. Brem R, Li F, Montaner B, Reelfs O, Karran P (2010) DNA breakage and cell cycle checkpoint abrogation induced by a therapeutic thiopurine and UVA radiation. Oncogene, 29(27): 3953-3963.##21. Liu B, Zhou Z, Zhou W, Liu J, Zhang Q, Xia J, Liu J, Chen N, Li M, Zhu R (2014) Resveratrol inhibits proliferation in human colorectal carcinoma cells by inducing G1/S‑phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through caspase/cyclin‑CDK pathways. Mol Med Rep, 10(4): 1697-1702.##22. Furdui CM (2014) Ionizing radiation: mechanisms and therapeutics. Antioxid Redox Signal, 21(2): 218-220.##23. Tichý A, Vávrová J, Pejchal J, Rezácová M (2010) Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) as a central regulator of radiation-induced DNA damage response. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove), 53(1): 13-17.##24. Emami S (2010) Interplay between p53-family, their regulators, and PARPs in DNA repair. Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 35(2): 98-104.##25. Cao L, Kawai H, Sasatani M, Iizuka D, Masuda Y, Inaba T, Suzuki K, Ootsuyama A, Umata T, Kamiya K, Suzuki F (2014) A novel ATM/TP53/p21-mediated checkpoint only activated by chronic γ-irradiation. PLoS One, 9(8): e104279.##26. 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Effects of X-irradiation and sinensetin on apoptosis induction in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 2 2 Background: Breast cancer is considered as one of the most influential diseases around the world. Radiation is one of many ways that is being use to against cancer. However, patients treated with radiation may face cancer recurrence. Some plant compounds exhibit antioxidant effects. Sinensetin is a methylated flavone present in citrus and Orthosiphon stamineus. In this study, we examined the role of sinensetin in increasing the radiation sensitivity. Method: The cytotoxic effect of sinensetin was evaluated in MDA-MB-231 by MTT assay. Additionally, the clonogenic ability of cells was evaluated in the presence of sinensetin. Real-Time PCR was performed to detect and quantify expression profiles of apoptosis related genes. Result: Sinensetin decreased the viability of MDA-MB-231 in a concentration and time dependent manner. The survival fraction was decreased in cells treated with sinensetin prior to X-irradiation compared to cells treated with X-ray only. Furthermore, treatment of cells with sinensetin and X-ray could increase expression level of p53, Bcl-2 and STAT3. Conclusion: According to the results, sinensetin combined with X-ray can induce apoptosis in the treated cells. 75 82 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/21 1398/9/30 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/21 1398/9/30 N. Rezakhani N. Rezakhani Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran B. Goliaei B. Goliaei Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Goliaei@ut.ac.ir K. Parivar K. Parivar Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran A.R. Nikoofar A.R. Nikoofar Department of Radiotherapy, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran Radiation polyphenol sinensetin combined therapy breast cancer. 1. Akbari ME, Sayad S, Sayad S, Khayamzadeh M, Shojaee L, Shormeji Z, Amiri M (2017) Breast cancer status in Iran: Statistical analysis of 3010 cases between 1998 and 2014. ##2. Sadjadi A, Marjani H, Semnani S, Nasseri-Moghaddam S (2010) Esophageal cancer in Iran: A review. Middle East Journal of Cancer, 1(1): 5-14.##3. Baskar R, Lee KA, Yeo R, Yeoh KW (2012) Cancer and radiation therapy: current advances and future directions. International journal of medical sciences, 9(3): 193.##4. Malik A, Sultana M, Qazi A, Qazi MH, Parveen G, Waquar S, Ashraf AB, Rasool M (2016) Role of natural radiosensitizers and cancer cell radioresistance: an update. Analytical Cellular Pathology, 2016.##5. Nambiar D, Rajamani P, Singh RP (2011) Effects of phytochemicals on ionization radiation-mediated carcinogenesis and cancer therapy. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 728(3): 139-57.##6. Estrela JM, Mena S, Obrador E, Benlloch M, Castellano G, Salvador R, Dellinger RW (2017) Polyphenolic phytochemicals in cancer prevention and therapy: bioavailability versus bioefficacy. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 60(23): 9413-36.##7. Pandey KB and Rizvi SI (2009) Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2(5): 270-278.##8. Hossain MA and Ismail Z (2016) Quantification and enrichment of sinensetin in the leaves of Orthosiphon stamineus. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 9: S1338-41.##9. Lu Y, Zhang C, Bucheli P, Wei D (2006) Citrus flavonoids in fruit and traditional Chinese medicinal food ingredients in China. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 61(2): 55-63.##10. Wong RS (2011) Apoptosis in cancer: from pathogenesis to treatment. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, 30(1): 87.##11. 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Sadjadi A, Nouraie M, Ghorbani A, Alimohammadian M, Malekzadeh R (2009) Epidemiology of breast cancer in the Islamic Republic of Iran: first results from a population-based cancer registry. East Mediterr Health J, 15(6): 1426-31.##17.Kim B, Hong Y, Lee S, Liu P, Lim J, Lee Y, Lee T, Chang K, Hong Y (2015) Therapeutic implications for overcoming radiation resistance in cancer therapy. Int J Mol Sci, 16(11): 26880-913.##18. Deorukhkar A and Krishnan S (2010) Targeting inflammatory pathways for tumor radiosensitization. Biochem Pharmacol, 80(12): 1904-14.##19. Piccolella S, Crescente G, Pacifico F, Pacifico S (2018) Wild aromatic plants bioactivity: a function of their (poly) phenol seasonality? A case study from Mediterranean area. Phytochemistry Reviews, 17(4): 785-99.##20. Korzyńska A and Zychowicz M (2008) A method of estimation of the cell doubling time on basis of the cell culture monitoring data. 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Prophylactic effect of Spirulina platensis on radiation-induced thyroid disorders and alteration of reproductive hormones in female albino rats 2 2 ABSTRACT Background: Ionizing-radiation induces oxidative stress and thyroid toxicity. Thyroid function disorders have a great impact on fertility in both sexes. Materials and Methods: Forty female rats were divided into four groups. Control, Spirulina-treated (300 mg/kg); given orally for 15 days, γ-irradiated; given (5 Gy whole body γ-rays) and Spirulina+irradiated; given Spirulina for 15 days before irradiation. Animals were sacrificed the 3rd day post-irradiation. The level of the oxidant/antioxidant markers: Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was evaluated. In addition, caspase-3 activity was measured as apoptotic marker and comet assay to detect DNA-damage. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were determined to evaluate the thyroid function alterations. Also, analysis of reproductive hormones; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) was detected.  Results: Whole body γ-irradiation-induced oxidative stress, denoted by significant decreases of antioxidant markers and an increase in MDA content. The activity of caspase-3 was significantly increased and comet assay revealed DNA damage. Also, serum level of TSH was significantly increased, while T3, and T4, significantly decreased in irradiated rats. Moreover, the reproductive hormones showed significant decreases. Spirulina treatment has significantly attenuated oxidative stress in thyroid tissues, decreased caspase-3 activity and ameliorated DNA damage, concomitant with significant amelioration in the levels of thyroid and reproductive hormones. Conclusion: Spirulina may alleviate γ-rays-induced thyroid damage and play a significant role in the regulation of thyroid and reproductive hormones in female rats.   83 90 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/22 1398/10/1 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/22 1398/10/1 R.M. Ebrahim R.M. Ebrahim Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Rehab.2000@hotmail.com Spirulina platensis thyroid gamma radiation caspase-3 comet assay. 1. Braverman Lewis E and Robert D (2012) Utiger editors. Werner & Ingbar's. The Thyroid: a Fundamental and Clinical Text. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ##2. Doufas AG and Mastorakos G (2000) the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the female reproductive system. Ann NY Acad Sci, 900: 65–76. ##3. 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Positron emission tomography-computed tomography guided radiotheraphy planning in lung cancer 2 2 Aims and background: In three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), treatment planning is based on computerized tomography (CT) images. However, the data obtained from CT may not be sufficient in target delination. The purpose of this study is to show the differences between the radiotherapy (RT) plans which were done with positron emission tomography (PET) fusion or not. Methods: Patients with lung cancer between February 2009 and January 2012 at our institution were assessed retrospectively. Sixty patients who were treated with 3DCRT, CT simulation images were registrated with PET images. For each patient target volumes were determined and normal tissues were revised. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used to compare the two groups. Results: For gross tumor volume (GTV), clinical target volume (CTV) and planning target volume (PTV); median volume values, median mean dose values and median maximum dose values were significantly different according to use of PET. About normal tissue doses; mean lung dose (MLD), lung V20, mean and maximum esophagus dose, V50 and V60, mean heart dose and maximum medulla spinalis dose were analyzed. Conclusion: Within these parameters there were statistically significant difference except in maximum dose of esophagus and V60. In our study, we observed decreased target volumes and higher dose distrubutions for target volumes in PET registrated RT plans. According to these data, it is possible to say that optimal RT plans can be formed for lung cancer by using PET registration. 91 98 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/22 1398/10/1 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/22 1398/10/1 I. Babalioglu I. Babalioglu Department of Radiation Oncology; School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey drbabalioglu@gmail.com S.C. Gokce S.C. Gokce Department of Radiation Oncology; School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey A. Hicsonmez A. Hicsonmez Department of Radiation Oncology; School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey S. Akyurek S. Akyurek Department of Radiation Oncology; School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Y. Aslan Y. Aslan Department of Radiation Oncology; School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey T. Atakul T. Atakul Department of Radiation Oncology; School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Lung cancer PET-CT image fusion target definition radiotherapy planning. 1. Parkin DM, Bray F, Felay J, Pisani P (2005) Global cancer statistics 2002. CA Cancer J Clin, 55: 74-108.##2. Pignon JP, Arriagada R, Ihde DC, Johnson DH, Perry MC, Souhami RL, Brodin O, Joss RA, Kies MS, Lebeau B (1992) A Meta-Analysis of Thoracic Radiotherapy for Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med, 327: 1618-1624. ##3. Zhang QN, Wang DY, Wang XH, Hui TJ, Yang KH, Li Z, Li HY, Guo LY (2012) Nonconventional radiotherapy versus conventional radiotherapy for inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Thoracic Cancer, 3(3): 269-279.##4. Douillard JY, Rosell R, De Lena M, Riggi M, Hurteloup P, Mahe MA (2008) Impact of postoperative radiation therapy on survival in patients with complete resection and stage I, II, or IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer treated with adjuvant chemotherapy: the adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association (ANITA) Randomized Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys., 72(3): 695-701.##5. Lally BE, Zelterman D, Colasanto JM, Haffty BG, Detterbeck FC, Wilson LD (2006) Postoperative Radiotherapy for Stage II or III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database. JCO, 24(19): 2998-3006. ##6. Deniaud-Alexandre E, Touboul E, Lerouge D, Grahek D, Foulquier JN, Petegnief Y, Grès B, El Balaa H, Keraudy K, Kerrou K, Montravers F, Milleron B, Lebeau B, Talbot JN (2005) Impact of computed tomography and 18Fdeoxyglucose coincidence detection emission tomography image fusion for optimization of conformal radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 63(5): 1432–1441.##7. Sager O, Beyzadeoglu M, Dincoglan F, Oysul K, Kahya YE, Gamsiz H, Uysal B, Demiral S, Dirican B, Surenkok S (2012) Evaluation of active breathing control-moderate deep inspiration breath-hold in definitive non-small cell lung cancer radiotherapy. Neoplasma, 59(3): 333-340.##8. Ashamalla H, Rafla S, Parikh, et al. (2005) The contribution of integrated PET/CT to the evolving definition of treatment volumes in radiation treatment planning in lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 63: 1016-1023.##9. Bowden P, Fisher R, Mac Manus M, et al. (2002) Measurement of lung tumor volumes using three-dimensional computer planning software. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 53: 566-573.##10. Court LE, Dong L, Taylor N, et al. (2004) Evaluation of a contour-alingment technique for CT- guided prostate radiotherapy: An intra- and interobserver study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 59: 412-218.##11. Geets X, Daisne JF, Arcangeli S, et al. (2005) Inter-observer variability in the delination of pharyngo-laryngeal tumor, parotid glands and cervical spinal cord: Comprasion between CT-scan and MRI. Radiother Oncol, 77: 25-31.##12. Hurkmans CW, Borger JH, Peters BR, et al. (2001) Variability in target volume delination on CT scans of the breast. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 50: 1366-1372.##13. Riegel AC, Berson AM, Destian S, et al. (2006) Variability of gross tumor delineation in head-and-neck cancer using CT and PET/CT fusion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 65: 726-732.##14. Saarnak AE, Boersma M, van Bunningen BN, et al. (2000) Interobserver variation in delineation of bladder and rectum counturs for brachytherapy of cervical cancer. Radiother Oncol, 56: 37-42. ##15. Tai P, Van Dyk J, Yu E, de Mey J, et al. (1998) Variability of target delineation in cervical esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 42: 277-288.##16. Van de Steene J, Linthout N, de Mey J, et al. (2002) Definition of gross tumor volume in lung cancer: Inter-observer variability. Radiother Oncol, 62: 37-49.##17. Yamamoto M, Nagata Y, Okajima K, et al. (1999) Differences in target outline delination from CT scans of brain tumors using different methods and different observers. Radiother Oncol, 50: 151-156.##18. Bentzen SM (2004) High-tech in radiation oncology: Should there be a ceiling? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 58: 320-330.##19. Sager O, Dincoglan F, Gamsiz H, Demiral S, Uysal B, Surenkok S, Oysul K, Arslan N, Beyzadeoglu M (2012) Evaluation of the impact of integrated [18f]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging on staging and radiotherapy treatment volume definition of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Gulhane Med J, 54(3): 220-227.##20. Sager O, Dincoglan F, Demiral S, Uysal B, Gamsiz H, Elcim Y, Gündem E, Dirican B, Beyzadeoglu M (2019) Utility of Molecular Imaging With 2-Deoxy-2-[Fluorine-18] Fluoro-D-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography (18f-Fdg Pet) For Small Cell Lung Cancer (Sclc). Curr Radiopharm, 12(1): 4-10.##21. Joan Manel Gasent Blesa, Vicente Alberola Candel, Mariano Provencio Pulla (2009) PET and PET-BT in the staging and treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Therapy, 7: 309-319. ##22. Shervin M Shirvani, Ritsuko Komaki, John V. Heymach, et al. (2012) Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy For Limite-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 82: 91-97.##23. Bradley J, Thorstad WL, Mutic S, et al. (2004) Impact of FDG-PET on radiation therapy volume delineation in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat 0ncol Biol Phys, 59: 78–86.##24. Yusuf E Erdi, Kenneth Rosenweig, Alev K Erdi, et al. (2002) Radiotherapy treatment planning for patients with non-small cell lung cancer using positron emission tomography (PET). Radiotherapy and Oncology, 62: 51-60.##25. De Ruysscher D, Bremer RH, Koppe F, et al. (2006) Omission of elective node irradiation is associated with minimal elective node irradition on basis of BT-scans in patients with limited disease small cell lung cancer: a phase II trial. Radiother Oncol, 80: 307-312. ##26. Bradley J, Graham MV, Winter K, et al. (2005) Toxicity and outcome results of RTOG 9311: a phase I-II dose escalation studyusing three dimensional conformal radiotherapy in patients with inoperabl non-small cell lung carcinoma. Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Phys, 61: 318-328.##27. Graham MV, Purdy JA, Emami B, Harms W, Bosch W, Lockett MA, Perez CA (1999) Clinical dose-volume histogram analysis for pneumonitis after 3D treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 45: 323–329.##28. Algara M, Rodriguez N, Viñals P, Lacruz M, Foro P, Reig A, Quera J, Lozano J, Fernández-Velilla E, Membrive I, Dengra J, Sanz X (2007) Prevention of radiochemotherapy-induced esophagitis with glutamine: results of a pilot study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 69: 342–349.##29. Topkan E, Yavuz MN, Onal C, Yavuz AA (2009) Prevention of acute radiation induced esophagitis with glutamine in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy: Evaluation of clinical and dosimetric parameters. Lung Cancer, 63: 393–399.##30. Kim TH, Cho KH, Pyo HR, Lee JS, Han JY, Zo JI, Lee JM, Hong EK, Choi IJ, Park SY, Shin KH, Kim DY, Kim JY (2005) Dose-volumetric parameters of acute esophageal toxicity in patients with lung cancer treated with threedimensional conformal radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 62: 995–1002.## ##

Accuracy of empirical formulas in evaluation of neutron dose equivalent inside the 60Co vaults reconstructed for medical linear accelerators 2 2 Background: In Southeast Europe medical accelerators are sometimes placed in small vaults originally built for 60Co treatment unit. In order to meet shielding requirements for high energy photon beams, the wall thickness had to be increased. Since the vaults are already limited in size, instead of adding more concrete, materials with high-Z elements were used. Limited vault size and addition of high-Z elements can contribute to the neutron dose equivalent for both medical personnel and patients. Materials and Methods: The most commonly used empirical equations for estimation of neutron dose equivalent at the maze door in the vault are by Kersey and Wu-McGinley. In order to assess accuracy of these equations, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of various geometrical and compositional changes of vault were conducted. Neutron ambient dose equivalent (H*n(10)) was observed when dimensions of the vault walls were reduced gradually. Results: The empirical equations gave results with reasonable accuracy when vaults were of standard size. When the vault was decreased to the size of the usual 60Co unit vault, the most commonly used equations showed significant difference in results (up to 90%) in comparison to MC simulations. MC simulations showed that introducing different materials in shielding can change the neutron dose equivalent in vicinity of accelerators. Conclusion: For vaults limited in size, new simplified equation for neutron dose equivalent at the maze doors is presented, although performing a MC simulation of the specific vault is suggested. 99 107 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/22 1398/10/1 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/22 1398/10/1 A. Ivković A. Ivković Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia D. Faj D. Faj Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia S. Galić S. Galić Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina A.H. Karimi A.H. Karimi Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran M. Kasabašić M. Kasabašić Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia H. Brkić H. Brkić Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia hbrkic@mefos.hr LINAC vault Monte Carlo simulations radiotherapy neutron ambient dose equivalent. 1. Esposito A, Bedogni R, Lembo L, Morelli M (2008) Determination of the neutron spectra around an 18 MV medical LINAC with a passive Bonner sphere spectrometer based on gold foils and TLD pairs. Radiat Meas. Elsevier, 43(2–6) :1038–43. ##2. Vega-Carrillo H, Hernández-Almaraz B, Hernández-Dávila V, Ortíz-Hernández A (2009) Neutron spectrum and doses in a 18 MV LINAC. J Radioanal Nucl Chem, Akadémiai Kiadó, co-published with Springer Science+ Business Media BV …; 283(1): 261–5. ##3. Karimi AH, Brkić H, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Haghighi SB, Jabbari I (2019) Essential considerations for accurate evaluation of photoneutron contamination in Radiotherapy. Appl Radiat Isot, 145: 24–31. ##4. Poje M, Ivković A, Jurković S, Žauhar G, Vuković B, Radolić V, et al. (2014) The neutron dose equivalent around high energy medical electron linear accelerators. Nucl Technol Radiat Prot, 29(3): 171–8. ##5. Schraube H, Kneschaurek P, Schraube G, Wagner FM, Weitzenegger E (2002) Neutron spectra around medical treatment facilities. Nucl Instruments Methods Phys Res Sect A Accel Spectrometers, Detect Assoc Equip, 476(1): 463–7. ##6. Vukovic B, Faj D, Poje M, Varga M, Radolic V, Miklavcic I, et al. (2010) A neutron track etch detector for electron linear accelerators in radiotherapy. Radiol Oncol, 44(1): 62–6. ##7. Brkić H, Ivković A, Kasabašić M, Poje Sovilj M, Jurković S, Štimac D, et al. (2016)The influence of field size and off-axis distance on photoneutron spectra of the 18 MV Siemens Oncor linear accelerator beam. Radiat Meas, 93: 28–34. ##8. Aono Y, Higashisaka A, Ogawa T (2006) NCRP Report 151 Structural shielding design and evaluation for megavoltage X-and gamma-ray radiotherapy facilities. NCRP report 115, Bethesda, MD, USA.##9. IAEA 47 IAE. Radiation protection in the design of radiotherapy facilities. Internat. Atomic Energy Agency; 2006. ##10. 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NCRP, Bethesda, MD. ##16. Kim H, Jang K, Park Y, Kwon J, Choi H, Lee J, et al. (2009) New empirical formula for neutron dose level at the maze entrance of 15 MV medical accelerator facilities. Wiley Online Library; Med Phys, 36(5): 1512–20. ##17. Wang X, Esquivel C, Nes E, Shi C, Papanikolaou N, Charlton M (2011) The neutron dose equivalent evaluation and shielding at the maze entrance of a Varian Clinac 23EX treatment room. Wiley Online Library; Med Phys, 38(3): 1141–9. ##18. Beigi M, Afarande F, Ghiasi H (2016) Safe bunker designing for the 18 MV Varian 2100 Clinac: a comparison between Monte Carlo simulation based upon data and new protocol recommendations. Reports Pract Oncol Radiother, 21(1): 42–9. ##19. Ramírez PVC, Góngora JAID, Gutiérrez LCP, Montalvo TR, Carrillo HRV (2016) Neutron H*(10) estimation and measurements around 18 MV linac. Appl Radiat Isot, 117: 2–7. ##20. 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PTX3 levels in murine pulmonary parenchymal tissues are correlated with radiation-induced injuries 2 2 Background: Pentraxins (PTX) play key roles in innate immunity and inflammatory responses. An increase in PTX3 levels may be a marker of early radiation injury in the lung. Thus, we aimed to determine the effect of radiation on PTX3 expression in a lung injury mouse model. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four 6–8-week-old mice were divided into 4 groups, one control (group 1) and three experimental groups (groups 2–4) irradiated with 6 MV photons and 5 Gy in a single fraction. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were sedated and euthanized 24, 72, and 168 h after radiation, respectively. The right lung middle lobe was then removed for histochemical examination and immunostaining for PTX3 expression, which was evaluated semi-quantitatively using H-SCORE analysis. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Kruskal Wallis one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. Results: Immunohistochemistry of lung tissue samples showed different PTX3 expression levels across the four groups. Group 1 showed weak staining (232.50 ± 9.501), while group 2 (301.50 ± 7.472) and group 3 (283.50 ± 7.090) showed strong immunoreactivity. Group 4 showed moderate PTX3 immunoreactivity (271.50 ± 10.013). Moreover, H-score values between control and early radiation groups were statistically significant (group 1 vs. group 2, p < 0.001; group 1 vs. group 3, p = 0.002). Conclusion: PTX3 levels may be an early marker for long-term radiation effects. Our study provides insights into the pathological processes of pulmonary inflammation and acute radiation injury, and may provide novel therapeutic strategies for controlling pulmonary inflammation without eliciting radiation injury. 109 115 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/22 1398/10/1 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/22 1398/10/1 B. Sarper B. Sarper Department of Radiation Oncology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey sarperbinnaz@gmail.com M.K. Ozbilgin M.K. Ozbilgin Department of Histology and Embryology, Celal Bayar University Medical School, Manisa, Turkey E. Gumustepe E. Gumustepe Department of Radiation Oncology, Ankara University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey S. Gencur S. Gencur Department of Histology and Embryology, Celal Bayar University Medical School, Manisa, Turkey G.Z. Karaman G.Z. Karaman Department of Histology and Embryology, Celal Bayar University Medical School, Manisa, Turkey P. Kilicaslan P. Kilicaslan Department of Histology and Embryology, Celal Bayar University Medical School, Manisa, Turkey C. Kurtman C. Kurtman Department of Radiation Oncology, Ankara University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey Radiation lung injury pentraxin-3 murine innate immune system. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2019) Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin, 69(1): 7–34.##Sagerup CM, Smastuen M, Johannesen TB, Helland A, Brustugun OT (2011) Sex-specific trends in lung cancer incidence and survival: a population study of 40,118 cases. Thorax, 66(4): 301–307. ##Ghafoori P, Lawrence BM, Vujaskovic Z, Kelsey CR (2008) Radiation-Induced Lung Injury: Assessment, Management, and Prevention. Oncology, 22(1): 37–47.##Goans RE, Holloway EC, Berger ME, Ricks RC (2001) Early dose assessment in criticality accidents. 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Calculating H-Score, the ASCO post, April 10, 2015##Chen J, Zhang W, Zhang L, Zhang J, Chen X, Yang M, Chen T, Hong J (2017) Glycyrrhetinic acid alleviates radiation-induced lung injury in mice. J Radiat Res, 58(1): 41–47.##Pauwels NS, Bracke KR, Maes T, van Pottelberge GR, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, Joos GF, Brusselle GG (2010) Cigarette smoke induces PTX3 expression in pulmonary veins of mice in an IL-1 dependent manner. Respir Res, 11: 134. ##Salio M, Chimenti S, De Angelis N, Molla F, Maina V, Nebuloni M, Pasqualini F, Latini R, Garlanda C, Mantovani A (2008) Cardioprotective function of the long pentraxin PTX3 in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 117 (8): 1055–1064.##Han B, Haitsma JJ, Zhang Y, Bai X, Rubacha M, Keshavjee S, Zhang H, Liu M (2011) Long pentraxin PTX3 deficiency worsens LPS-induced acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med, 37(2): 334–342. ##Liu C, Yao Y, Wang W (2014) Pentraxin-3 as a prognostic marker in patients with small-cell lung cancer. 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Estimation of the visual system complication probability on children with Medulloblastoma after Craniospinal irradiation with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy 2 2 Background: The use of radiation therapy for medulloblastoma can affect children’s visual system. We estimated children’s visual system complication probability in the craniospinal irradiation (CSI) technique with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Materials and Methods: CSI of fifteen medulloblastoma patients and a phantom were planned with 6 MV photon beams and 23.4 Gy prescribed dose. The doses of lenses were measured using thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD). The delivered doses and complication probabilities were calculated based on the equivalent uniform dose (EUD) model to each contoured organ, including the bilateral lenses, optic nerves, retinas and optic chiasm. Results: The received dose for each organ was less than the tolerance value (p<0.001), except for the eye lens. The normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) values for all of the organs at risk (OAR) were found insignificant. The discrepancies of calculated and measured doses for the right and left lenses were 6.35% and 6.23% (p<0.001), respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) publication 118 that children with medulloblastoma cancer treated with CSI with 3D-CRT method are susceptible to cataract complication. 117 123 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/22 1398/10/1 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/22 1398/10/1 P. Shoa P. Shoa Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran I. Abedi I. Abedi Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran M.B. Tavakoli M.B. Tavakoli Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran mohamadbtavakoli@gmail.com A.R. Amouheidari A.R. Amouheidari Department of Radiation-Oncology, Isfahan Milad Hospital, Isfahan, Iran K. Jabbari K. Jabbari Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Visual System Complication Probability Medulloblastoma Craniospinal Irradiation Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. 1. Bartlett F, Kortmann R, Saran F (2013) Medulloblastoma. Clinical Oncology, 25(1): 36-45.##2. Laprie A, Hu Y, Alapetite C, Carrie C, Habrand J-L, Bolle S, et al. (2015) Paediatric brain tumours: a review of radiotherapy, state of the art and challenges for the future regarding protontherapy and carbontherapy. Cancer/Radiotherapie, 19(8): 775-789.##3. Halperin EC, Brady LW, Perez CA, Wazer DE (2019) Perez & Brady's principles and practice of radiation oncology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.##4. Brodin NP, Rosenschöld PMA, Aznar MC, Kiil-Berthelsen A, Vogelius IR, Nilsson P, et al. (2011) Radiobiological risk estimates of adverse events and secondary cancer for proton and photon radiation therapy of pediatric medulloblastoma. Acta oncologica, 50(6): 806-816.##5. Kahn F and Gibbons J (2014) Khan's the physics of radiation therapy. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.##6. Jeganathan VSE, Wirth A, MacManus MP (2011) Ocular risks from orbital and periorbital radiation therapy: a critical review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 79(3): 650-659.##7. Mayo C, Martel MK, Marks LB, Flickinger J, Nam J, Kirkpatrick J (2010) Radiation dose–volume effects of optic nerves and chiasm. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 76(3): S28-S35.##Scoccianti S, Detti B, Gadda D, Greto D, Furfaro I, Meacci F, et al. (2015) Organs at risk in the brain and their dose-constraints in adults and in children: a radiation oncologist’s guide for delineation in everyday practice. ##Radiotherapy and Oncology, 114(2): 230-238.##9. Whelan KF, Stratton K, Kawashima T, Waterbor JW, Castleberry RP, Stovall M, et al. (2010) Ocular late effects in childhood and adolescent cancer survivors: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. Pediatric blood & cancer, 54(1): 103-109.##10. Zhang R, Howell RM, Giebeler A, Taddei PJ, Mahajan A, Newhauser WD (2013) Comparison of risk of radiogenic second cancer following photon and proton craniospinal irradiation for a pediatric medulloblastoma patient. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 58(4): 807-823.##11. Miralbell R, Cella L, Weber D, Lomax A (2000) Optimizing radiotherapy of orbital and paraorbital tumors: intensity-modulated X-ray beams vs. intensity-modulated proton beams. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 47(4): 1111-1119.##12. Gay HA and Niemierko A (2007) A free program for calculating EUD-based NTCP and TCP in external beam radiotherapy. Physica Medica, 23(3-4): 115-125.##13. Niemierko A and Goitein M (1993) Modeling of normal tissue response to radiation: the critical volume model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 25(1): 135-145.##14. Fuss M, Poljanc K, Miller DW, Archambeau JO, Slater JM, Slater JD, et al. (2000) Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) calculations as a means to compare proton and photon plans and evaluation of clinical appropriateness of calculated values. International Journal of Cancer, 90(6): 351-358.##15. Cassidy L, Stirling R, May K, Picton S, Doran R (2000) Ophthalmic complications of childhood medulloblastoma. Medical and Pediatric Oncology: The Official Journal of SIOP—International Society of Pediatric Oncology (Societé Internationale d'Oncologie Pédiatrique), 34(1): 43-47.##16. Chodick G, Sigurdson AJ, Kleinerman RA, Sklar CA, Leisenring W, Mertens AC, et al. (2016) The risk of cataract among survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. Radiation Research, 185(4): 366-374.##17. Howell RM, Giebeler A, Koontz-Raisig W, Mahajan A, Etzel CJ, D’Amelio AM, et al. (2012) Comparison of therapeutic dosimetric data from passively scattered proton and photon craniospinal irradiations for medulloblastoma. Radiation Oncology, 7(1): 116-127.##18. Emami B (2013) Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic radiation. Reports of Radiotherapy and Oncology, 1(1): 35-48. ##19. Marks LB, Yorke ED, Jackson A, Ten Haken RK, Constine LS, Eisbruch A, et al. (2010) Use of normal tissue complication probability models in the clinic. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 76(3): S10-S19.##20. Stewart F, Akleyev A, Hauer-Jensen M, Hendry J, Kleiman N, Macvittie T, et al. (2012) ICRP publication 118: ICRP statement on tissue reactions and early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs–threshold doses for tissue reactions in a radiation protection context. Annals of the ICRP, 41(1): 1-322.##21. Tongwan D, Peerawong T, Oonsiri S, Shotelersuk K (2010) Craniospinal irradiation in the supine position: a ##dosimetric analysis. Asian Biomed, 3(6): 699-708.##22. Parker W, Patrocinio H, Podgorsak MB, Podgorsak EB (2005) Radiation oncology physics: A handbook for teachers and students. 219 p.##23. Wang X, Li G, Zhao J, Song Y, Xiao J, Bai S (2019) Verification of eye lens dose in IMRT by MOSFET measurement. Medical Dosimetry. 44(2): 107-110. ##24. Kry SF, Titt U, Pönisch F, Followill D, Vassiliev ON, Allen White R, et. al. (2006) A Monte Carlo model for calculating out‐of‐field dose from a Varian beam. Medical Physics, 33(11): 4405-4413.##25. Baghani H, Aghamiri S, Gharaati H, Mahdavi S, Daghigh Hosseini S (2011) Comparing the results of 3D treatment planning and practical dosimetry in craniospinal radiotherapy using Rando phantom. Iran J Radiat Res, 9(3): 151-158.##26. Bakhshandeh M, Hashemi B, Mahdavi SRM, Nikoofar A, Vasheghani M, Kazemnejad A (2013) Normal tissue complication probability modeling of radiation-induced hypothyroidism after head-and-neck radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 85(2): 514-521.##27. Kehwar T (2005) Analytical approach to estimate normal tissue complication probability using best fit of normal tissue tolerance doses into the NTCP equation of the linear quadratic model. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics, 1(3): 168-179. ##28. Lyman JT (1985) Complication probability as assessed from dose-volume histograms. Radiation Research, 104(2s): S13-S19.##29. Emami B, Lyman J, Brown A, Cola L, Goitein M, Munzenrider J, et al. 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Protective effect of vitamin D against rats’ mandibular osteoporosis induced by corticosteroids and gamma rays 2 2 Background: Osteoporosis is a progressive systematic skeletal illness characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), deterioration of microarchitecture of bone tissues and susceptibility to fracture caused by bone resorption. The study investigates the possible role of Alfacalcidol; vitamin D (Vit D) to mitigate osteoporosis induced by corticosteroid and γ-rays in rats. Materials and Methods: Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into eight groups: Control group (1 ml olive oil orally), Epirelefan group (7mg/kg sc), Vit D group (20,000 IU/kg orally), Vit D plus Epirelefan group, Vit D plus γ-rays (8 Gy) group, Epirelefan plus γ-rays group, Vit D plus Epirelefan plus γ-rays group and γ-rays groups. Results: In Epirelefan group, mandible bone has small cavities, micro fissures, thinning and decrease in the number of trabecular, which may appear rod-like and concave beside increase marrow cavities. In Epirelefan + γ-rays group, the lesions were more severe with increasing osteoclast and alteration of serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase. The administration of Vit D before corticosteroid injection and pre γ-rays-irradiation has significantly reduced mandibular damage. Conclusion: Vit D could be efficient in mitigating osteoporosis occurred by corticosteroid and γ-rays in rat model. 125 131 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/22 1398/10/1 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/22 1398/10/1 A.A. Elkady A.A. Elkady Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, 29 Nasr City , Cairo, Egypt elkadyah13@gmail.com H.H. Kazem H.H. Kazem Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, 29 Nasr City , Cairo, Egypt E.A. Elgendy E.A. Elgendy Oral Medicine & Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Khafrelsheikh University, Egypt Osteoporosis γ-rays Epirelefan Vit D Rats. Lelovas PP, Xanthos TT, Thoma SE, Lyritis GP, Dontas IA (2008) The laboratory rat as an animal model for osteoporosis research. Comp Med, 58: 424-430.##Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, De Laet C, Johansson H, Johnell O, Jonsson P, Oden A, Zethraeus N, Pfleger B, Khaltaev N (2005) Assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporos Int, 16:581–589.##Dennison E1, Cole Z, Cooper C (2005) Diagnosis and epidemiology of osteoporosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 17: 456-461.##Canalis E, Massiotti G, Giustina A, Bilezikian JB (2007) Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and therapy. Osteoporos Int, 18: 1319-1328.##Ito S, Suzuki N, Kato S, Takahashi T, Takagi M (2007) Glucocorticoids induce the differentiation of a mesenchymal progenitor cell line, ROB-C26 into adipocytes and osteoblasts, but fail to induce terminal osteoblast differentiation. Bone, 40: 84-92.##Sambrook PN, Hughes DR, Nelson AE, Robinson BG, Mason RS (2003) Osteocyte viability with glucocorticoid treatment: Relation to histomorphometry. Ann Rheum Dis, 62: 1215–1217.##Richy F, Schacht E, Bruvere O, Ethgen O, Gourlay M, Reginster JY (2005) Vitamin D analogs versus native vitamin D in preventing bone loss and osteoporosis-related fractures: A comparative meta-analysis. Calcif Tissue Int, 76: 176-186. ##Reginster JY, Kuntz D, Verdickt W, Wouters M, Guillevin L, Menkes CJ et al. 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The protective effect of melatonin on liver damage induced by mobile phone radiation in mice model 2 2 ABSTRACT: Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) of mobile phone has adverse effects on human health, such as the liver tissue. Melatonin, as a neurohormone has antioxidant property. The aim of present study was to evaluate the protective effects of melatonin on liver damage induced by mobile phone-radiofrequency radiation. Matherials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 adult male BALB/c mice were divided randomly into four groups: control group (received only normal saline), melatonin group (2 mg/kg, for 30 consecutive days, intraperitoneally), Electromagnetic radiofrequency radiations (RF-EMR) group (4 hours per day for 30 consecutive days, whole body), and melatonin + RF-EMR) group (melatonin was prescribed one hour before exposure to RF-EMR. One day after treatment period were evaluated oxidative stress parameters, serum biochemical, and histopathological assays of liver. Results: The results exhibited that RF-EMR significantly increased oxidative stress (increased Malondialdehyde and decreased Glutathione level) compared with control and melatonin group (P < 0.001). Histopathological findings in the RF-EMR group showed periportal leucocyte infiltration, dilation of sinusoids, necrosis, vacuolation, and granulomatous formation. Also, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase in serum increased significantly compared with control and melatonin groups (P<0.001). Melatonin administration significantly reduced oxidative stress (P<0.01) in the radiated mice and ameliorated histopathological compared with control group. Conclusion: The data indicate that RF-EMR induces oxidative damage and changes histopathological structure in the liver. Melatonin decreased oxidative stress and improved the liver damage induced by RF-EMR. 133 141 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/30 1398/10/9 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/30 1398/10/9 R. Moradpour R. Moradpour Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rouzbahan Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran M. Shokri M. Shokri Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran S. Abedian S. Abedian Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Immunogenetic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran F. i Talebpour Amir F. i Talebpour Amir Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Ftaleb2001@yahoo.co.uk Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation hepatotoxicity oxidative stress antioxidant melatonin. 1. Ragy M (2015)Effect of exposure and withdrawal of 900-MHz-electromagnetic waves on brain, kidney and liver oxidative stress and some biochemical parameters in male rats. Electromagn Biol Med, 34(4):279-84.##2. Fatma AA, M El-Gendy Samir, A Zahkouk Nomaan, A El-Tahway, Sawsan, A El-Shamy (2015) Ameliorative Effect of Two Antioxidants on The Liver of Male Albino Rats Exposed to Electromagnetic Field. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 58:74-93.##3. 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Koşar, PA (2005) Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative injury in rat testis induced by wireless (2.45 GHz) devices. Arch Med Res, 36(4): 350-5.##9. Oktem FO, Mollaoglu F, Koyu H A (2015) Oxidative damage in the kidney induced by 900-MHz-emitted mobile phone: protection by melatonin. Curr Med Chem, 22(22): 2690-711.##10. Ozguner FB and Y Comlekci S (2006) Protective effects of melatonin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester against retinal oxidative stress in long-term use of mobile phone: a comparative study. Mol Cell Biochem, 282(1-2):83-8.##11. Nazıroğlu M, Çelik Ö, Özgül C, Çiğ B, Doğan S, Bal R, et al. (2012) Melatonin modulates wireless (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative injury through TRPM2 and voltage gated Ca2+ channels in brain and dorsal root ganglion in rat. Physiology & behavior, 105(3): 683-92.##12. Dusan Sokolovic BD GK, Tatjana J. Stoimenov, Zoran Stanojkovic, Danka M, et al. (2015) The Effects of melatonin on oxidative stress parameters and DNA fragmentation in testicular tissue of rats exposed to microwave radiation. Adv Clin Exp Med, 24(3):429-36.##13. Taysi S, Koc M, Büyükokuroğlu ME, Altınkaynak K, Şahin YN (2003) Melatonin reduces lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide during irradiation‐induced oxidative injury in the rat liver. Journal of pineal research, 34(3): 173-7.##14. Djordjevic B, Sokolovic D, Kocic G, Veljkovic A, Despotovic M, Basic J, et al. (2015) The effect of melatonin on the liver of rats exposed to microwave radiation. Bratislavske lekarske listy, 116(2): 96-100.##15. Djordjevic B SD, Kocic G, Veljkovic A, Despotovic M, Basic J, Jevtovic-Stoimenov T, Sokolovic DM (2015) The effect of melatonin on the liver of rats exposed to microwave radiation. Bratisl Lek Listy 116(2): 96 – 100.##16. Dusan Sokolovic BD, Gordana K, Tatjana J Stoimenov, Zoran S, Danka M Sokolovic, Andrej V, Goran R, Milena D, Dusan MBF, Radmilo J, Ivana B (2015) The effects of melatonin on oxidative stress parameters and DNA fragmentation in testicular tissue of rats exposed to microwave radiation. Adv Clin Exp Med, 24(3): 429–36.##17. Karimi S, Hosseinimehr SJ, Mohammadi HR, Khalatbary AR, Talebpour Amiri F(2018) Zataria multiflora ameliorates cisplatin-induced testicular damage via suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis in a mice model. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 21(6): 607-14.##18. Hamzeh M, Hosseinimehr SJ, Khalatbary AR, Mohammadi HR, Dashti A, Talebpour Amiri F (2018) Atorvastatin mitigates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity via suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat model. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(5): 440-9.##19. Esmekaya MA, Ozer C, Seyhan N (2011) 900 MHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative stress on heart, lung, testis and liver tissues. Gen Physiol Biophys, 30(1): 84-9.##20. Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S (2014) Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Volume 2014, Article ID 360438, 31 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/360438##21. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F (2008) Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 22(4): 992-7.##22. Çiğ B and Nazıroğlu M (2015) Investigation of the effects of distance from sources on apoptosis, oxidative stress and cytosolic calcium accumulation via TRPV1 channels induced by mobile phones and Wi-Fi in breast cancer cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1848(10): 2756-65.##23. Irmak MK, Fadıllıoğlu E, Güleç M, Erdoğan H, Yağmurca M, Akyol Ö (2002) Effects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular telephone on the oxidant and antioxidant levels in rabbits. Cell Biochemistry and Function, 20(4): 279-83.##24. Zhang M, Zhang H, Li H, Lai F, Li X, Tang Y, et al. (2016) Antioxidant mechanism of betaine without free radical scavenging ability. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(42): 7921-30.##25. Ortiz F, Fernández-Gil BI, Guerra-Librero A, López LC, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Escames G (2016) Preliminary evidence suggesting that nonmetallic and metallic nanoparticle devices protect against the effects of environmental electromagnetic radiation by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory status. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 8(5): 835-40.##26. Koyu A, Naziroglu M, Ozguner F, Ramazan Yilmaz H, Uz E, Cesur G (2005) Caffeic acid phenethyl ester modulates 1800 MHz microwave-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 24(2):135-42.##27. Gumral N, Saygin M, Asci H, Uguz A, Celik O, Doguc D, et al. (2016) The effects of electromagnetic radiation (2450 MHz wireless devices) on the heart and blood tissue: role of melatonin. Bratislavske lekarske listy, 117(11): 665-71.##28. Hermoso DAM, Shimada LBC, Gilglioni EH, Constantin J, Mito MS, Hermoso APM, et al. (2016) Melatonin protects female rats against steatosis and liver oxidative stress induced by oestrogen deficiency. Life sciences, 157: 178-86.##29. Chen Y, Qing W, Sun M, Lv L, Guo D, Jiang Y (2015) Melatonin protects hepatocytes against bile acid-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress via the AMPK-SIRT3-SOD2 pathway. Free Radical Research, 49(10):1275-84.##30. Wang D, Wei Y, Wang T, Wan X, Yang CS, Reiter RJ, et al. (2015) Melatonin attenuates (‐)‐epigallocatehin‐3‐gallate‐triggered hepatotoxicity without compromising its downregulation of hepatic gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes in mice. Journal of Pineal Research, 59(4): 497-507.##31. Chahbouni M, Escames G, Venegas C, Sevilla B, García JA, López LC, et al. (2010) Melatonin treatment normalizes plasma pro‐inflammatory cytokines and nitrosative/oxidative stress in patients suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Journal of Pineal Research, 48(3): 282-9.##32. Erdem Koç G, Kaplan S, Altun G, Gümüş H, Gülsüm Deniz Ö, Aydin I, et al. (2016) Neuroprotective effects of melatonin and omega-3 on hippocampal cells prenatally exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 92(10): 590-5.##33. Ozguner F, Bardak Y, Comlekci S (2006) Protective effects of melatonin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester against retinal oxidative stress in long-term use of mobile phone: a comparative study. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 282(1-2): 83-8.##34. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Poeggeler B, Kavet R (1998 )Inconsistent suppression of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and serum melatonin levels in rats exposed to pulsed DC magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, The Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, The European Bioelectromagnetics Association, 19(5): 318-29.##35. Lai H and Singh NP (1997) Melatonin and a spin‐trap compound block radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation‐induced DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics, 18(6): 446-54.##36. Nazıroğlu M, ÇIğ B, Doğan S, Uğuz AC, Dilek S, Faouzi D (2012) 2.45-Gz wireless devices induce oxidative stress and proliferation through cytosolic Ca2+ influx in human leukemia cancer cells. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 88(6): 449-56.##37. Chauhan P, Verma H, Sisodia R, Kesari KK (2017) Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: Whole-body exposure effect on histopathology of Wistar rats. 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Efficacy of mathematical models in predicting the concentration of indoor radon in areas with high levels of natural background radiation 2 2 Background: Indoor levels of 222Rn in some residential areas in Ramsar are as high as 31,000 Bq/m3, resulting in mean internal exposures up to 71 mSv/y. The main goal of this study was to develop a simple mathematical model for predicting radon concentrationfrom gamma radiation level in dwellings located in high background radiation areas (HBRAs) and a nearby normal background radiation area (NBRA) of Ramsar. Materials and Methods: The levels of gamma background radiation and indoor radon were measured in 350 dwellings located in normal and high background radiation areas (210 dwellings from HBRAs and 140 dwellings from NBRAs). Moreover, data about the most important environmental factors such as temperature and humidity as well as the inhabitants’ nutrition were collected. Results: The mathematical relationship between the gamma radiation level and indoor radon concentration in NBRAs and HBRAs is introduced in this study. The findings obtained in this study clearly indicate that in normal and high background radiation areas of Ramsar the majority of confounding factors such as the type of building materials and ventilation in different houses are almost identical. Therefore, the level of gamma radiation can be used as a strong predictive tool for radon concentration. Conclusion: As radon concentration in indoor air strongly varies with time, the simple mathematical methods developed in this study, can help health physicists and environmental scientists have an estimate of the mean radon level in these areas. 143 147 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 M. Haghani M. Haghani Nuclear Engineering Department, School of Mechanics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran K. Haddad K. Haddad Nuclear Engineering Department, School of Mechanics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran hadadk@shirazu.ac.ir S.M.J. Mortazavi S.M.J. Mortazavi Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran mortazavismj@gmail.com R. Faghihi R. Faghihi Nuclear Engineering Department, School of Mechanics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran A. Pirouzmand A. Pirouzmand Nuclear Engineering Department, School of Mechanics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran M. Faraz M. Faraz Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mathematical model indoor radon high background radiation areas Ramsar prediction. UNSCEAR (2000) Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).##Ghiassi-Nejad M, Mortazavi SMJ, Cameron J, Niroomand-Rad A, Karam P (2002) Very high background radiation areas of Ramsar, Iran: preliminary biological studies. Health Physics, 82(1): 87.##Sohrabi M (2013) World high background natural radiation areas: Need to protect public from radiation exposure. Radiation Measurements, 50: 166-71.##Mortazavi SMJ and Mozdarani H (2013) Non-linear phenomena in biological findings of the residents of high background radiation areas of Ramsar. Int J Radiat Res, 11(1): 3-9.##Mortazavi SMJ and Mozdarani H (2012) Is it time to shed some light on the black box of health policies regarding the inhabitants of the high background radiation areas of Ramsar? Int J Radiat Res, 10(3): 111-6.##Mortazavi SMJ, Shabestani-Monfared A, Ghiassi-Nejad M, Mozdarani H (2005) Radioadaptive responses induced in lymphocytes of the inhabitants in Ramsar, Iran. International Congress Series, 1276: 201-3.##Mortazavi SMJ, Ghiassi-Nejad M, Rezaiean M (2005) Cancer risk due to exposure to high levels of natural radon in the inhabitants of Ramsar, Iran. International Congress Series, 1276: 436-7.##Mortazavi SMJ, Abbasi A, Asadi R, Hemmati A (2005) The need for considering social, economic, and psychological factors in warning the general public from the possible risks due to residing in HLNRAs. International Congress Series, 1276: 440-1.##Mortazavi SMJ and Karam PA (2005) Apparent lack of radiation susceptibility among residents of the high background radiation area in Ramsar, Iran: can we relax our standards? Natural Radiation Environment. 7: 1141-7.##Mortazavi SMJ, Niroomand-Rad A, Mozdarani H, Roshan-Shomal P, Razavi-Toosi SMT, Zarghani H (2012) Short-term exposure to high levels of natural external gamma radiation does not induce survival adaptive response. Iran J Radiat Res, 10(3-4): 165-70. ##Sohrabi M and Esmaeli AR (2002) In: New public dose assessment of elevated level natural radiation areas of Ramsar (Iran) for epidemiological studies. Burkhart W, Sohrabi M, Bayer A, editors. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 15-24.##Sohrabi M and Babapouran M (2005) In: New public dose assessment from internal and external exposures in low and elevated level natural radiation areas of Ramsar, Iran. Sugahara T, Sasaki Y, Morishima H, Hayata I, Sohrabi M, Akiba S, editors. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 169 -174.##Lubin JH, Boice JD, Jr, Samet JM (1995) Errors in exposure assessment, statistical power and the interpretation of residential radon studies. Radiat Res, 144: 329–341. ##Field RW (2001) A review of residential radon case–control epidemiologic studies performed in the United States. Rev. Environ. Health, 16: 151–167. ##Karam, PA and Leslie SA (1999) Calculations of background beta-gamma radiation dose through geologic time. Health Physics, 77(6): 662-667. ##Karam PA, Leslie SA, Anbar A (2001) The effects of changing atmospheric oxygen concentrations and background radiation levels on radiogenic DNA damage rates. Health Physics, 81(5): 545-553. ##Karam PA (2002) The High background radiation area in Ramsar Iran: geology, norm, biology, LNT, and possible regulatory fun. In WM 2 Conference, Tucson, Arizona, USA, (pp. 24-28).##Mortazavi SMJ, Zarei S, Taheri M, Tajbakhsh S, Mortazavi SA, Ranjbar S, et al. (2017) Sensitivity to antibiotics of bacteria exposed to gamma radiation emitted from hot soils of the high background radiation areas of Ramsar, Northern Iran. The International journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 8(2): 80-4.## ##

Spironolactone ameliorates the radiation-induced late fibrosis in salivary glands in a rat model 2 2 Background: Management of head and neck cancer includes surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT). We hypothesized that pre-radiation treatment with a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist, spironolactone (S), may have radioprotective effect on salivary glands. Materials and Methods: Study included 30 adult female Wistar albino rats. Rats were divided into four groups (G); G1, control group; G2, RT-only group, G3, S-only group; G4, RT plus S group. Rats were sacrificed at 6th hour; 21st and 100th days after RT. Salivary gland samples were taken for microscopical examination. Results: Periductal-perivascular inflammation scores in 21st and 100th days tended to be higher in G2 than in G4, but the difference was not statistically significant. Periductal-perivascular fibrosis score was significantly different between the groups in 100th day (P: 0.010). Pairwise comparisons revealed that periductal-perivascular fibrosis scores were different between G1 and G2 (P: 0.014), G2 and G3 (P: 0.014), G2 and G4 (P: 0.034). Conclusions: MR blockade with S, when initiated before RT, ameliorates late radiation-induced fibrosis in the submandibular glands. 149 155 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 C. Elsurer C. Elsurer Selcuk University, Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Konya, Turkey Z.E. Celik Z.E. Celik Selcuk University, Department of Pathology, Konya, Turkey G. Yavas G. Yavas Selcuk University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Konya, Turkey guler.aydinyavas@gmail.com C. Yavas C. Yavas Selcuk University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Konya, Turkey Inflammation fibrosis salivary gland submandibular gland radiotherapy rat. Martin KL, Hill GA, Klein RR, Arnett DG, Burd R, Limesand KH (2012) Prevention of radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction utilizing a CDK inhibitor in a Mouse model. PLoS One, 7(12): e51363. ##Vissink A, van Luijk P, Langendijk J, Coppes R (2014) Current ideas to reduce or salvage radiation damage to salivary glands. Oral Dis, ??-??: ?? [Epub ahead of print]. ##Kałużny J, Wierzbicka M, Nogala H, Milecki P, Kopeć T (2014) Radiotherapy induced xerostomia: mechanisms, diagnostics, prevention and treatment—evidence based up to2013. Otolaryngol Pol, 68(1): 1-14.##Bölling T, Weege J, Eich HT, et al. (2014) Acute and late side effects to salivary glands and oral mucosa after head and neck radiotherapy in children and adolescents. Results of the registry for the evaluation of side effects after radiotherapy in childhood and adolescence. Head Neck, Apr 25. [Epub ahead of print].##Su YX, Benedek GA, Sieg P, et al. (2013) Radioprotective effect of lidocaine on neurotransmitter agonist-induced secretion in irradiated salivary glands. PLoS One, 8(3): e60256.##Briet M and Schiffrin EL (2010) Aldosterone: effects on the kidney and cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Nephrol, 6(5): 261-73.##Preston IR, Sagliani KD, Warburton RR, Hill NS, Fanburg BL, Jaffe IZ (2013) Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism attenuates experimental pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 304(10): L678-88.##Gilbert KC and Brown NJ (2010) Aldosterone and inflammation. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 17(3): 199-204.##Brown NJ (2013) Contribution of aldosterone to cardiovascular and renal inflammation and fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol, 9(8): 459-69.##Funder JW (2013) Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: emerging roles in cardiovascular medicine. Integr Blood Press Control, 6: 129-38.##Hadley T, Song C, Wells L, et al. (2013) Does hyperbaric oxygen therapy have the potential to improve salivary gland function in irradiated head and neck cancer patients? Med Gas Res, 3(1): 15. ##Xu L, Yang X, Cai J, et al. (2013) Resveratrol attenuates radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction in mice. Laryngoscope, 123(11): E23-9.##O'Connell AC (2000) Natural history and prevention of radiation injury. Adv Dent Res, 14: 57-61.##Nanduri LS, Lombaert IM, van der Zwaag M, Faber H, Brunsting JF, van Os RP, Coppes RP (2013) Salisphere derived c-Kit+ cell transplantation restores tissue homeostasis in irradiated salivary gland. Radiother Oncol, 108(3): 458-63.##Hai B, Yang Z, Shangguan L, Zhao Y, Boyer A, Liu F (2012) Concurrent transient activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway prevents radiation damage to salivary glands. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 83(1): e109-16.##Medina VA, Prestifilippo JP, Croci M, Carabajal E, Bergoc RM, Elverdin JC, Rivera ES (2011) Histamine prevents functional and morphological alterations of submandibular glands induced by ionising radiation. Int J Radiat Biol, 87(3): 284-92.## ##

Transfer factor of natural radionuclides from clay loam soil to sesame and Cowpea: radiological hazards 2 2 Background: This work investigated the transfer factor of radionuclides from clay loam soil to sesame and cowpea plants. Materials and Methods: Twenty samples from the plant and twenty samples from its soil were collected from five different locations (farms). Gamma-ray spectrometry was used to determine the activity concentration for the samples. In addition, the soil physicochemical characteristics such as pH value, the amount of organic content and texture of soil were investigated by pH meter, Walkley-Black and particle size distribution (Pipette) methods, respectively. Results: The average activity concentrations, respectively, of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were 12.75, 10.20 and 131.75 Bq kg-1 for the clay loam soil, 5.20, 4.15 and 171.00 Bq kg-1 for sesame and 6.70, 5.60 and 182.90 Bq kg-1 for cowpea. The transfer factor from soil to sesame and cowpea was discussed. The average values of transfer factor were 0.51, 0.53 and 1.36 (for cowpea) and 0.42, 0.43 and 1.33 (for sesame), respectively for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K. The results showed that the transfer factor in cowpea is much greater than that in sesame. As a result of the ingestion of the radionuclides from the plants, the average annual dose was lower than the 290 μSv y-1 world average. Conclusion: Accordingly, the radiological risk due to the intake of the natural radionuclides in these plants was immaterial. 157 166 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 R. Elsaman R. Elsaman Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt reda_m8282@yahoo.com, G.A.M. Ali G.A.M. Ali Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt gomaasanad@azhar.edu.eg, M.A.M. Uosif M.A.M. Uosif Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia A. El-Taher A. El-Taher Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt K.F. Chong K.F. Chong Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Malaysia ckfeng@ump.edu.my Natural radionuclides clay Loam soil transfer factor radiological hazards. 1. Kolo M, Amin Y, Khandaker M, Abdullah W (2017) Radionuclide concentrations and excess lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radioactivity in tailing enriched soil around Maiganga coal mine, Northeast Nigeria. Int J Radiat Res, 15: 71-80.##2. El-Taher A and Madkour HA (2014) Environmental and radio-ecological studies on shallow marine sediments from harbour areas along the Red Sea coast of Egypt for identification of anthropogenic impacts. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 50: 120-133.##3. Saleh H and Abu Shayeb M (2014) Natural radioactivity distribution of southern part of Jordan (Ma′an) Soil. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 65: 184-189.##4. Elhassan HM, Ahamed MMO, Salih I, Idriss H (2017) Radioactivity characterization of some imported foodstuffs from Sudan. International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3: 38-42.##5. Melquiades F and Appoloni C (2004) Natural radiation levels in powdered milk samples. Food Science and Technology, 24: 501-504.##6. El-Taher A and Al-Zahrani J (2014) Radioactivity measurements and radiation dose assessments in soil of Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, 52: 147-154.##7. Gerzabek M, Mohamad S, Mück K, Horak O (1994) 60Co, 63Ni and 94Nb soil-to-plant transfer in pot experiments. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 25: 205-212.##8. Nadeem A, Kashani S, Ahmed N, Buriro M, Saeed Z, Mohammad F, Ahmed S (2015) Growth and yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under the influence of planting geometry and irrigation regimes. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6: 980.##9. Girija M and Dhanavel D (2009) Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays, ethyl methane sulphonate and their combined treatments in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Global Journal of Molecular Sciences, 4: 68-75.##10. Olasupo FO, Ilori CO, Forster BP, Bado S (2016) Mutagenic effects of gamma radiation on eight accessions of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 7: 339.##11. Kovler K, Perevalov A, Steiner V, Metzger LA (2005) Radon exhalation of cementitious materials made with coal fly ash: Part 1 – scientific background and testing of the cement and fly ash emanation. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 82: 321-334.##12. El-Taher A (2009) Gamma spectroscopic analysis and associated radiation hazards of building materials used in Egypt. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 138: 166-173.##13. Dizman S, Görür F, Keser R (2016) Determination of radioactivity levels of soil samples and the excess of lifetime cancer risk in Rize province, Turkey. International Journal of Radiation Research, 14: 237-244.##14. Uosif M and El-Taher A (2008) Radiological assessment of Abu-Tartur phosphate, western desert Egypt. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 130: 228-235.##15. Yigitoglu I, Eser E, Cetin B, Kilicaslan S, Oner F, Akkurt I, Gursoy G, Yamcicier S, Koç H (2018) Determination of natural radioactivity levels in soil and travertine of the region of Tokat and Sivas, Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11: 128.##16. El-Taher A, Al-Turki A (2014) Soil-to-plant transfer factors of naturally occurring radionuclides for selected plants growing in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Life Science Journal, 11(10): 965-972. ##17. Camacho A, Devesa R, Vallés I, Serrano I, Soler J, Blázquez S, Ortega X, Matia L (2010) Distribution of uranium isotopes in surface water of the Llobregat river basin (Northeast Spain). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity; 101: 1048-1054.##18. Beretka J and Matthew P (1985) Natural radioactivity of Australian building materials, industrial wastes and by-products. Health Physics, 48: 87-95.##19. El-Taher A and Uosif M (2006) The assessment of the radiation hazard indices due to uranium and thorium in some Egyptian environmental matrices. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 39: 4516.##20. Palomo M, Penalver A, Aguilar C, Borrull F (2010) Presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials in sludge samples from several Spanish water treatment plants. Journal of Hazardous materials, 181: 716-721.##21. Ali KK and Awad YD (2015) Radiological assessment of Iraqi phosphate rock and phosphate fertilizers. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8: 9481-9488.##22. Kleinschmidt R and Akber R (2008) Naturally occurring radionuclides in materials derived from urban water treatment plants in southeast Queensland, Australia. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 99: 607-620.##23. Unscear 1993. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Report to General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. United Nations. New York.##24. Qureshi AA, Tariq S, Din KU, Manzoor S, Calligaris C, Waheed A (2014) Evaluation of excessive lifetime cancer risk due to natural radioactivity in the rivers sediments of Northern Pakistan. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 7: 438-447.##25. Elsaman R, Ali GAM, Uosif MAM, Shaaban KHS, Saddeek YB, Aly KA, Chong KF (2018) Natural radioactivity of some Egyptian materials used in glasses manufacturing and glass ceramics. International Journal of Radiation Research, 16: 207-215.##26. Unscear (2000) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation. Report to the General Assembly with annex B. New York.##27. Alshahri F and Alqahtani M (2015) Radon concentrations and effective radium contents in local and imported phosphate fertilizers, Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 40: 2095-2101.##28. El-Taher A, Alshahri F, Elsaman R (2018) Environmental impacts of heavy metals, rare earth elements and natural radionuclides in marine sediment from Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia along the Arabian Gulf. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 132: 95-104.##29. Youssef M, Madkour H, Mansour A, Alharbi W, El-Taher A (2017) Invertebrate shells (mollusca, foraminifera) as pollution indicators, Red Sea Coast, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 133: 74-85.##30. Schulz RK (1965) Soil Chemistry of Radionuclides. Health Physics, 11: 1317-1324.##31. Saleh IH, Hafez AF, Elanany NH, Motaweh HA, Naim MA (2007) Radiological study on soils, foodstuff and fertilizers in the Alexandria region, Egypt. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 31: 9-17.##32. Boukhenfouf W and Boucenna A (2011) The radioactivity measurements in soils and fertilizers using gamma spectrometry technique. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 102: 336-339.##33. Abu-Khadra S and Eissa H (2008) Natural radionuclides in different plants, together with their corresponding soils in Egypt at Inshas region and the area nearby. IX radiation physics & protection conference., Nasr city-Cairo. National Network of Radiation Physics-Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, 239-249.##34. Bolca M, Sac M, Cokuysal B, Karalı T, Ekdal E (2007) Radioactivity in soils and various foodstuffs from the Gediz River Basin of Turkey. Radiation Measurements, 42: 263-270.##35. Tettey-Larbi L, Darko EO, Schandorf C, Appiah AA (2013) Natural radioactivity levels of some medicinal plants commonly used in Ghana. SpringerPlus, 2: 157.##36. Al-Kharouf SJ, Al-Hamarneh IF, Dababneh M (2008) Natural radioactivity, dose assessment and uranium uptake by agricultural crops at Khan Al-Zabeeb, Jordan. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 99: 1192-1199.##37. Alyemeni MN, Basahy A, Sher H (2011) Physico-chemical analysis and mineral composition of some sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) grown in the Gizan area of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5: 270-274.##38. Kritsananuwat R, Chanyotha S, Kranrod C, Pengvanich P. Transfer factor of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K from soil to Alpinia Galangal plant grown in northern Thailand. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2017. IOP Publishing, 012008.##39. Adjirackor T, Darko EO, Sam F (2017) Naturally occurring radionuclide transfer from soil to vegetables in some farmlands in Ghana and statistical analysis. Radiation Protection and Environment, 40: 34.##40. Alsaffar MS, Jaafar MS, Kabir NA, Ahmad N (2015) Distribution of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in rice plant components and physico-chemical effects of soil on their transportation to grains. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences; 8: 300-310.##41. 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Dosimetric study of photon beam characteristics with 2d array and water phantom measurement 2 2 Background and Objectives: To show whether the 2D-array scanning system can be used as a substitute for the MP3-water phantom, we have used a comparison of beam profiles and the percentage depth doses for both electron beams and the photons, also we have confirmed the validation of the results by CMS XiO treatment planning system. Methods: Beam data was obtained for MP3-water phantom and 2D-array scanning system for 6 MV and 15 MV photon beam; and 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 15 MeV electron beams generated from  ONCOR Digital Medical Linear accelerator for (2×2cm2, 3×3cm2, 5×5cm2,10×10cm2,15×15cm2and 20×20cm2) at 10cm depth. CMS XiO treatment planning system was utilized for validation of the obtained data. Results: doses distribution for the two studied systems is compared with uncertainties within the recommended limits. It is found that there's no vital variation in flatness and symmetry obtained from the 2D-Array as compared to the quality MB3-Water Phantom Flatness and symmetry obtained is well at intervals the limit of ±3%. Conclusion: it is concluded that the 2D-Array-729 is used for the routine measuring of the photon beam profiles as alternative to water phantom. 167 172 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 S. Hassn S. Hassn Minia Oncology Center, Ministry of Health and Population, Minia, Egypt N.A. Deiab N.A. Deiab National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt A.H. Aly A.H. Aly TH-PPM group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt arafa.hussien@science.bsu.edu.eg 2D-Array seven29 water phantom beam profile flatness symmetry and penumbra. Smit K, Sjöholm J, Kok M, LagendijkW, Raaymakers W (2014) Relative dosimetry in a 1.5 T magnetic field: an MR-linac compatible prototype scanning water phantom. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 59(15): 4099.‌ ##Saenz D, Saenz D, Roring J, Cruz W, Sarkar V, Papanikolaou N and Stathakis, S”Commissioning and cross-comparison of four scanning water tanks. IJCTO, 2015; 2330-4049 Präsentationsformat Poster.##A.H.Aly, M Essia"(2017) “Increase in the reflected intensity of X-rays films using photonic crystals “Surface Review and Letters, 24, No. 8,1750106.##Bakhtiari M (2011) Effect of surface waves on radiotherapy dosimetric measurements in water tanks. Journal of Medical Physics, 36(4): 230.##Akino Y, Ota S, Inoue S, Mizuno H, Sumida I, Yoshioka Y, Ogawa K (2013) Characteristics of flattening filter free beams at low monitor unit settings. Medical Physics, 40(11).‌ ##Devic S (2011) Radiochromic film dosimetry: Past, present, and future. Physica Medica, 27(3): 122-134.##Haydaroglu A and Ozyigit G (Eds.) (2012) Principles and practice of modern radiotherapy techniques in breast cancer. Springer Science and Business Media.‌##Beyzadeoglu M, Ozyigit, G, and Ebruli C (2010) Basic radiation oncology. Springer Science and Business Media.‌##Shimozato T, Aoyama Y, Matsunaga T, Tabushi K (2017) Beam characterization of 10-MV photon beam from medical linear accelerator without flattening filter. Journal of Medical Physics, 42(2): 65.‌##Pathak P, Mishra P, Singh M, Mishra P (2015) Analytical study of flatness and symmetry of electron beam with 2D array detectors. J Cancer Sci Ther, 7: 294-301.‌##Hong J, Lee H & Cho, J (2015) Comparison of the photon charge between water and solid phantom depending on depth. International Journal of Radiation Research, 13(3), 229-234.‌##Khan F, Doppke P, Hogstrom R, Kutcher J, Nath R, Prasad C & Werner L (1991) Clinical electron‐beam dosimetry: report of AAPM radiation therapy committee task group No. 25. Medical Physics, 18(1): 73-109.‌##Venkataraman S, Malkoske E, Jensen M, Nakonechny D, Asuni G, McCurdy M (2009) The influence of a novel transmission detector on 6 MV X-ray beam characteristics. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 54(10): 3173.‌##Xhafa B, Mulaj T, Hodolli G, & Nafezi G (2014) Dose distribution of photon beam by Siemens linear accelerator. International Journal of Medical Physics, Clinical Engineering and Radiation Oncology, 3(01): 67.‌##Moji M and Sithole D (2013) Comparison of measured photon and electron beam dose distributions between 3D Water Phantom And Profiler 2 scanning systems, South Africa, (Doctoral dissertation).‌##Lee B, Jang W, Cho H, Yoo J, Shin H, Kim S, Moon H (2008) Measurement of two-dimensional photon beam distributions using a fiber-optic radiation sensor for small field radiation therapy. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 55(5): 2636.‌## ##

A passive method for absolute dose evaluation of photoneutrons in radiotherapy 2 2 Background: Photoneutrons are produced during the radiotherapy treatment, when high energy X rays interacts with structures of the head of the linear accelerator (linac). The present day TPS are not taking into account the photo-neutron dose and the biological effects associated with it. The late induction of cancer and recurrence of the disease in old cancer patients are being frequently reported. Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment with 15 MV X rays from a Siemens Primus Plus linear accelerator was considered for the study. In the present work, photoneutron spectrum from the linac head is measured using CR 39 SSNTD and the corresponding dose is calculated using Geant4. The composite photoneutron spectrum from the linac head and the corresponding dose was calculated using the kerma evaluation method in a human equivalent tissue phantom. The repeated calculation outcomes and the covariance error analysis in the nuclear data give consistency and an accuracy of 2 % in the results. Results: The result shows that significant amount of photoneutron dose was deposited during radiotherapy treatment when high energy X rays are used. The photoneutron production from the patient itself is yet another major issue which will cause out off field dose. Conclusion: This work gives importance in considering the photoneutron dose during radiotherapy planning and protection. This extra dose might be a factor that contributes to the induction of cancer and also to the recurrence of cancer to previously cured patients. 173 178 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 K.R. Rajesh K.R. Rajesh Department of Physics, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education,Kumaracoil,Thuckalay,TamilNadu India rajeshkaliyan77@gmail.com R. Ganapathi Raman Ganapathi Raman R. Ganapathi Raman Ganapathi Raman Department of Physics, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education,Kumaracoil,Thuckalay,TamilNadu India M.M. Musthafa M.M. Musthafa Department of Physics, University of Calicut, Kerala, India C.V. Midhun C.V. Midhun Department of Physics, University of Calicut, Kerala, India N. Joseph N. Joseph Department of Physics, University of Calicut, Kerala, India Medical linear accelerator CR 39 photoneutron tracks cancer treatment Geant4. NCRP REPORT No. 79(1984), Neutron contamination from medical electron accelerators. Bethesda,MD(USA). ##Ghiasi H and Mesbahi A (2010) Monte Carlo characterization of photoneutrons in the radiation therapy with high energy photons: A Comparison between simplified and full Monte Carlo models. Iran J Radiat Res, 8 (3): 187-193.##AAPM American Association of Physicist in Medicine RE- PORT No 19(1986)Neutron measurements around high energy X ray radiotherapy machines. New York. ##Jonathan MM (2010) Measurements of photo-neutrons from a medical linear accelerator using CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors. Int J Cancer Therapy, 9(4): 91-98.##Cartwright BG and Shirk EK (1978) A nuclear track-recording polymer of unique sensitivity and resolution. Nuclear Instrument and Methods, 153: 457-460.##Vega-Carrillo HR, Barquero R, Mercado GA (2013) Passive neutron area monitor with CR39. Int J Radiat Res, 11(3): 630-642.##Siji Cyriac Thekkedath, Ganapathi Raman R, Musthafa MM, Bakshi,Rupali Pal AA, Sandipan Dawn, Abdul Haneefa Kummali, Nagraj G. Huilgol, Palani Selvam T, Datta D (2016) Study on the measurement of photo‑neutron for 15 MV photon beam from medical linear accelerator under different irradiation geometries using passive detectors. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 12(2): 96-105.##Cheol-Soo Park , Jae-Hwan Cho , Hae-Kag Lee , Sun-Yeob Lee , Hyon-Chol Jang, Kyung-Rae Dong ,Woon-Kwan Chung , Lee Jin , Deog-Hwan Moon , Kwang-Sung Lee , Nam-Oh Yang , Moo-Seong Cho (2013) A study on measurement of neutrons generated in radiation therapy – Measurement of neurons in CR-39 detection method. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 51: 196–202.##Attix F.H(2007) Neutron interactions and dosimetry. Introduction To Radiological Physics And Radiation Dosimetry, 1st ed, VCH-Elsevier,Germany. ##Patiris, Blekas K, Ioannides KG (2006) TRIAC: A code for track measurements using image analysis tools. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 244: 392-96.##Matiullah Tufail M, Ahmad N, Khan G, Manzoor S, Khan H (1988) Some investigations on the response of the CR-39 detector to protons, deuterons and alpha particles. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation, 15(4): 137-140.##Sinenian N, Rosenberg MJ, Manuel M, McDuffee SC, Casey DT, Zylstra AB, Rinder knecht HG, Gatu Johnson M, Séguin FH, Frenje JA, Li CK, Petrasso RD (2011) The response of CR-39 nuclear track detector to 1–9 MeV protons. Review of Scientific Instruments 82: 103-113.##Joseph A. (1993) Some nuclear studies using cr-39 track detector. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Calicut. India. ##Geant4 Example 1,http://geant4-userdoc.web.cern.ch/geant4-userdoc/Doxygen/ examples doc/html/ExampleB1.html##Geant4 Collaborations (2003) Geant4-A Simulation toolkit, FERMILAB-Pub-03/339.##Anna Kowalik, Weronika Jackowiak, Julian Malicki, Małgorzata Skórska, Marta Adamczyk, Ewelina Konstanty, Tomasz Piotrowski, Kinga Polaczek-Grelik (2017) Measurements of doses from photon beam irradiation and scattered neutrons in an anthropomorphic phantom model of prostate cancer: A comparison between 3DCRT, IMRT and tomotherapy. Nukleonika, 62(1):29-35.##Naseri AR and Mesbahi A (2017) A review on photoneutrons characteristics in radiation therapy with high-energy photon beams. Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy, 15(5): 138-144.##IAEA, TRS 461, Relative Biological Effectiveness in Ion beam Therapy.##IARC (2000) Ionizing radiation, part 1: X- and gamma- radiation, and neutrons. Technical Report 75, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.## ##

Quality control of radiochemical purity and safety of 99mTc-HDP and 99mTc-phytate adiopharmaceuticals labeling 2 2 Background: The use of various types of radioactive drugs has increased the usefulness of nuclear medicine. The efficiency of the labeling radioactive isotope 99mTc is crucial for the accuracy and reliability of an examination. We conducted a survey on the quality control (QC) of radioactive isotopes (RI) by measuring their purity. Materials and Methods: The QC (always or necessary) of radiopharmaceuticals was confirmed in 12 medical institutions in a metropolitan area. The radiochemical purity (RCP) of 99mTc-HDP and 99mTc-phytate was determined based on the measured radionuclide purity of 99mTc containing 99Mo. In addition, the effect of time after labeling and time after elution was analyzed. Results: None of the 12 hospitals regularly performed QC, and five hospitals administered QC when necessary. The average of 30 measurements of the 99Mo content in 99mTc from three manufacturers was 0.0109 for A, 0.0121 for B, and 0.0114 for C. The average labeling efficiency was 96.02% for 99mTc-HDP and 94.97% for 99mTc-phytate after labeling. The labeling efficiency of 99mTc-HDP with different times after elution was 97.56%, 95.41%, 94.86%, 93.76%, and 91.89% after 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively, and that for 99mTc-phytate was 97.21%, 97.21%, 94.42%, 93.35%, and 89.91% after 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively. Conclusion: We analyzed the degree of maintenance needed for labeling efficiency. The degree of change should be provided to the clinical practitioner as basic data for the QC of the radiopharmaceutical. 179 183 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 Y.H. Jeon Y.H. Jeon Department of Radiology, Ewha Womans University Hospital of Korea Y.H. Cho Y.H. Cho Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inha University Hospital of Korea J.H. Jung J.H. Jung Department of Radiation Oncology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital of Korea J.H. Choi J.H. Choi Department of Radiological Technology, Ansan University of Korea radiogra1@ansan.ac.kr Quality control 99mTc-HDP 99mTc-phytate labeling nuclear medicine. 1. Banerjee S, AmbikalajanPillai MR, Rammamoorthy N (2001) Evolution of Tc-99m in diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. SeminNucl Me, 31(4): 260–277.##2. Uccelli L, Boschi A, Pasquali M, Duatti A, Di Domenico G, Pupillo G, et al. (2013) Influence of the generator in-growth time on the final radiochemical purity and stability of 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. SciTechnolNucl Install, 2013: 1–7.##3. Selivanova S V, Lavallée É, Senta H, Caouette L, McEwan AJB, Guérin B, et al. (2017) Clnical Tiral with Soldium 99mTc-Pertechnetate Produced by a Medium-Energy Cyclotron: Biodistribution and Safety Assessment in Patients with Abnormal Thyroid Function. J Nucl Med,58(5): 791–798.##4. Hyeon JH, Lim HJ, Kim HK, Cho SU, Kim JE (2012) Stduy on Labeling Efficiency of 99mTc-HMPAO. J Nucl Med Technol, 16(2): 131–134.##5. Ramberg-Laskaris KL (1978) Quality Control in the Radiopharmacy. Clinical toxicology, 12(2): 213–217.##6. Hirsch JI (1975) Radiopharmaceutical Production and Quality Control. MCV/Q, 11(2): 57–69.##7. An SM, Hong TK, Ham JC, Kim SC (2009) Quality Control of Radiopharmaceutical. J Kor Cont Asso, 9(11): 240–246.##8. Kim JH, Seo HK, Jeong YH, Kim YS, Kim BC, Gwon YJ, et al. (2010) The Evaluation of Usefulness of Two Times Elution a Day of 99mTc Using 99Mo-99mTc Generator. J Nucl Med Technol, 14(2): 83–86.##9. Momennezhad M, Zakavi SR, Sadeghi R (2010) Determination of 99Mo contamination in 99mTc elute obtained from 99Mo/99mTc-generator. Iran J Radiat Res, 8(1): 31–35.##10. Zimmer AM and Pavel DG (1977) Rapid Miniaturized Chromatographic Quality-Contol Procedures for Tc-99m Radiopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med, 18: 1230–1233.##11. Cooper PA and Zimmer AM (2017) Radiochemical Purity and Stability of Commercial 99mTc-Stannous DTPA Kits Using a New Chromatography Technique. J Nucl Med Technol, 3: 208–209.##12. Cho YG and An SM (2016) Dose Rate of Restroom in Facilities using Radioisotope J Rad Sci & Technol, 39(2): 237–246.##13. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (2015) Guidebookf for permission of Radiopharmaceuticals Item, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation.## ##

A primary study on setting the limit ring in intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatment planning in lung cancer 2 2 Background：The influence of the limit ring on the final dose distribution in the design of the lung cancer intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan was studied. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 patients with lung cancer in 2017 were selected. Seven radiation beams were designed for each patient, and the limit ring width (RW) was set at 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 cm, respectively. The distance between the inner diameter of the limit ring and the target area (RD) was set 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 cm, respectively. The other parameters used in the plan were set at the same position. In addition, the conformity index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI) were calculated, and normal tissues were assessed. Results: Under the condition of the same number of radiation beams and the same distance between the limit ring and the target area, the smaller the limit ring, the better the CI of the target area and the less the HI of the target area. When the size of the limit ring was set the same, the closer the limit ring was to the target area, the better the CI of the dose in the target area, and the less the HI of the target area. Conclusions: In central lung cancer, when the target volume is approximately 800 cc, the optimal dose distribution is obtained when the RW is set at 0.8 cm and the RD is set at 0.6 cm. 185 189 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 2019/12/102019/12/112019/12/112019/12/112019/12/162019/12/212019/12/212019/12/212019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/222019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/302019/12/30 1398/10/9 Y. Fan Y. Fan Department of Chemoradiotherapy Oncology, The Center Hospital of Qinghe, HeBei, China docfan888@126.com G. Qiu G. Qiu Department of oncology, HeBei General Hospital, HeBei, China Q. Pan Q. Pan Department of Chemoradiotherapy Oncology, The Center Hospital of Qinghe, HeBei, China F. Zhang F. 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