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The non-thermal biological effects and mechanisms of microwave exposure 2 2 The purpose of this article was to present a brief review of pertinent information regarding the effects of microwave radiation on biological systems. Researchers have been intrigued by the interaction of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and various life processes since the 18th century. Microwaves refer to the oscillation of an EMF with a wavelength of 1 mm to 1 m, which penetrates matter to varying degrees. With the widespread and ever-increasing use of microwaves, such as cellular telephones and other wireless technologies, great attention and research has been paid to the potential adverse biological effects. It is well recognized that microwaves affect the biological functions of living organisms at both the cellular and molecular levels, and can lead to the appearance of toxicity, genotoxicity and transformation. However, until now no satisfactory mechanism has been proposed to explain the biological effects of these fields. Therefore, increasing attention should be focused on the biological effects of microwaves in the future, especially since microwaves have extensive applications in various fields. 483 494 2021/05/22 1400/3/1 2021/04/1 1400/1/12 X. Zhao X. Zhao Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China G. Dong G. Dong Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China C. Wang C. Wang Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China wangcz2002@aliyun.com Microwaves biological effects mechanism thermal non-thermal. Rai S, Singh U, Mishra G, Singh S (1994) Effect of water's microwave power density memory on fungal spore germination. 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Targeting platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 enhances cisplatin sensitivity of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells exposed to ionizing radiation 2 2 Background: Cancer cells develop multidrug resistance after receiving fractionated ionizing radiation. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), which was induced by ionizing radiation, in overcoming cisplatin resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Materials and Methods: Human NPC cell line CNE1 was subjected to fractionated ionizing radiation to obtain a subline with the phenotype of multidrug resistance (designated as CNE1/R). PECAM-1 gene expression in CNE1/R cells was knocked down by stable transfection of pSilencer plasmid carrying specific small hairpin RNA. The transcripts of PECAM-1 and multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) were analyzed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, and their encoding proteins were detected by Western blot analysis. The in-vitro viability of tumor cells was examined with MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis. The tumor growth in xenograft mice was determined by measuring tumor weights. Results: The transcript and protein levels of PECAM-1 and MDR1 were concomitantly upregulated in CNE1 cells subjected to ionizing radiation. The inhibition of PECAM-1 expression with small hairpin RNA reduced the levels of MDR1 transcript and its encoding protein, P- glycoprotein. Furthermore, targeting PECAM-1 not only enhanced the sensitivity of irradiated CNE1 cells to cisplatin-mediated cell cytotoxicity in-vitro but also resulted in tumor regression in-vivo. Conclusions: An increased PECAM-1 level in CNE1 cancer cells subjected to ionizing radiation contributed to cisplatin resistance via the upregulation of MDR1 expression. Thus, targeting PECAM-1 might help overcome drug resistance induced by ionizing radiation in CNE1 NPC cells. 495 503 2021/05/222021/06/22 1400/4/1 2021/04/12021/05/20 1400/2/30 M. Xie M. Xie Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhong-Shan Hospital, Dalian University, Liaoning, China M. Zhao M. Zhao Department of Oncology, Zhong-Shan Hospital, Dalian University Liaoning, China J.S. Wang J.S. Wang Graduate school, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China Y.W. Zhao Y.W. Zhao Graduate school, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China Z.X. Jiang Z.X. Jiang Department of Oncology, Sheng-Jing Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning, China R.Y. Wang R.Y. Wang Department of Oncology, Zhong-Shan Hospital, Dalian University Liaoning, China drwangry@outlook.com Drug resistance ionizing radiation MDR1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma PECAM-1. 1. Lee AW, Lin JC, Ng WT (2012) Current management of nasopharyngeal cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol, 22: 233-244.##2. Lee HM, Okuda KS, González FE, Patel V (2019) Current Perspectives on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Adv Exp Med Biol, 1164: 11-34.##3. Hill BT, Moran E, Etiévant C,  Perrin D, Masterson A, Larkin A, et al. (2000) Low-dose twice-daily fractionated X-irradiation of ovarian tumor cells in-vitro generates drug-resistant cells overexpressing two multidrug resistance-associated proteins, P-glycoprotein and MRP1. Anti-cancer Drugs, 11: 193-200.##4. Bottke D, Koychev D, Busse A,  Heufelder K, Wiegel T, Thiel E, et al. (2008) Fractionated irradiation can induce functionally relevant multidrug resistance gene and protein expression in human tumor cell lines. Radiat Res, 170: 41-48.##5. 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Histogram analysis of intravoxel incoherent motion and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with the two-compartment exchange model in glioma 2 2 Background: Since different grades of gliomas have different treatment programs, prognosis, and survival rates, it’s important to differentiate them effectively. Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) with the two-compartment exchange model (2CXM) have showed great potential for identifying the brain tumors. Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine patients with glioma underwent IVIM and DCE imaging at 3.0T. Quantitative parameters (mean, median, 10th, 25th, 75th and 90th percentiles) from IVIM (apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), D, D*, f, and their product fD*) and DCE (vp, ve, PS, and Fp) were analyzed. The independent Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to assess whether these parameters could distinguish low- from high-grade glioma. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and Delong test were performed to determine and compare the diagnostic efficiency of IVIM and DCE parameters in differentiating low- and high-grade gliomas, respectively. Results: Various histogram statistics of IVIM and DCE parameters could differentiate different grades of glioma. ve and vp generally yielded higher area under the curve (AUC) values than IVIM parameters, and the differences in AUC values of ve_mean and IVIM parameters had a statistical significance. Although DCE had higher AUC values than IVIM, they didn’t reach statistical significance. Conclusions: ve was the best parameter in differential diagnosis of gliomas. IVIM had the similar diagnosis performance with DCE, and both IVIM and DCE-MRI parameters can be used for preoperative grading of gliomas. 505 514 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/22 1400/4/1 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 F. Xing F. Xing Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P. R. China G. Wu G. Wu Radiology Department, Shenzhen University General Hospital and Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, 5180554, P. R. China wuguangy2002@163.com Apparent diffusion coefficient Dynamic contrast-enhanced Glioma Intravoxel incoherent motion D value. Lin Y, Li J, Zhang Z, Xu Q, Zhou Z, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Z (2015) Comparison of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted MR imaging and arterial spin labeling MR imaging in gliomas. BioMed Research International, 2015: 234245.##Shen N, Zhao L, Jiang J, Jiang R, Su C, Zhang S, Tang X, Zhu W (2016) Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging analysis of diffusion and microperfusion in grading gliomas and comparison with arterial spin labeling for evaluation of tumor perfusion. 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PloS One, 11: e0158887.##Koh TS, Bisdas S, Koh DM, Thng CH (2011) Fundamentals of tracer kinetics for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging, 34: 1262-1276.##Jackson A, O'Connor JP, Parker GJ, Jayson GC (2007) Imaging tumor vascular heterogeneity and angiogenesis using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Cancer Res, 13: 3449-3459.##Kim HS, Suh CH, Kim N, Choi CG, Kim SJ (2014) Histogram analysis of intravoxel incoherent motion for differentiating recurrent tumor from treatment effect in patients with glioblastoma: initial clinical experience. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 35: 490-497.##Federau C, Cerny M, Roux M, Mosimann PJ, Maeder P, Meuli R, Wintermark M (2017) IVIM perfusion fraction is prognostic for survival in brain glioma. Clinical Neuroradiology, 27: 485-492.##Stieb S, Boss A, Wurnig MC, Ozbay PS, Weiss T, Guckenberger M, Riesterer O, Rossi C (2016) Non-parametric intravoxel incoherent motion analysis in patients with intracranial lesions: Test-retest reliability and correlation with arterial spin labeling. NeuroImage Clinical, 11: 780-788.##Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, Scheithauer BW, Kleihues P (2007) The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathologica, 114: 97-109.##Wirestam R, Borg M, Brockstedt S, Lindgren A, Holtas S, Stahlberg F (2001) Perfusion-related parameters in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging compared with CBV and CBF measured by dynamic susceptibility-contrast MR technique. 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The effects of set-up errors on dose distribution in radiotherapy treatment for lung cancer 2 2 Background: Our aim was to analyze the effects of set-up errors on dose distribution in radiotherapy treatment for lung cancer by using kilovoltage cone-beam CT (CBCT). Materials and Methods: In this study, we used a Varian IX linear accelerator system to perform CBCT scans of 30 lung cancer patients before radiotherapy. Subsequently, the image was matched with the planned CT, and the left and right (LR), top and bottom (SI), and front and back (AP) directions were set incorrectly. And in the CMS planning system, the center of the plan has been moved to the center of the actual scan. Finally, the dose distribution before the bed-moving is simulated. We want to explore the impact of the planned target volume setting error (PTV), the total tumor volume (GTV), and radiation of normal tissues. Results: The set-up errors of the LR, SI and AP directions were (-0.20±2.84), (-1.09±5.40), and (-2.61±2.08) mm, respectively. The 5mm error accounted for 97.8%, 73% and 92.6% in the three directions. Statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of 95%PTV dose, the average dose of PTV, 95% GTV dose and the average dose of GTV without bed-moving, compared with the original plan. Conclusions: In clinical lung cancer radiotherapy, the commonly used setting error is usually less than 5mm, most of which are along the AP direction. In this study, we found that the setting error is related to the patient's inherent characteristics and can significantly change the radiation treatment dose in the target area. 515 520 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/23 1400/4/2 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 X. Cao X. Cao Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology,The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017,China M. Liu M. Liu Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology,The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017,China F. Zhai F. Zhai Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology,The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017,China N. Li N. Li Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology,The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017,China C. Bao C. Bao Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology,The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017,China Y. Liu Y. Liu Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology,The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017,China G. Chen G. Chen Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei,050017,China gangchen321@126.com Tomography X-ray computer cone-beam set-up error lung tumor/radiation therapy dosimetry. Chebrolu VV, Tewatia D, Dai J, Saenz D (2011) TH-A-220-06: Four-Dimensional MRI/CT Based Auto-Adaptive Segmentation for Real-Time Radiotherapy in Lung Cancer Treatment. Medical Physics, 38(6): 14961.##2. Wojtara T, Uchihara M, Murayama H, Shimoda S, Sakai S, Fujimoto H, et al. (2009) Human–robot collaboration in precise positioning of a three-dimensional object. Automatica, 45(2): 333-42.##3. Liang J, Li M, Tao Z, Wei H, Wang L (2014) The effect of image-guided radiation therapy on the margin between the clinical target volume and planning target volume in lung cancer. Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences, 61(1): 30-7.##4. Garibaldi C, Piperno G, Ferrari A, Surgo A, Muto M, Ronchi S, et al. (2016) Translational and rotational localization errors in cone-beam CT based image-guided lung stereotactic radiotherapy. Physica Medica, 32(7): 859-65.##5. Bertholet J, Worm E, Høyer M, Poulsen P (2017) Cone beam CT-based set-up strategies with and without rotational correction for stereotactic body radiation therapy in the liver. Acta Oncologica, 56(6): 1-7.##6. Dongmei B, Min L, Lei H (2018) Effects of different position fixation techniques on the volume of the target area of lung cancer and the dose of exposure to the organs endanger. J Thorac Dis, 10(21).##7. Van Leeuwen CM, Crezee J, Oei AL, Franken NAP, Stalpers LJA, Bel A, et al. (2018) The effect of time interval between radiotherapy and hyperthermia on planned equivalent radiation dose. Int J Hyperthermia, 34(7): 901-909.##8. Cotter BD, Nairn BC, Drake JDM (2014) Should a standing or seated reference posture be used when normalizing seated spine kinematics? Journal of Biomechanics, 47(10): 2371-7.##9. Mackie TR, Kapatoes J, Ruchala K, Lu W, Wu C, Olivera G, et al. (2003) Image guidance for precise conformal radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biolo Phys, 56(1): 89-105.##10. Lagrange JL, Crevoisier RD (2010) Image guided radiation therapy (IGRT). Bull Cancer, 97(7): 857-65.##11. Kim M, Yong Shin J, Lee J, Young Kim J, Ho Oh S (2013) Efficacy of fractional microneedle radiofrequency device in the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: a pilot study. Dermatology, 227(3): 243-9.##12. Lan W, Wang Z, Liu C, Ning F, Longbo MA, Hao Y, et al. (2015) The impact on the tumor volume and normal tissue dosimetry by scanning CT repeatly and changing treatment plan for non-small cell lung cancer. Journal of Binzhou Medical University, BMU Journal, 38(4): 285-7.##13. Lee S, Lei Z, Mansfield JR, Chen X (2011) Abstract 5313: Real-time video imaging of protease expression in-vivo. Cancer Research, 71(8): 5313.##14. Guckenberger M, Meyer J, Vordermark D, Baier K, Wilbert J, Flentje M (2006) Magnitude and clinical relevance of translational and rotational patient setup errors: A cone-beam CT study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biolo Phys, 65(3): 934-42.##15. Hawkins MA, Aitken A, Hansen VN, Mcnair HA, Tait DM (2011) Set-up errors in radiotherapy for oesophageal cancers – Is electronic portal imaging or conebeam more accurate? Radiotherapy & Oncology, 98(2): 249-54.##16. Gilbeau L, Octave-Prignot M, Loncol T, Renard L, Grégoire V (2001) Comparison of setup accuracy of three different thermoplastic masks for the treatment of brain and head and neck tumors. Radiotherapy & Oncology, 58(2): 155-62.##17. Lo YC, Ling CC, Larson DA (1996) The effect of setup uncertainties on the radiobiological advantage of fractionation in stereotaxic radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 34(5): 1113-9.## ##

Structural evaluation of Parotid gland in post radiotherapy oral cancer patients: A prospective study 2 2 Background: To evaluate structural variation of the parotid gland in post-radiotherapy oral carcinoma patients. Material and Methods: 52 patients (33 males, 19 females) with histologically confirmed cancer of head and neck region were enrolled. All the patients underwent intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with linear accelerator. A quantitative analysis was conducted with the help of contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan regarding the changes in the volume and density of the parotid glands (PGs) along with the assessment of their interrelationship in relation to the mean dose applied to the glands. The evaluations were done immediately after radiotherapy, and after 2 and 3 years. Results: Parotid size reduction was observed in 77.77 % of cases immediately after radiotherapy with a mean dose of 26.66 Gy applied to the parotid glands. Parotid shrinkage reduced to 61.5 % cases three years post radiotherapy. High density changes were revealed by 69.2 % cases immediately after radiotherapy with a mean dose of 34.53 Gy applied to these parotid glands. Low density changes were revealed by 48.1 % cases after 2 years follow up which further reduced to 25 % at three years follow up. Conclusion: There was evidence of structural variation in the PGs during the course of IMRT which was significantly related with the mean dose applied to them. There were high density changes and low density changes immediately after radiotherapy and 2-3 years post-radiotherapy respectively. Further there was volumetric shrinkage post-radiotherapy which shows recovery 2 and 3 years post-radiotherapy. 521 529 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/23 1400/4/2 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 X. Hao X. Hao Department of Imaging,Yuncheng Central Hospital, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, 044000, China C. Zhang C. Zhang Department of Imaging,Yuncheng Central Hospital, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, 044000, China X. Lv X. Lv Department of Medical Imaging, Linfen Central Hospital, No. 17 Jiefang West Road, Linfen, Shanxi Province, 041000, China lxbdbjlzy@sina.com Radiotherapy oral cancer IMRT parotid gland density parotid gland size xerostomia. Ogura I, Sasaki Y, Sue TOM, Yamaguchi H, Kameta A, Hayama K, Tsuchimochi M (2017) Structural Variations in Parotid Glands Induced by Radiation Therapy in Patients with Oral Carcinoma Observed on Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography. Pol J Radiol, 82: 561-566.##Hey J, Setz J, Gerlach R, Janich M, Hildebrandt G, Vordermark D, Gernhardt CR, Kuhnt T (2011) Parotid gland-recovery after radiotherapy in the head and neck region - 36 months follow-up of a prospective clinical study. Radiation Oncology, 6:125.##Fiorentino A, Caivano R, Metallo V, Chiumento C, Cozzolino M, Califano G, Clemente S, Pedicini P, Fusco V (2012) Parotid gland volumetric changes during intensity-modulated radiotherapy in head and neck cancer. The British Journal of Radiology, 85:1415–1419.## Obinata K, Nakamura M, Carrozzo M, Macleod I, Carr A, Shirai S, Ito H (2014) Changes in parotid gland morphology and function in patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal tumors. Oral Radiol, 30: 135–141.##Wu VWC and Leung KY (2019) A review on the assessment of radiation induced salivary gland damage after radiotherapy. Frontiers in Oncology, 9: 2019. ##Wong FC, Ng AW, Lee VH, Lui CM, Yuen KK, Sze WK, Leung TW, Tung SY (2010) Whole-field simultaneous integrated boost intensity modulated radiotherapy for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 76: 138-45. ##Chambers MS, Harden AS, Kies MS, Martin JW (2004) Radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: Pathogenesis, impact on quality of life, and management. Head Neck, 26: 796–807.## Braam PM, Roesink JM, Raaijmakers CPJ, Busschers WB, Terhaard CHJ (2007) Quality of life and salivary output in patients with head-and-neck cancer five years after radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol, 2: 3. ##Jellema AP, Slotman BJ, Doomaert P, Leemans CR, Langendijk JA (2007) Impact of radiation-induced xerostomia on quality of life after primary radiotherapy among patients with head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 69: 751–760. ##Kam MKM,  Leung SF, Zee B, Chau RMC, Suen JJS, Mo F, Lai M, Ho R, Cheung KY, Yu BKH, Chiu SKW, Choi PHK, Teo PML, Kwan WH, Chan ATC (2007) Prospective randomized study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary gland function in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. J Clin Oncol, 25(31): 4873-4879. ##Lin A, Kim HM, Terrell JE, Dawson LA, Ship JA, Eisbruch A (2003) Quality of life after parotid-sparing IMRT for head-and-neck cancer: a prospective longitudinal study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 57: 61-70.##Nishimura Y, Nakamatsu K, Shibata T, Kanamori S, Koike R, Okumura M, Suzuki M (2005) Importance of the initial volume of parotid glands in xerostomia for patients with head and neck cancers treated with IMRT. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 35: 375-379.##Porter SR, Fedele S, Habbab KM (2010) Xerostomia in head and neck malignancy. Oral Oncol, 46: 460-463.##Saarilahti K, Kouri M, Collan J, Kangasmäki A, Atula T, Joensuu H, Tenhunen M (2006) Sparing of submandibular glands by intensity modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol, 78: 270–275.##Bekes K, Francke U, Schaller HG, Kuhnt T, Gerlach R, Vordermark D, Gernhard CR (2009) The influence of different irradiation doses and desensitizer application on demineralization of human dentin. Oral Oncol, 45: e80-e84.##Nutting CM, Morden JP, Harrington KJ, Urbano TG, Bhide SA, Clark C, Miles EA, Miah AB, Newbold K, Tanay M, Adab F, Jefferies SJ, Scrase C, Yap BK, A'Hern RP, Sydenham MA, Emson M, Hall E (2011) Parotid-sparing intensity modulated versus conventional radiotherapy in head and neck cancer (PARSPORT): a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 12: 127-136.##Eisbruch A, Ship JA, Martel MK, Ten Haken RK, Marsh LH, Wolf GT, Esclamado RM, Bradford CR, Terrell JE, Gebarski SS, Lichter AS (1996) Parotid gland sparing in patients undergoing bilateral head and neck irradiation: techniques and early results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 36: 469-480.##Eisbruch A, Dawson LA, Kim HM, Bradford CR, Terrell JE, Chepeha DB, Teknos TN, Anzai Y, Marsh LH, Martel MK, Ten Haken RK, Wolf GT, Ship JA (1999) Conformal and intensity modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer: the potential for improved target irradiation, salivary gland function, and quality of life. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg, 53: 271-275.##Vissink A, Jansma J, Spijkervet FKL, Burlage FR, Coppes RP (2003) Oral Sequelae Of Head And Neck Radiotherapy. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 14(3): 199-212.## Daly-Schveitzer N, Juliéron M, Tao YG, Moussier A, Bourhis J (2011) Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): Toward a new standard for radiation therapy of head and neck cancer? European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases, 128: 241-247. ##Lee SH, Kim TH, Kim JY, Park SY, Pyo HR, Shin KH, Kim DY, Kim JY, Cho KH (2006) Evaluation of Parotid Gland Function following Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer. Cancer Res Treat, 38(2): 84-91.## Li W, Sun ZP, Liu XJ, Yu GY (2014) Volume measurements of human parotid and submandibular glands. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 46(2): 288-293. ##Juan CJ, Cheng CC, Chiu SC, Jen YM. Liu YJ, Chiu HC, Kao HW, Wang CW, Chung HW, Huang GS, Hsu HH (2015) Temporal evolution of parotid volume and parotid apparent diffusion coefficient in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated by intensity-modulated radiotherapy investigated by magnetic resonance imaging: A Pilot study. Plos One, 10(8): e0137073. ## Cheng SCH, Vu VWC, Kwong DLW, Ying MTC (2011) Assessment of post-radiotherapy salivary glands. The British Journal of Radiology, 84: 393-402.## Lee YYP, Wong KT, King AD, Ahuja AT (2008) Imaging of salivary gland tumours. Eur J Radiol, 66:419–36.##Nomayr A, Lell M, Sweeney R, Bautz W, Lukas P (2001) MRI appearance of radiation-induced changes of normal cervical tissues. Eur Radiol, 11: 1807-1817.## Bryan RN, Miller RH, Ferreyro RI, Sessions RB (1982) Computed tomography of the major salivary glands. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 139: 547-554.## Larsson SG, Lufkin RB, Hoover LA (1987) Computed tomography of the submandibular salivary glands. Acta Radiol, 28: 693-696.## Jin X, Hu W, Shang H, Han C, Yi J, Zhou Y, Xie C (2013) CBCT-based volumetric and dosimetric variation evaluation of volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy in the treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer patients. 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Evaluation of volumetric modulated arc therapy technique for cranio-spinal irradiation: A rando - phantom based dosimetric study 2 2 Background: In this study, clinical advantages and the dosimetric accuracy of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) technique for cranio-spinal irradiation (CSI) were investigated and compared with field in field (FinF) and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques. Materials and Methods: The organs at risk (OARs) and planning target volume (PTV) were generated on the RANDO phantom computerized tomography (CT) image series. The dose–volume parameters for PTVs and OARs were compared for three techniques. Furthermore, the dose distribution inside the RANDO phantom was measured with thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) for all three techniques. Comparisons were done between measured and calculated doses of field junctions, targets and OARs. Results: FinF failed to obtain an adequate dose distribution for the upper spine (US), while VMAT and IMRT provided good dose coverage for all parts of the PTV. The most homogeneous dose distribution at the field junctions was obtained with the VMAT. Although heart, thyroid, intestine, lung, liver and testicular maximum doses were lower for the VMAT, the mean doses were higher except for the heart and thyroid. The absolute volume receiving prescription dose was significantly lower for the VMAT. The median differences between the TLD measurements and TPS calculations were 0.27% (7.8, -9.7; p=0.394), -0.28% (8.1, -10.7; p=0.322) and -0.33% (8.4, -12; p=0.338) for the FinF, IMRT and VMAT, respectively.  These differences were not found statistically significant for the VMAT technique, as were the other two techniques. Conclusion: We conclude that the VMAT technique is the optimal Linac based CSI treatment in regards to dose coverage, dose homogeneity in field junctions and OAR sparing for higher doses. In addition, the VMAT showed dose distribution accuracy as good as the two other techniques in measurements simulating real clinical situations.   531 541 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/23 1400/4/2 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 E.O. Goksel E.O. Goksel Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Vocational School of Health Services, Radiotherapy Program, Istanbul, Turkey e.ozangoksel@gmail.com E. Tezcanli E. Tezcanli Acibadem Altunizade Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey M. Okutan M. Okutan Istanbul University Medicine Faculty, Oncology Institute, Department of Radiotherapy, Istanbul, Turkey H. Bilge H. Bilge Istanbul University Medicine Faculty, Oncology Institute, Department of Radiotherapy, Istanbul, Turkey Y. Yildiz Yarar Y. Yildiz Yarar Yildiz Technical University, Department of Physics, Istanbul, Turkey Cranio-spinal irradiation VMAT TLD RANDO phantom. Mehta MP, Chang S M, Guha A, Newton HB, Vogelbaum MA (2011) Principles & practice of neuro-oncology: A multidisciplinary approach. New York, Demos Medical.##Olch AJ (2013) Pediatric radiotherapy treatment and planning. Florida, Taylor & Francis Group.##Chang EL, Wong PF, Forster KM, Petru MD, Kowalski AV, Maor MH (2003) Verification techniques and dose distribution for computed tomographic planned supine craniospinal radiation therapy. Med Dos, 28(2): 127-131. ##Brodin NP, AF Rosenschöld PM, Aznar MC, Kiil-Berthelsen A, Vogelius IR, Nilsson P, Lannering B, Björk-Eriksson T (2011) Radiobiological risk estimates of adverse event and secondary cancer for proton and photon radiation therapy of pediatric medulloblastoma. Acta Oncologica, 50: 806–816.## Yoon M, Shin DH, Kim J, Kim JW, Kim DW, Park SY, Lee SB, Kim YJ, Park HJ, Park BK, Shin SH (2011) Craniospinal irradiation techniques: a dosimetric comparison of proton beams with standard and advanced photon radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 81: 637–46.##Hall EJ (2006) Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy, Protons, and the Risk of Second Cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 65(1): 1–7.##Zhang P, Happersett L, Hunt M, Jackson A, Zelefsky M, Mageras G (2010) Volumetric modulated arc therapy: planning and evaluation for prostate cancer cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phy, 76: 1456–1462.##Otto K (2008) Volumetric modulated arc therapy: IMRT in a single gantry arc. Med Phys, 35: 310-317.##Aydogan B, Yeginer M, Kavak GO, Fan J, Radosevich JA, Gwe‐Ya K (2011) Total marrow irradiation with RapidArc volumetric arc therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 81: 592–599.##Seravalli E, Bosman M, Lassen-Ramshad Y, Vestergaard A, Oldenburger F, Visser J, Koutsouveli E, et al. (2018) Dosimetric comparison of five different techniques for craniospinal irradiation across 15 European centers: analysis on behalf of the SIOP-E-BTG (radiotherapy working group). Acta Oncologica, 57(9):1240-1249.##Fogliata A, Bergström S, Cafaro I, Clivio A, Cozzi L, Dipasquale G, Hållström P, Mancosu P, Navarria P, Nicolini G, Parietti E, Pesce GA, Richetti A, Scorsetti M, Vanetti E, Weber DC (2007) Cranio-spinal irradiation with volumetric modulated Arc therapy: A multi-institutional treatment experience. Radiother Oncol, 99: 79–85.##Baghani HR, Aghamiri SMR, Gharaati H, Mahdavi SR, Hosseini Daghigh SM (2011) Comparing the results of 3D treatment planning and practical dosimetry in craniospinal radiotherapy using Rando phantom. 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Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 68(5): 1402–1409.##Kusters JMAM, Louwe RJW, Van Kollenburg PGM, Kunze-Busch MC, Gidding CEM, Van Lindert EJ, Kaanders JHAM, Janssens GORJ (2011) Optimal Normal Tissue Sparing In Craniospinal Axis Irradiation Using IMRT With Daily Intrafractionally Modulated Junction(S). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 81(5): 1405–1414.##Parker W, Filion E, Roberge D, Freeman CR (2007) Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for craniospinal irradiation: Target volume considerations, dose constraints and competing risks. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 69(1): 251–257.##Wang K, Meng H, Chen J, Zhang W, Feng Y (2018) Plan quality and robustness in field junction region for craniospinal irradiation with VMAT. Phys Med, (48): 21–26.##South M, Chiu JK, Teh BS, Bloch C, Schroeder TM, Arnold CP (2008) Supine craniospinal irradiation using intrafractional junction shifts and field-in-field dose shaping: Early experience at methodist hospital. 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Adverse effects of chronic low dose-rate gamma-ray exposure ameliorated by environmental enrichment in mice 2 2 Background: Chronic long-term irradiation of mice with low dose-rate (20 mGy/day) gamma rays significantly shortened their life spans due to neoplasms and significant suppression of their ability to eliminate transplanted tumors. Materials and Methods: Mice exposed to chronic 20 mGy/day gamma rays for 400 days and housed in an enriched environment (EE) were compared with those housed in a standard environment. Results: We demonstrate that an EE significantly ameliorates the suppression of transplanted tumors in mice exposed to chronic low dose-rate gamma rays. Peripheral blood analysis revealed that the proportions of some immune cells were increased by EE housing. Additionally, the number and activity of natural killer (NK) cells in the peripheral blood increased with EE housing, indicating that NK cells may be involved in enhancing the ability to reject transplanted tumors. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that the adverse effects, such as the suppression of tumor rejection activity of chronic low dose-rate irradiation exposure, may be alleviated by EE housing, which suggests the possibility that the adverse effects of irradiation may be mitigated by changes in lifestyle.   543 550 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/23 1400/4/2 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 D. Takai D. Takai Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121 Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3213, Japan dtakai@ies.or.jp A. Abe A. Abe JAC Co. ltd., 1-2-7 Higashiyama, Meguro, Tokyo 153-0043, Japan H. Miura H. Miura JAC Co. ltd., 1-2-7 Higashiyama, Meguro, Tokyo 153-0043, Japan I.B. Tanaka I.B. Tanaka Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121 Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3213, Japan M. Saito M. Saito Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121 Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3213, Japan J.I. Komura J.I. Komura Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121 Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3213, Japan Environmental enrichment low dose-rate irradiation mouse transplanted tumor. Brenner DJ, Doll R, Goodhead DT, Hall EJ, Land CE, Little JB, Lubin JH, Preston DL, Preston RJ, Puskin JS, Ron E, Sachs RK, Samet JM, Setlow RB, Zaider M (2003) Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 100: 13761-13766.##International Commission on Radiological Protection. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103: Ann ICRP 2007, 37.##International Commission on Radiological Protection (2005) Low-dose extrapolation of radiation-related cancer risk. ICRP Publication 99 Ann ICRP 2005, 35.##Dauer LT, Brooks AL, Hoel DG, Morgan WF, Stram D, Tran P (2010) Review and evaluation of updated research on the health effects associated with low-dose ionising radiation. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 140: 103-136.##Shah DJ, Sachs RK, Wilson DJ (2012) Radiation-induced cancer: a modern view. Br J Radiol, 85: e1166-1173.##Rühm W, Woloschak GE, Shore RE, Azizova TV, Grosche B, Niwa O, Akiba S, Ono T, Suzuki K, Iwasaki T, Ban N, Kai M, Clement CH, Bouffler S, Toma H, Hamada N. (2015) Dose and dose-rate effects of ionizing radiation: a discussion in the light of radiological protection. 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Analysis of size-specific dose profiles beyond the scan range in water phantoms undergoing computed tomography examinations 2 2 Background: The purpose of this study is to analyze the cumulative dose profile tail beyond the scan lengths of 10-90 cm in CT examinations on central and peripheral axes of water phantoms (10-50 cm diameter). The analysis includes extension, trend, and dependency of the tails on the scan length and phantom diameter. Materials and Methods: A validated Monte Carlo model of a GE LightSpeed 16-slice CT scanner was used to obtain a dose profile from narrow beam collimation (1µm). The cumulative dose profile tail was developed by applying the well-known "convolution method", i.e. convolving a dose profile with a RECT function. The tails were analyzed according to the phantom diameter and scan length statistically. Results: For all phantoms, the statistical analysis shows no significant differences between tails of scan lengths of 10-90 cm for peripheral axis and those of scan lengths > 30 cm for the central axis. The tails have an exponential falloff from the scan edge modeled by D(z)=Ae-Bz. The A and B are related to the falloff speed and amplitude of the tails. By increasing the phantom diameter, the amplitude and falloff speed decrease 82% and 59% on the central axis and 65% and 31% on the peripheral axis respectively. Conclusion: A simple equation was suggested for dose calculation at any point beyond the scan range on the central and peripheral axes of water phantoms. The equation is independent of scan length and is useful for evaluating the dose of organs located at the edge or outside of the scan region. 551 557 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/26 1400/4/5 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 M. Masoudi M. Masoudi Nuclear Engineering Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran R. Faghihi R. Faghihi Nuclear Engineering Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran faghihir@shirazu.ac.ir S. Sina S. Sina Nuclear Engineering Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Computed tomography dose profile GATE simulation cumulative dose. Tack D and Gevenois PA (2007) Radiation dose from adult and pediatric multidetector computed tomography. Berlin, Germany: Springer.##Dixon RL (2003) A new look at CT dose measurement: beyond CTDI. Medical physics, 30(6): 1272-80. ##Boone JM (2007) The trouble with CTDI100. Med Phys, 34(4):1364-71.##Boone JM (2009) Dose spread functions in computed tomography: A Monte Carlo study. Med phys, 36(10): 4547-54. ##Turner AC, Zankl M, DeMarco JJ, Cagnon CH, Zhang D, Angel E, Cody DD, Stevens DM, McCollough CH, McNitt‐Gray MF (2010) The feasibility of a scanner‐independent technique to estimate organ dose from MDCT scans: Using to account for differences between scanners. Med phys, 37(4): 1816-25.##Shope TB, Gagne RM, Johnson GC (1981) A method for describing the doses delivered by transmission x‐ray computed tomography. Med phys, 8(4): 488-95. ##American Association of Physicists in Medicine (2010) Comprehensive methodology for the evaluation of radiation dose in X-ray computed tomography. 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Radiation dose from three-phase X-ray machines: A comparison between different models 2 2 Background: The assessment of radiation dose is of great importance in the optimization process. It is crucial to develop strategies for dose estimation in developing countries in lack of dosimeters. Material and Method: The Entrance Skin Dose (ESD) of 731 patients was calculated using the Davies model. Eight radiological procedures: Chest PA and LAT, lumbar spine AP and LAT, pelvis AP and LAT, skull PA and LAT and three-phase X-ray machines were considered. Based on the mathematical estimation of the radiation output of X-ray machines, a modified Davies model was proposed. The model was compared to others (Edmonds, Tung and Tsai) using their Mean Relative Errors (MRE) with respect to the reference Davies model and the Student’s test of comparison of means. The 3rd quartile values were also compared to those found in Cameroon, Nigeria, Iran, France and UK. Results:  The MRE of the proposed model in this work (1.9%) was significantly less than the MRE of the Tung and Tsai model (7.1%), which was in turn significantly less than the MRE of the Edmonds model (55.0%). Results also show that, the 3rd quartile values were mostly higher than reference level in UK. High values of doses are attributable to short Focus to Skin Distance (FSD) and high values of charges. Conclusion: The model proposed in this study is a better alternative to the Davies model in the case of absence of dosimeter. An adjustment of technical parameters (FSD and charge) could help reduce high doses. 559 567 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/26 1400/4/5 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 C.R.T. Simo C.R.T. Simo Condensed Matter, Electronics and Signal Processing Laboratory, University of Dschang, Cameroon clemencesimo@yahoo.com O. N. Samba O. N. Samba Condensed Matter, Electronics and Signal Processing Laboratory, University of Dschang, Cameroon P.K. Talla P.K. Talla Mechanics and Modeling of Physical Systems Laboratory, University of Dschang, Cameroon L.C. Fai L.C. Fai Condensed Matter, Electronics and Signal Processing Laboratory, University of Dschang, Cameroon Three-phase X-ray machines modified Davies model dose optimization. 1. Olowookere CJ, Babalola IA, Jibiri NN, Obed RI, Bamidele L, Ajetumobi EO (2012) A preliminary radiation dose audit in some Nigerian hospitals: Need for determination of National Diagnostic Reference Levels (NDRLs). The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 13(1): 488-495.##2. Shahbazi Gahrouei D (2006) Entrance surface dose measurements for routine X-ray examinations in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari hospitals. Int J Radiat Res, 4(1): 29-33.##3. Sina S, Zeinali B, Karimipoorfard M, Lotfalizadeh F, M, Zamani E, Faghihi R (2014) Investigation of the entrance surface dose and dose to different organs in lumbar spine imaging. J Biomed Phys Eng, 4(4): 119–126.##4. Alghoul A, Abdalla MM, Abubaker HM (2017) Mathematical evaluation of entrance surface dose (ESD) for patients examined by diagnostic X-rays. Open Access J Sci, 1(1): 8‒11.## 5. Rasuli B, Mahmoud-Pashazadeh A, Ghorbani M, Juybari RT, Naserpour M (2016) patient dose measurement in common medical X-ray examinations in Iran. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 17(1): 374-386.##6. Gholami M, Maziar A, Khosravi HR, Ebrahimzadeh F, Mayahi S (2015) Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for routine X-ray examinations in Lorestan province, Iran. Int J Radiat Res, 13(1): 85-90.##7. Taha MT, Al-Ghorabie FH, Kutbi RA, Saib WK (2014) Assessment of entrance skin doses for patients undergoing diagnostic X-ray examinations in King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, KSA. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 8(1): 100-103.##8. Rubai SS, Rahman MS, Purohit S, Patwary MKA, Meaze1 AMH and Mamun AA (2018) Measurements of Entrance Surface Dose and Effective Dose of Patients in Diagnostic Radiography. Biomed J Sci Tech Res, 12(1) :8924-8928.##9. Samba ON, Simo Tchatchouang CR, Fongang E, Talla Fogang R, Bouna Temgoua A, Azoumbou T, Yomi J (2016) Estimation en vue d’optimisation de la dose d’irradiation en radiographie standard du thorax et de l’abdomen dans quatre hôpitaux de yaoundé. Afrique Science, 12(5): 166–174.##10. Samba ON, Talla Fogang R, Douanla Bogning A, Anega Ekobena AC, Joubouh Maffo LM,##Yomi J, Lukong FC (2015) Evaluation de la dose d’irradiation délivrée aux patients lors de la radiographie standard du squelette axial. Afrique Science, 11(4): 87–94.##11. Samba ON, Yomi J, Talla RF, Juimo AG, Luckong FC (2015) Local reference dose level in chest radiography in yaoundé. J Afr Méd, 7(3): 152-162.##12. Davies M, Mc Callum H, White G, Brown, J, Hlem M (1997) Patient dose audit in diagnostic radiography using custom designed software. Radiography, 3: 17–25. ##13. European Commission (1996) European guidelines on quality criteria for diagnostic radiographic image. Report EUR 16260 EN (Luxembourg: Office for official publication of the European communities)##14. Harpen MD (1996) A mathematical spread sheet application for production of entrance skin exposure nomograms. Medical Physics, 23: 241–242.##15. Simo Tchatchouang CR, Samba ON, Talla PK, Lukong FC (2020) Radiation output of Three-phase X-ray machines based on mathematical model. J Radiat Res Appl Sci, 13(1): 234-239.##16.Edmonds IR (1984) Calculation of patient skin dose from diagnostic X-ray procedures. Br J Radiol, 57: 733-734.##17. Shrimpton PC (1985) Calculation of patient skin dose from diagnostic X-ray procedures. Br J Radiol, 58: 483-485.##18. ICRP - International Commission on Radiological Protection (1991), Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60. Annals of the ICRP 21. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1-3.##19. Tung CJ and Tsai HY (1999) Evaluations of gonad and fetal doses for diagnostic radiology. Proc Natl Sci Counc ROC(B), 23(3): 107-113.##20. Kramer R, Khoury HJ, Vieira JW (2008) CALDose_X a software tool for the assessment of organ and tissue doses, effective dose and cancer risk in diagnostic radiology. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53: 6437–6459.##21. Osman H, Sulieman A, Suliman II, Sam AK (2010) Radiation Dose Measurements in Routine X ray Examinations. Tenth Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 2010: 287-294.##22. NCRP Report No. 33 (1968) Medical X-ray and Gamma-RayProtection for Energies up to 10 MeV," NCRP Publications, P.O. Box 30175, Washington, D.C. 20014, 1-47##23. 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Investigating the out-of-field doses and estimating the risk of secondary thyroid cancer in high-grade gliomas radiation therapy with modulated intensity and 3D-conformal: a phantom study 2 2 Background: This study aimed to compare high-grade gliomas radiation therapy methods (high energy three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy [3D-CRT] vs. low energy intensity-modulated radiation therapy [IMRT]). Materials and Methods: Out-of-field photons resulting from 15- and 18-MV 3D-CRT and 6-MV IMRT techniques were measured with thermo-luminescent dosimeters in a head and neck homogeneous phantom. Moreover, the dose to the left and right eye lenses, parotid glands, the thyroid gland, and the tongue was determined for each of the treatment techniques. Additionally, the risk of secondary thyroid cancer was estimated according to the biological effects of ionizing radiation BEIR VII model. Results: Errors in the treatment planning system (TPS) increased with increasing distance from the field edge and varied in different treatment techniques. The 6-MV IMRT technique increased the photon dose to all of the organs. Further, the excess relative risk for thyroid cancer was obtained higher in the 6-MV IMRT technique than in the 15- and 18-MV 3D-CRT techniques, as the photon dose to the thyroid gland was higher. Conclusion: Although 6-MV IMRT better improves local control and dose distribution than 3D-CRT, it increases the total dose equivalent in out-of-field organs independently of beam energy and exacerbates the risk of secondary thyroid cancer more significantly. 569 574 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/27 1400/4/6 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 S. Elmtalab S. Elmtalab Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran I. Abedi I. Abedi Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran i.abedi@med.mui.ac.ir Brain tumor intensity-modulated radiotherapy 3D-conformal radiotherapy out-of-field dose secondary cancer risk. Andersen AP (1978) Postoperative irradiation of glioblastomas: Results in a randomized series. Acta Radiol Oncol Radiat Phys Biol, 17(6): 475-84.##Kry SF, Salehpour M, Followill DS, et al. (2005) Out-of-field photon and neutron dose equivalents from step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 62(4): 1204-16.##American Association of Physicists in Medicine (1986) Neutron measurements around high energy X-ray radiotherapy machines. American Institute of Physics for American Association of Physicists in Medicine, United States.##Howell RM, Hertel NE, Wang Z, et al. (2006) Calculation of effective dose from measurements of secondary neutron spectra and scattered photon dose from dynamic MLC IMRT for, and beam energies. Med Phys, 33(2): 360-8.##Cozzi L, Buffa FM, Fogliata A (2001) Dosimetric features of linac head and phantom scattered radiation outside the clinical photon beam: experimental measurements and comparison with treatment planning system calculations. Radiother Oncol, 58(2): 193-200.##Kase KR, Svensson GK, Wolbarst AB, et al. (1983) Measurements of dose from secondary radiation outside a treatment field. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 9(8): 1177-83.##Ron E (2003) Cancer risks from medical radiation. Health Phys, 85(1): 47-59.##Van der Laan B, Baris G, Gregor RT, et al. (1995) Radiation-induced tumours of the head and neck. J Laryngol Otol, 109(4): 346-9.##Hempel M and Hinkelbein W (1993) Eye sequelae following external irradiation. Recent Results Cancer Res, 130: 231-236.##Rubino C, De Vathaire F, Dottorini M, et al. (2003) Second primary malignancies in thyroid cancer patients. Br J Cancer, 89(9): 1638-44.##Rose J, Wertheim BC, Guerrero MA (2012) Radiation treatment of patients with primary pediatric malignancies: risk of developing thyroid cancer as a secondary malignancy. ##Am J Surg, 204(6): 881-7.##Howell RM, Scarboro SB, Kry SF, et al. (2010) Accuracy of out-of-field dose calculations by a commercial treatment planning system. Phys Med Biol, 55(23): 6999.##Kourinou KM, Mazonakis M, Lyraraki E, et al. (2013) Scattered dose to radiosensitive organs and associated risk for cancer development from head and neck radiotherapy in pediatric patients. Phys Med, 29(6): 650-5.##Majer M, Stolarczyk L, De Saint-Hubert M, et al. (2017) Out-of-field dose measurements for 3D conformal and intensity modulated radiotherapy of a paediatric brain tumour. Radiat Prot Dosim, 176(3): 331-40.##Ahmadi M, Tavakoli MB, Amouheidari A, et al. (2017) Investigation of the absorbed dose and estimation of the risk of secondary thyroid cancer in whole-brain radiotherapy. J Isfahan Med Sch, 34(413): 1590-1594.##Khan FM and Gibbons JP (2014) Khan's the physics of radiation therapy. LWW, United States.##Cox JD, Stetz J, Pajak TF (1995) Toxicity criteria of the radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) and the European organization for research and treatment of cancer (EORTC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 31(5): 1341-6.##Scoccianti S, Detti B, Gadda D, et al. (2015) Organs at risk in the brain and their dose-constraints in adults and in children: a radiation oncologist’s guide for delineation in everyday practice. Radiother Oncol, 114(2): 230-8.##Banaee N and Nedaie HA (2013) Evaluating the effect of energy on calibration of thermo-luminescent dosimeters 7-LiF: Mg, Cu, P (GR-207A). Int J Radiat Res, 11(1): 51. ##Moafi M, Geraily G, Shirazi AR (2019) Comparison of thermoluminescent dosimeter calibration irradiated in gamma knife and 60Co instruments. J Cancer Res Ther, 15(8): 123.##Nazem MNM, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, saleh Jafarpishe M, et al. (2018) Evaluation of cumulative radiation dose in neonates in neonatal surgery ward. Iran J Pediatr, 4(2): 71-9.##Meinhold CB, Abrahamson S, Adelstein SJ, et al. (1993) Limitation of exposure to ionizing radiation. NCRP REP, (116): 1-86.##National Research Council (2006) Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII phase 2. NAP, United States. ##Foo ML, McCullough EC, Foote RL, et al. (1993) Doses to radiation sensitive organs and structures located outside the radiotherapeutic target volume for four treatment situations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 27(2): 403-17.##Ruben JD, Smith R, Lancaster CM, et al. (2014) Constituent components of out-of-field scatter dose for 18-MV intensity modulated radiation therapy versus 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy: a comparison with 6-MV and implications for carcinogenesis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 90(3): 645-53.##Shore RE (1992) Issues and epidemiological evidence regarding radiation-induced thyroid cancer. Radiat Res, 131(1): 98-111.##Acun H, Kemikler G, Karadeniz A (2007) Dosimetric analysis of thyroid doses from total cranial irradiation. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 123(4): 498-504.##Das IJ and Kase KR (1992) Higher energy: is it necessary, is it worth the cost for radiation oncology? Med Phys, 19(4): 917-25.##Alfuraih A, Chin MP, Spyrou NM (2008) Measurements of the photonuclear neutron yield of 15 MV medical linear accelerator. J Radioanal Nucl Chemis, 278(3): 681-4.## Hermanto U, Frija EK, Lii MJ, Chang EL, et al. (2007) Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and conventional three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for high-grade gliomas: Does IMRT increase the integral dose to normal brain? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 67(4): 1135-44.##Elmtalab S, Abedi I, Choopan-Dastjerdi M, et al. (2020) Evaluation of risk of secondary thyroid cancer caused by neutron dose equivalent from brain tumor 3D-conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). J Isfahan Med Sch, 38(586): 569-574.## ##

Estimating organ dose in computed tomography using tube current modulation: A Monte Carlo simulation 2 2 Background: The computed tomography (CT) scan delivers a relatively high radiation dose to the patient. One of the critical factors that affects the absorbed dose is the intensity of tube current. The aim of this study is to measure and compare the radiation dose of three radiation-sensitive organs in constant current mode and tube current modulation (TCM) modes. Materials and Methods: CT-scans from the chest and abdomen-pelvis regions of adults in three different current modes were obtained. The absorbed doses of thyroid, lungs, and ovaries were measured using the thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips embedded in the RANDO phantom. Furthermore, the confirmation of the organ doses was simulated using the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The measured doses were evaluated and confirmed by comparison with the simulated doses. Results: The relative differences between the measured and simulated doses for thyroid, lung, and ovary were -4.7%, -1.3%, and -11.7% for constant current mode, -2.2%, -11.2%, and -6.3% for longitudinal modulation mode, and 0.0%, -14.6%, and -9.9% for angular modulation mode, respectively. With longitudinal modulation mode, thyroid, lung, and ovary doses were reduced by 34.0%, 19.0%, and 19.0% for the measured doses and 32.0%, 26.0%, and 13.0% for the simulated doses, respectively. The longitudinal modulation mode resulted in a greater dose reduction compared to the angular modulation for both measured and simulated doses. Conclusion: Using TCM resulted in reducing does received by the organs in both measured and simulated doses. The TCM reduces organ dose, which is more evident in the longitudinal modulation. 575 581 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/27 1400/4/6 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 V. Hosseinzadeh V. Hosseinzadeh Department of Nuclear Engineering, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran H. Ghaffari H. Ghaffari Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran A. Rezaeyan A. Rezaeyan Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ahrezaeyan@gmail.com S. Deilami S. Deilami Department of Physics, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran saeed1542@yahoo.com Computed tomography tube current modulation organ dose thermoluminsent dosimeter Monte Carlo simulation. Brenner DJ and Elliston CD (2004) Estimated radiation risks potentially associated with full-body CT screening. Radiology, 232: 735-8.##2. Paolicchi F, Bastiani L, Guido D, Dore A, Aringhieri G, Caramella D (2018) Radiation dose exposure in patients affected by lymphoma undergoing repeat CT examinations: how to manage the radiation dose variability. Radiol Med, 123:191-201.##3. Anam C, Haryanto F, Widita R, Arif I, Dougherty G, McLean D (2018) Volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) for tube current modulation (TCM) in CT scanning. Int J Radiat Res, 16: 289-97.##4. Zamani H, Falahati F, Omidi R, Abedi-Firouzjah R, Zare MH, Momeni F (2020) Estimating and comparing the radiation cancer risk from cone-beam computed tomography and panoramic radiography in pediatric and adult patients. Int J Radiat Res, 18: 885-93.##5. Chaparian A and Karimi Zarchi H (2018) Assessment of radiation-induced cancer risk to patients undergoing computed tomography angiography scans. Int J Radiat Res, 16: 107-15.##6. Furlow B (2010) Radiation dose in computed tomography. Radiologic Technol, 81: 437-50.##7. Khorramian D, Sistani S, Banaei A, Bijari S (2017) Estimation and assessment of the effective doses for radiosensitive organs in women undergoing chest CT scans with or without automatic exposure control system. Tehran Univ Med J, 75 :496-503.##8. Salimi Y, Deevband MR, Ghafarian P, Ay MR (2018) Uncertainties in effective dose estimation for CT transmission scan in total body PET-CT imaging with Auto mA3D tube current modulation. Int J Radiat Res, 16: 465-72.##9. Fujii K, Nomura K, Muramatsu Y, Obara S, Akahane K, Kusumoto M (2017) Organ Dose Evaluations Based on Monte Carlo Simulation for CT Examinations Using Tube Current Modulation. Radiat Prot Dosim, 174: 387-94.##10. Graser A, Wintersperger B, Suess C, Reiser MF, Becker CR (2006) Dose reduction and image quality in MDCT colonography using tube current modulation. Am J Roentgenol, 187: 695-701.##11. Fujii K, Nomura K, Muramatsu Y, Takahashi K, Obara S, Akahane K, et al. (2015) Evaluation of organ doses in adult and paediatric CT examinations based on Monte Carlo simulations and in-phantom dosimetry. Radiat Prot Dosim, 165: 166-71.##12. Deak P, van Straten M, Shrimpton PC, Zankl M, Kalender WA (2008) Validation of a Monte Carlo tool for patient-specific dose simulations in multi-slice computed tomography. Eur Radiol, 18: 759–772.##13. Huang Y, Zhuo W, Gao Y, Liu H (2018) Monte Carlo simulation of eye lens dose reduction from CT scan using organ-based tube current modulation. Phys Med, 48: 72–75.##14. Dabin J, Mencarelli A, McMillan D, Romanyukha A, Struelens L, Lee C (2016) Validation of calculation algorithms for organ doses in CT by measurements on a 5 year old paediatric phantom. Phys Med Biol, 61: 4168–4182.##15. Long DJ, Lee C, Tien C, Fisher R, Hoerner MR, Hintenlang D, et al. (2013) Monte Carlo simulations of adult and pediatric computed tomography exams: validation studies of organ doses with physical phantoms. Med Phys, 40: 013901.## ##

A pilot survey for circulatory diseases risk assessment in nuclear power plant workers 2 2 Background: There are data suggesting that low dose radiation induced inflammatory reactions and changes of the immune system could be responsible for late circulatory and other chronic diseases. Chronic low dose radiation of occupationally exposed persons requires careful examination of their immune status. The purpose of this survey was to study some immunological parameters and serum proteins as suitable markers for screening cardiovascular diseases and chronic inflammatory state in NPP personnel. Materials and Methods: Lymphocyte populations were determined using four parameters by flow cytometer. Plasma levels of interleukin IL6, CRP and INFγ were determined by ELISA. Results: The main T lymphocyte populations did not show any differences to controls but there were trends of increasing activated CD3 HLA, CD4+25+ and CD8+38+ T lymphocytes and  CRP and IL6 markers. Higher, but not significant averages were recorded for regulatory T lymphocytes probably due to their role in preventing of atherosclerosis. No dependence was established of the studied parameters to cardiovascular or other chronic diseases, a weak correlation was only recorded for IL6 with autoimmune ones (p=0.042). The results show that the age, obesity, and other lifestyle factors, particularly cigarette smoking could be considered as cofounder for circulatory diseases. Conclusion: It could be assume that radiation induced aging of T cells and activation of inflammatory response are partly involved in the development of inflammatory chronic diseases as the more pronounced deviations in the parameters are observed with increasing age and cumulative dose. 583 590 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/27 1400/4/6 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 I. Gyuleva I. Gyuleva National Centre of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Sofia, Bulgaria i.guleva@ncrrp.org J. Djounova J. Djounova National Centre of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Sofia, Bulgaria I. Rupova I. Rupova National Centre of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Sofia, Bulgaria lymphocyte populations serum proteins occupational radiation exposure nuclear power plant workers. Peterson DL, Shimizu Y, Pierce DA, Suyama A, Mabuchi K (2003) Studies of mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 13: Solid cancer and noncancer disease mortality: 1950–1997. Radiat Res, 160: 381–407.## Little MP,  Tawn EJ, Tzoulaki I,  Wakeford R, et al. (2008) Systematic review of epidemiological associations between low and moderate doses of ionizing radiation and late cardiovascular effects, and their possible mechanisms.  Radiat Res, 169(1): 99-109.##Kasagi F, Kodama K, Yamada M, Sasaki H, Akahoshi M (1992) An association between the prevalence of isolated hypertension and radiation dose in the Adult Health Study. Nagasaki. Med J, 67: 479-82.##Sasaki H, FL Wong,M Yamada,K Kodama (2002) The effects of aging and radiation exposure on blood pressure levels of atomic bomb survivors. J Clin Epidemiol, 55: 974–81.##Hildebrandt G, Maggiorella L, Rödel F, Rödel V, et al. (2002) Mononuclear cell adhesion and cell adhesion molecule liberation after X-irradiation of activated endothelial cells in-vitro. Int J Radiat Biol, 78(4): 315-25##Kern PM, Keilholz L, Forster C, Hallmann R, et al. (2000) Low-dose radiotherapy selectively reduces adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to endothelium in-vitro. Radiother Oncol, 54(3): 273-82.##Shimizu Y , Nishi N ,Kasagi F, Suyama A, Soda M, et al.( 2010) Radiation exposure and circulatory disease risk: Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivor data, 1950-2003. BMJ, 340: 1-8. ##Borghini A, Antonio E, Gianicolo L, Picano E, Andreassi MG (2013) Ionizing radiation and atherosclerosis: Current knowledge and future challenges, Atherosclerosis, 230(1): 40–47.##Basavaraju SR and Easterly CE (2002) Pathophysiological effects of radiation on atherosclerosis development and progression, and the incidence of cardiovascular complications. Med Phys, 29: 2391-403.##Yamada M, Naito K, Kasagi F, Masunari N, Suzuki G (2005) Prevalence of atherosclerosis in relation to atomic bomb radiation exposure: an RERF Adult Health Study. Int J Radiat Biol, 81: 821-6.##Potekhina A, Pylaeva E, Provatorov S, Ruleva N, et al. (2015) Treg/Th17 balance in stable CAD patients with different stages of coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 238(1): 17–21##Sakaguchi N, K Miyai, S Sakaguchi (1994) Ionizing radiation and autoimmunity. Induction of autoimmune disease in mice by high dose fractionated total lymphoid irradiation and its prevention by inoculating normal T cells. J Immunology, 152(5): 2586-2595. ##Wigren M, Björkbacka H, Andersson L, et al. (2012) Low levels of circulating CD4+FoxP3+ T cells are associated with an increased risk for development of myocardial infarction but not for stroke. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 32: 2000–2004##Kusunoki Y, Kyoizumi S, Yamaoka M, Kasagi F, et al. (1999) Decreased proportion of CD4 T cells in the blood of atomic bomb survivors with myocardial infarction. Radiat Res, 152: 539-43.##AGIR (Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation) (2010) Circulatory Disease Risk. In: Report of the Independent Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation, London: Health Protection Agency.##Jackson A ( 1990) Basic phenotype of lymphocytes: Selection and testing of reagents and interpretation of data. Clin Immunol Newslett, 10: 43 - 55.##Roncador G, Brown PJ, Maestre L, Hue S, et al. (2005) Analysis of FoxP3 protein expression in human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells at the single-cell level. Eur J Immunol, 35(6): 1681-91.##Kinnear PR and Gray CD (1997) In: SPSS for Windows made simple. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press; 386.##Torkabadi E, Kariminia A, Zakeri F. (2007) Alteration of peripheral blood T-reg cell and cytokines production in angiography personnel exposed to scattered X-rays. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol, 6: 181–187. ##Zakeri F, Hirobe T, Noghabi A. (2010) Biological effects of low-dose ionizing radiation exposure on interventional cardiologists. Occupational Medicine, 60: 464-469.##Gyuleva I, Penkova K, Rupova I, Panova D, Djunova J (2014) Assessment of some immune parameters in occupationally exposed nuclear power plants workers I. Flowcytometry measurements of T, B and NK cells. Dose Response, 1: 1-15. ##Xu Y, Greenstock CL, Trivedi A, Mitchel RE (1996) Occupational levels of radiation exposure induces surface expression of IL-2 receptors in stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 35: 89-93.##Gyuleva I, Penkova K, Rupova I, et al. (2015) Assessment of Some Immune Parameters in Occupationally Exposed Nuclear PowerPlant Workers: Flow cytometry measurements of t lymphocyte subpopulations and immunoglobulin determination. Dose Response, 1: 1 – 11.##Hayashi T, Kusunoki Y, Hakoda M, et al. (2003) Radiation dose-dependent increases in inflammatory response markers in A-bomb survivors. 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Background radiation level measurement using hand held dosimeter and gamma spectrometry in Ijebu-Ife, Ogun State Nigeria 2 2 Background: The knowledge of distribution of radionuclides and background radiation levels in the environment is important for assessing the effects of radiation exposure due to both terrestrial and extra-terrestrial sources. Materials and Method: In-situ gamma dose survey and gamma spectrometry was employed to investigate background radiation levels in Ijebu-Ife. Results: In-situ gamma dose rates vary from 0.02 to 0.10 µSv/hr with mean value of 0.05 µSv/hr which is less than 0.133 μSv/hr, recommended by the ICRP. The resulting annual effective dose was below 1 mSv/yr maximum permissible limit for the general public set by the UNSCEAR, 2000. The activity concentrations of the three naturally occurring radionuclides in soils ranged from Below Detection Level (BDL) to 320.11 ± 28.53, 9.11 ± 1.65 and 8.55 ± 0.95 Bq/kg with mean values of 119.05 ± 11.24 Bq/kg, 4.44 ± 1.01 Bq/kg and 4.55 ± 0.62 Bq/kg respectively which are lower than the average values of 400, 35, and 30 Bq/kg recommended by the UNSCEAR, 2000 for 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th respectively. The mean computed values for absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose and radium equivalent are 10.03 nGy/hr, 0.03 mSv/yr, 20.11 Bq/kg respectively, which fall within UNSCEAR, 2000 threshold. Conclusion: A significant positive relationship exists between the in-situ and evaluated effective dose equivalents (r = 0.89, p < 0.05). Radiation dose results indicate insignificant radiological risk, making the study area safe for living and agriculture purposes. 591 598 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/27 1400/4/6 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 P.O. Olagbaju P.O. Olagbaju Physics Department, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa olagbajupetero@gmail.com I.C. Okeyode I.C. Okeyode Physics Department, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Ogun State, Nigeria O.O. Alatise O.O. Alatise Physics Department, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Ogun State, Nigeria B.S. Bada B.S. Bada Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria Radionuclides in-situ dose rate gamma spectrometry Ibikunle SB, Arogunjo AM, Ajayi OS (2019) Characterization of radiation dose and soil-to-plant transfer factor of natural radionuclides in some cities from south-western Nigeria and its effect on man. Scientific African, 3: e00062.##United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000) Sources and effects of ionizing radiation: sources: United Nations Publications. ##Okeyode I, Oladotun I, Alatise O, Bada B, Makinde V, Akinboro F (2019) Indoor gamma dose rates in the high background radiation area of Abeokuta, South Western Nigeria. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 12(1): 72-7.##Masok F, Masiteng P, Mavunda R, Maleka P, Winkler H (2018) Measurement of radioactivity concentration in soil samples around phosphate rock storage facility in Richards Bay, South Africa. J Radiat Res App Sci, 11(1): 29-36.##Guagliardi I, Ricca N, Cipriani MG, Civitelli D, Froio R, Gabriele A, (2011) Natural radioactivity distribution and soil properties: a case study in Southern Italy. Spatial2 Conference: Spatial Data Methods for Environmental and Ecological Processes, Foggia (IT), 1-2 September 2011 Università degli studi di Bergamo.##Taskin H, Karavus M, Ay P, Topuzoglu A, Hidiroglu S, Karahan G (2009) Radionuclide concentrations in soil and lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radioactivity in Kirklareli, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 100(1): 49-53.##Mathuthu M, Dlamini SG, Njinga RL (2018) Exposure risks assessment due to gamma emitting radionuclides in soils and consumable waters around princess gold mine dump in Roodepoort, South Africa. Mine Water and the Environment, 37(1): 98-105.##Jibiri N and Okeyode I (2011) Activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in the sediments of Ogun River, Southwestern Nigeria. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 147(4): 555-64.##Jibiri NN and Famodimu JB (2013) Natural background radiation dose rate levels and incidences of reproductive abnormalities in high radiation area in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. Natural Sciencem, 5(11): 1145.##Al-Azmi D (2013) Performance of some handheld dosimeters used for gamma-ray ambient dose rate measurements. International Journal of Low Radiation, 9(2): 95-109.##Ikhane P, Omosanya K, Akinmosin A, Odugbesan A (2012) Electrical resistivity imaging(ERI) of slope deposits and structures in some parts of Eastern Dahomey Basin. Journal of Applied Sciences(Faisalabad), 12(8): 716-26.##Otwoma D, Patel J, Bartilol S, Mustapha A (2012) Radioactivity and dose assessment of rock and soil samples from Homa Mountain, Homa Bay County, Kenya. ##Navas Izquierdo A, Gaspar Ferrer L, López-Vicente M, López-Vicente M, Machín Gayarre J (2011) Spatial distribution of natural and artificial radionuclides at the catchment scale (South Central Pyrenees). ##O’Dea J and Dowdall M (1999) Spatial analysis of natural radionuclides in peat overlying a lithological contact in Co. Donegal, Ireland. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 44(1): 107-17.##International Atomic Energy Agency (1989) IAEA bulletin: Division of Public Information; Information IAEADoP##Gbadebo A (2011) Natural radionuclides distribution in the granitic rocks and soils of abandoned quarry sites, Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 4(2): 176-85.##Suresh G, Sutharsan P, Ramasamy V, Venkatachalapathy R (2012) Assessment of spatial distribution and potential ecological risk of the heavy metals in relation to granulometric contents of Veeranam lake sediments, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 84: 117-24.##Bello IA, Jibiri N, Momoh H (2014) Determination of external and internal hazard indices from naturally occurring radionuclide in rock, sediment and building samples collected from Sikiti, Southwestern Nigeria. J Nat Sci Res, 4(12): 74-81.##Ramli AT, Hussein AWM, Lee M (2001) Geological influence on terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate in the Malaysian State of Johore. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 54(2): 327-33.##Avwiri G, Osimobi J, Agbalagba E (2013) Natural occurring radionuclide variation with a soil depth profile of Udi and Ezeagu local government areas of Enugu State, Nigeria. 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Radiological assessment on Caesium-137 (137Cs) radionuclide contamination from metal recycling facility and its surrounding environment, South - South Nigeria 2 2 Background: Radioactive material through scrap metal dealers, is often sold to steel processing facilities, which contaminate products with associated waste ends up in the environment. This study was to conduct radiological assessment of 137Cs contaminated at metal processing facility and surrounding environment at Southern Nigeria as a function of time. Materials and Method: Samples were randomly collected within the facility and at surrounding environment, and analyzed using HpGe detector. Results: The 137Cs concentration ranged (1.61±0.25- 2619.35±133.80) Bq/g, with mean of 417.17±23 Bq/g. The 137Cs concentration at 500 meters from the facility ranged (0.21±0.02- 3.63±0.25) Bq/g with the mean of 1.30±0.16 Bq/g. The 137Cs concentration in the facility was above admissible limit of 100 Bq/g except that recorded at 500 meters away. The radiological hazards within the first year were estimations, which showed Dose through Inhalation Pathways was 6.89x10-3 mSv/yr. Dose through Soil Ingestion Pathways was 0.91 mSv/yr, and Sum External Dose from all the Pathways to be 1.44 x103 mSv/yr. The sum of evaluated radiological risk was found to be higher than the 0.25 mSv/yr or 1 mSv/yr admissible limits. An evaluated Excess Life Cancer Risk was found to be 2.5 quite above admissible limit of (029x10-3). Conclusion: It is inferred from the assessment that, there is a likelihood of radiological health risk due 137Cs contaminated to workers, public and other biota. Therefore, immediate remediation is recommended and as well as restrictions of the public using materials from the area for soil stabilization and farming purpose. 599 606 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/27 1400/4/6 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 I. Sambo I. Sambo Department of Radiological Safety, Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Plot 564/565 Airport Road, Central Business District, Garki, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria isasambo@yahoo.com G.B. Ekong G.B. Ekong Department of Radiological Safety, Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Plot 564/565 Airport Road, Central Business District, Garki, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria gobass04@yahoo.com Cesium-137 radioactive contamination metal recycling. US Environmental Protection Agency (2011) Radioactive equilibrium. Available at http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/equilibrium.html, 2011. Last Assessed 20th March 2019.##International Atomic Energy Agency (2005) Environmental and source monitoring for purpose of radiation protection, IAEA Safety Standard Series No. RS- G-1.8, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 2005; 10-130.##International Atomic Energy Agency (2012) Control of orphan sources and other radioactive material in the metal recycling and production Industries. IAEA safety standards for protecting people and the environment (SSG-17). Austria: Publication of International Atomic Energy Agency, 2012; STI/PUB/1509.##Njinga RL, Ibrahim YV, Ishoryiyi IJ (2015) Radioactivity analysis in underground drinking water sources in Niger state university of Nigeria, Pollution, 1(3): 315-324.##Little MP (2003) Risks associated with ionizing radiation. Environmental pollution and health British Medical Bulletin, (68)1: 259–275.##Martin A, HarbisonS, Beach K, Cole P (2012) An introduction radiation protection. Fifth Edition, Hodder Arnold, an imprint of Hodder Education, Hachette UK, 6 -209. ##Ogundare FO and Nwankwo CU (2014) Radionuclide content of, and radiological hazards associated with samples from different streams of metal recycling facilities, Radioprotection, 50(1): 55-58. ##International Atomic Energy Agency (2005) Radiological conditions at the former french nuclear test sites in algeria: preliminary assessment and recommendations. Radiological Assessment Report Series, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 2005; 1-59.##Osouli A, Abbasi F, Naseri M (2009) Measurement of 137Cs in soils of Tehran province. Int J Radiat Res, 7(3): 141-149.##Kolo MT, Amin YM, Khandaker MU, Abdullah WHB (2017) Radionuclide concentrations and excess lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radioactivity in tailing enriched soil around Maiganga coal mine, Northeast Nigeria. Int J Radiat Res, 15(1): 71-80. ##International Atomic Energy Agency (2014) Radiation protection and safety of radioactive source. International Basic Safety Standard, General Safety Requirements Part 3, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 1-110.##Waugh A and Grant A (2014) Ross and Wilson Anatomy & Physiology in Health and Illness, International Edition, Churchill Livingstone Elservier, 147-148.##Ekong GB, Sambo I, Sayaidi S (2016) Determination of radionuclides surface concentration and radiation level in Fukushima prefecture, Japan. Modern Environmental Science and Engineering, 2(1): 757-764.##Fasunwon O, Alausa S, Odunaike R, Alausa I, Sosanya F, Ajala B (2010) Activity concentrations of natural radionuclide levels in well waters of Ago Iwoye, Nigeria. Int J Radiat Res, 7(4): 207-210.##Knoll GF (2010) Radiation detection and measurement. Fourth Edition; John Wiley & Sons, New York, 123- 506.##Dizman S and Keser R (2019) Natural radioactivity in ceramic tiles and associated radiological hazards. Int J Radiat Res, 17(2): 245-252.##Yu C (2018) Introduction to radiological dose assessment and RESRAD family of codes. Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA Department of Energy, 2018; 1-22. Last accessed on 21st May, 2018, Available at: http, resrad.evs.anl.gov.##International Atomic Energy Agency (2011) Radiation protection and safety of radiation sources: International Basic Safety Standards. IAEA Safety Standard Series General Safety Requirement Part 3, IAEA, Vienna, Austria., ##International Commission on Radiological Protection (2007) The 2007 recommendations 103 of the international commission on radiological protection, ICRP publication, 2007.##United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) (2000a) Exposures from natural radiation sources, Annex B New York, 2000a.##United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) (2000b) Effects and risks of ionizing radiations. United Nations; New York, 2000b.##Tchokossa P, Olomo, JB, Balogun FA, Adesanmi CA (2013) An assessment of radioactivity content of food in the oil and gas producing areas in Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(4): 245–250.##Ekong G, Akpa T, Umaru I, Samson D, Akpanowo MY, Benson N (2021). Baseline radioactivity and associated radiological hazards in soils around a proposed nuclear power plant facility, South-south Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104289## ##

Measuring track density of alpha particles emitted from human teeth and assess of the resulting cancer risk 2 2 Background: Since the radionuclides concentration in teeth is a good indicator of the human body’s radioactive contamination, the purpose of this study was to measure the track density of alpha particles emitted from the human teeth and to assess the resulting cancer risk. Material and Methods: In this cross-section study, 93 permanent and unfilled tooth samples were collected from the patients residing in Khorramabad, Iran, and visiting dental clinics in this city. The alpha track density for the tooth samples was measured using CR-39 nuclear track detector. Annual effective dose (AED) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were estimated based on the recommendations made by ICRP and UNSCEAR. Results: The mean alpha track density from 222Rn in patients’ teeth was410.15 tracks cm-2, whereas the mean for women and men equaled 441.42 and 378.20, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (P=0.22), but there was a statistically significant difference between the track densities in different age groups (P˂0.001).In this study, the average radon activity concentration was 40.62 Bq m-3. Also, the mean annual effective dose and the mean ELCR were calculated as 1.02 mSvy-1 and 3.59 ×10-3, respectively. Conclusion: The AED value was higher than the permissible dose limit and also the mean ELCR was higher than the global average. Based on the results, it is necessary to perform periodical monitoring to detect pollution sources. 607 613 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/27 1400/4/6 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 N. Hassanpour N. Hassanpour Department of Radiology and Radiotherapy, Allied Medical Sciences School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences V. Changizi V. Changizi Department of Technology of Radiology and Radiotherapy, Allied Medical Sciences School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences M. Gholami M. Gholami Department of Medical Physics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Gholami.mehrdad@lums.ac.ir Human tooth alpha particle cancer risk CR-39 detector. 1. Aghamiri SM, Ghorbani Z, Darafsheh A, Torabzadeh H, Fathivand AA, Minuchehr A, Jalinoos A(2006) 226Ra concentration in the teeth of habitants of areas with high level of natural radioactivity in Ramsar. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 89(3): 212-218.##2. United Nations United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation: UNSCEAR (2008) Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation.##3. Eisenbud M and Gesell TF (1997) Environmental radioactivity from natural, industrial and military sources: from natural, industrial and military sources. Elsevier.##4. Henriksen T, Maillie HD, Korchin SR (2003) Radiation and health. Medical Physics, 30(10):2857.##5. Almayahi BA (2016) Biomarkers of Natural Radionuclides in the Bone and Teeth: Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries, and Applications. Biomarkers in Bone Disease, 1-21.##6. Dewit T, Clulow V, Jackson JS, Mitchel RE (2001) Uranium and uranium decay series radionuclide dynamics in bone of rats following chronic uranium ore dust inhalation. Health physics, 81(5): 502-513.##7. Singh J, Singh H, Singh S, Bajwa BS (2009) Uranium, radium and radon exhalation studies in some soil samples using plastic track detectors. Indian Journal of Physics, 83(8): 1147-1153.##8. Shakir Khan M., Naqvi A.H., Azam A., Srivastava D.S (2011) Radium and Radon Exhalation Studies of Soil. International Journal of Radiation Research, 8(4): 207-210.##9. ICRP Committee II (1959) Report of Committee II on permissible dose of internal radiation. Health Phys, 3: 217–26.##10. Tirmarche M, Harrison JD, Laurier D, Paquet F, Blanchardon E, Marsh JW (2010) Lung cancer risk from radon and progeny and statement on radon. Ann ICRP, 40(1): 1-64.##11. Samuels LD (1966) Uptake of radium-226 from drinking water into human deciduous teeth. Archives of Oral Biology, 11(6): 581-586.##12. Dewit T, Clulow V, Jackson JS, Mitchel REJ (2001) Uranium and uranium decay series radionuclide dynamics in bone of rats following chronic uranium ore dust inhalation. Health Physics, 81(5): 502-513.##13. Nanci A (2003) Ten Cate's oral histology development, structure, and function. Pp. 192-239.##14. Carvalho M L, Casaca C, Pinheiro T, Marques J P, Chevallier P, Cunha A S (2000) Analysis of human teeth and bones from the chalcolithic period by X-ray spectrometry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 168(4): 559-565.##15. Gomes V E, De Sousa M D L R, Barbosa JrJr F, Krug F J, Saraiva M D C P, Cury J A, Gerlach R F (2004) In-vivo studies on lead content of deciduous teeth superficial enamel of preschool children. Science of the Total Environment, 320(1): 25-35.##16. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2009) A review of human carcinogens, Part D: radiation, 100.##17. International Commission on Radiological Protection (1991) Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60. Ann ICRP, 21(1-3): 1-201.##18. Christensen DM, Livingston GK, Sugarman SL, Parillo SJ, Glassman ES (2014) Management of ionizing radiation injuries and illnesses, part 3: radiobiology and health effects of ionizing radiation. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 114(7): 556-565.##19. Henshaw DL (1989) Application of solid state nuclear track detectors to measurements of natural alpha-radioactivity in human body tissues. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, 16(4): 253-270.##20. Henshaw DL, Allen JE, Keitch PA, Randle PH (1994) Spatial distribution of naturally occurring 210Po and 226Ra in children's teeth. Int J Radiat Biol, 66(6): 815-826.##21. Joshirao PM, Shin JW, Hong SW, Kolekar RV, Manchanda VK (2015) Geometrical parameters of tracks registered by collimated alpha particles on CR-39 detector. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 351: 56-60.##22. El Ghazaly M and Hassan HE (2014) Spectroscopic studies on alpha particle-irradiated PADC (CR-39 detector). Results in Physics, 4: 40-43.##23. Zaki MF, El-Shaer YH (2007) Particularization of alpha contamination using CR-39 track detectors. Pramana, 69(4): 567-574.##24. Almayahi BA, Tajuddin AA, Jaafar MS (2014) Radiobiological long-term accumulation of environmental alpha radioactivity in extracted human teeth and animal bones in Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 129: 140-147.##25. ICRP. International Commission on Radiological Protection (1993) Protection against Radon-222 at home and at work. ICRP Publication 65. Ann. ICRP. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 23(2).##26. Qureshi AA, Tariq S, Din KU, Manzoor S, Calligaris C, Waheed A (2014) Evaluation of excessive lifetime cancer risk due to natural radioactivity in the rivers sediments of Northern Pakistan. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 7(4): 438-447.##27. ICRP. International Commission on Radiological Protection (1990) Recommendations of the Commission. ICRP Publication 60. Pergamon, Oxford, 21: 1–3.##28. Piroozfar P (2007) Study of natural radionuclides of water and sediment in Tehran 1: 100000 map, Twenty fifth assembly of Geological Sciences, Tehran, Iran.##29. Onishchenko A, Zhukovsky M, Veselinovic N, Zunic ZS (2010) Radium-226 concentration in spring water sampled in high radon regions. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 68(4-5): 825-827.##30. Taşkin H, Kobya Y, Tokgöz M, Başsari A, Yeşilkanat CM (2018) Biomonitoring of trace elements and gross alpha/beta radioactivity levels in human teeth: A case study from Istanbul, Turkey. Microchemical Journal, 141: 458-465.##31. Lecomte JF, Solomon S, Takala J, Jung T, Strand P, Murith C, Kiselev S, Zhuo W, Shannoun F, Janssens A (2014) ICRP Publication 126: Radiological Protection against Radon Exposure. Annals of the ICRP, 43(3): 5-73.##32. Almayahi BA, Tajuddin AA, Jaafar MS (2012) Measurements of alpha emission rates in bones using CR-39 track detector. Nucl Tracks Radiat Meas, 16: 253-270.##33. Almayahi BA (2017) Determination of Radionuclide Concentration in Human Teeth in Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Iran J Medica Physics, 14(4): 173-182.##34. Gholizade Rad S, Vahabi Moghaddam M, Hosseini T, Barati H, Fattahi E (2010) Measurement of 210Po in Iranian smokers' and non-smokers' teeth. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 138(4): 389-392.##35. Batsis JA, Mackenzie TA, Lopez-Jimenez F, Bartels SJ (2015) Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and functional impairments in older adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999-2004. Nutrition Research, 35(12): 1031-1039.##36. Wright NC, Looker AC, Saag KG, Curtis JR, Delzell ES, Randall S, Dawson-Hughes B (2014) The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the United States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 29(11): 2520-2526.##37. Burns ER, Stevens JA, Lee R (2016) The direct costs of fatal and non-fatal falls among older adults—United States. Journal of Safety Research, 58: 99-103.##38. Söğüt Ö, Aydın MF, Küçükönder E, Zorer ÖS, Doğru M (2010) Measurement of gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations in human tooth. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 101(3): 226-229.##39. Aydın, M.F (2009) Systematic Analysis of the Human Tooth, MSc Thesis, Kahramanmaras¸ Sutçu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.##40. Barger MK (2010) Maternal nutrition and perinatal outcomes. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 55(6): 502-511.## ##

Assessment of radiation hazard indices for sand samples from Ma'rib in Yemen 2 2 Background: This study aimed to investigate the radiation hazard indices from sand samples of  Ma’rib Governorate in Yemen, where the majority of oil and gas facilities are installed. Methods and Materials: Thirty five samples of desert sand from Ma’rib Governorate in Yemen were collected and tested their radiation hazard indices by using High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. Results: Based on the measurement of the concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K, the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the activity concentration index (Iγ), the external hazard index (Hex) and the internal hazard index (Hin) were all calculated.  Also, the absorbed dose rate in Air (ADR) and the annual effective dose (AED) are calculated. Conclusions: Comparing the practically attained results with internationally permissible values, it was found that most of the radiological parameters, including the radiation hazard indices of the studied samples, fall within the world's permissible limits and don't expose risks to the human beings and environments. 615 623 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/27 1400/4/6 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 M.M.M. Ali M.M.M. Ali Collage of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China H. Zhao H. Zhao Collage of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China mohsenzmra7777@gmail.com A. Rawashdeh A. Rawashdeh Collage of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China Y.A. Mohammed Y.A. Mohammed College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China, 150001 M. Al Hassan M. Al Hassan College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China, 150001 Natural radioactivity sand samples HPGe detector annual effective dose. 1. Oladele B, Arogunjo A, Aladeniyi K (2018) Indoor and outdoor gamma radiation exposure levels in selected residential buildings across Ondo state, Nigeria. Int J Radiat Res, 16(3): 363-70.##2. Hrichi H, Baccouche S, Belgaied J-E (2013) Evaluation of radiological impacts of tenorm in the Tunisian petroleum industry. J Environmental Radioactivity, 115: 107-13.##3. Ali MM, Zhao H, Li Z, Maglas NN (2019) Concentrations of TENORMs in the petroleum industry and their environmental and health effects. RSC Advances, 9(67): 39201-29.##4. Ali MMM, Zhao H, Li Z, Ayoub AAT (2020) A review about radioactivity in TENORMs of produced water waste from petroleum industry and its environmental and health effects. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environ Sci, 467: 012120.##5. Khan I, Qin Z, Xie T, Bin Z, Li H, Sun W, et al. (2020) Evaluation of health hazards from radionuclides in soil and rocks of North Waziristan, Pakistan. Int J Radiat Res, 18(2): 243-53.##6. Khan IU, Sun W, Lewis E (2020) Review of low-level background radioactivity studies conducted from 2000 to date in people Republic of China. J Radiat Res Appl Sci, 13(1) :406-15.##7. Usikalu M, Rabiu A, Oyeyemi KD, Achuka J, Maaza M (2017) Radiation hazard in soil from Ajaokuta North-central Nigeria. Int J Radiat Res, 15(2): 219-24.##8. Isinkaye M, Jibiri N, Bamidele S, Najam L (2018) Evaluation of radiological hazards due to natural radioactivity in bituminous soils from tar-sand belt of southwest Nigeria using HpGe-Detector. Int J Radiat Res, 16(3): 351-62.##9. Khan IU, Sun W, Lewis E (2020) Radiological Impact on Public Health from Radioactive Content in Wheat Flour Available in Pakistani Markets. J Food Protection, 83(2):377-82.##10. Arafin SAK, El-Taher A, Fazlul Hoque AKM, Ashraful Hoque M, Ferdous J, Joynal Abedi M (2020) Natural gamma radiation level detection in agriculture soil after Aila disaster and comparison with deep soil gamma activity in a specific area of Sundarban region, Satkhira, Banglsdesh. Int J Radiat Res, 18(3): 397-404.##11. Mouandza S, Moubissi A, Abiama P, Ekogo T, Ben-Bolie G (2018) Study of natural radioactivity to Assess of radiation hazards from soil samples collected from Mounana in south-east of Gabon. Int J Radiat Res, 16(4): 443-53.##12. Taqi A, Shaker A, Battawy A (2018) Natural radioactivity assessment in soil samples from Kirkuk city of Iraq using HPGe detector. Int J Radiat Res, 16(4): 455-63.##13. Gulan L, Milenkovic B, Stajic JM, Vuckovic B, Krstic D, Zeremski T, et al. (2013) Correlation between radioactivity levels and heavy metal content in the soils of the North Kosovska Mitrovica environment. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 15(9): 1735-42.##14. National Information Center Y-R (2019) Administrative division of Ma’rib governorate for local administration (Fourth Conference of Local Councils - 2006). 2006 [cited 2019 9/4/2019 ]. Available from: https://www.yemen-nic.info/gover/mareb/classoff/.##15. Our Yemen website management (2019) Comprehensive guide, your comprehensive guide to Yemen "all regions" 2015 [cited 2019 10/1/2019]. Available from: http://www.yemenna.com ##16. Khandaker MU, Asaduzzaman K, Sulaiman AFB, Bradley DA, Isinkaye MO (2018) Elevated concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides in heavy mineral-rich beach sands of Langkawi Island, Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 127: 654-63.##17. Özmen S, Cesur A, Boztosun I, Yavuz M (2014) Distribution of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in beach sand samples from Mediterranean Coast of Turkey. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 103: 37-44.##18. Fares S (2017) Measurements of natural radioactivity level in black sand and sediment samples of the Temsah Lake beach in Suez Canal region in Egypt. J Radiat Res Appl Sci, 10(3): 194-203.##19. UNSCEAR (2000) Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. New York.##20. Alaboodi AS, Kadhim NA, Abojassim AA, Baqir Hassan A (2020) Radiological hazards due to natural radioactivity and radon concentrations in water samples at Al-Hurrah city, Iraq. Int J Radia Res, 18(1):1-11.##21. Elsaman R, Ali GAM, Uosif MAM, El-Taher A, Chong KF (2020) Transfer factor of natural radionuclides from clay loam soil to sesame and Cowpea: radiological hazards. Int J Radiat Res,18(1): 157-66.##22. Adewoyin OO, Omeje M, Joel ES, Odetunmibi OA (2019) Comparative assessment of natural radioactivity and radiological hazards in building tiles and sharp sand sourced locally and those imported from China and India. Int J Radiat Res, 17(3): 463-71.##23. Faweya EB, Olowomofe GO, Akande HT, Faweya O, Adesakin GE (2019) Evaluation of radon exhalation rate and excessive lifetime cancer risk in Dumpsites in Ondo city Southwestern Nigeria. Int J Radiat Res, 17(3): 379-90.##24. Al-Kaabi MA and Hmood AN (2019) Study of the Radiological Doses in Karbala city. Int J Radiat Res, 17(1): 171-6.##25. Alaamer AS (2012) Measurement of natural radioactivity in sand samples collected from Ad Dahna desert in Saudi Arabia. World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2: 187-91.##26. Xinwei L and Xiaolan Z (2006) Measurement of natural radioactivity in sand samples collected from the Baoji Weihe Sands Park, China. Environmental Geology, 50(7): 977-82.##27. Ratnayake R, Gamage SS, Senadhira A, Weerasinghe D, Waduge V (2017) NORM analysis of the reservoir sand section in the Dorado natural gas discovery, Mannar basin offshore Sri Lanka. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 89(6): 683-8.##28. Hassan NM, Mansou N, Salama S, Seoud M (2019) Assessment of radiological hazards of using petroleum raw materials and their waste. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 185(4): 494-506.##29. Abu-baker AOK, Elhassan A, Osman AH, Elfaki AAA, Elobaid RA (2016) Measurement of activity concentration, absorbed dose rate and annual effective dose of natural occurring radioactive material (NORM) in samples encountered during oil & gas industry. IOSR J Appl Phys, 8: 89-95.## ##

The impacts of dose rate in sliding window intensity modulated radiation therapy quality assurance 2 2 Background: The present study aims to compare the impacts of dose rate in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan delivery by using the gamma agreement between the calculated and measured doses by pretreatment quality assurance (QA). Materials and Methods: Ten nasopharynx cancer patients who underwent IMRT treatment were included in this study. The treatment plans were performed using Varian DHX eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) version 15.1. and the QA plans were generated for the dose rates of 300, 400, 500 and 600 MU/min. All measurements were performed by aS1000 Electronic Portal Imaging Device (Epid) integrated into Varian DHX linear accelerator and 2D array detector. The dose distribution was evaluated with gamma area histograms (GAHs) generated using different γ criteria (2%/2 mm and 3%/3 mm) for dose agreement and distance to agreement parameters. Statistical analyses were evaluated by using Mann-Whitney Test and a p-value of p <0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: There was a significant decrease in the percentage gamma pass rate when the dose rate was increased from 300 MU/min to 600 MU/min (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between Epid and Epiqa for all dose rates (p<0.05). The total number of MU was correlated to the dose rate. When comparing MU from 300 MU/min to 600 MU/min dose rate, it was observed that the MU of IMRT plans increaed as the dose rate was increased. Conclusion: In this study, we have demonstrated that IMRT delivery using sliding window method is affected by the dose rate. 625 632 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/27 1400/4/6 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 O.V. Gul O.V. Gul Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey vefagul@selcuk.edu.tr G. Inan G. Inan Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey Dose rate epid epiqa 2D array IMRT. Eisbruch A (2002) Intensity-modulated radiotherapy of head and neckcancer: encouraging early results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 53(1): 1-3.##Chen SW, Yang SN, Liang JA, Shiau AC, Lin FJ (2005) Comparative dosimetric study of two strategies of intensity-modulated radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal cancer. Med Dosim, 30(4): 219–227.##Franceschini D, Paiar F, Meattini I, Agresti B, Pasquetti EM, Greto D, Bonomo P,  Marrazzo L, Casati M, Livi L, Biti G (2013) Simultaneous integrated boost–intensity‐modulated radiotherapy in head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope, 123(12): E97-103.##Ling CC, Burman C, Chui CS, Kutcher GJ, Leibel SA, LoSasso T, Mohan R, Bortfeld T, Reinstein L, Spirou S, Wang XH, Wu Q, Zelefsky M, Fuks Z (1996) Conformal radiation treatment of prostate cancer using inversely-planned intensity-modulated photon beams produced with dynamic multileaf collimation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 35(4):721–730.##Ezzell GA, Chungbin S (2001) The overshoot phenomenon in step-and-shoot IMRT delivery. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 2(3): 138-148. ##Xia P, Chuang CF, Verhey LJ (2002) Communication and sampling rate limitations in IMRT delivery with a dynamic multileaf collimator system. Med Phys, 29(3): 412–423.##Ezzell GA, Galvin JM, Low D, Palta JR, Rosen I, Sharpe MB, Xia P, Xiao Y, Xing L, Yu CX (2003) Guidance document on delivery, treatment planning, and clinical implementation of IMRT: report of the IMRT subcommittee of the AAPM radiation therapy committee. Med Phys, 30(8): 2089–2115.##Low DA, Moran JM, Dempsey JF, Dong L, Oldham M (2011) Dosimetry tools and techniques for IMRT. Med Phys, 38(13): 13–38.##Nicolini G, Fogliata A, Vanetti E, Clivio A, Cozzi L (2006) GLAaS: an absolute dose calibration algorithm for an amorphous silicon portal imager. Applications to IMRT verifications. Med. Phys, 33(8): 2839-2851.##Mohamed GA, Mohamed EI, Zidan MH (2018) Portal Dosimetry for Pre-treatment Verification of IMRT/VMAT Plan: A Comparison with 2D Array Detector for Quality Assurance. Journal of Nuclear Medicine & Radiation Therapy, 9(2): 100359.##Nijsten SMJJG, Minken AWH, Lambin P, Bruinvis IAD (2004) Portal dosimetry in radiotherapy verification of treatment parameter transfer by means of electronic portal dosimetry. Med. Phys, 31(2): 341-347.##Low DA, Harms WB, Mutic S, Purdy JA (1998) A technique for the quantitative evaluation of dose distributions. Med Phys, 25(5): 656–661.##Van Esch A, Depuydt T, Huyskens DP (2004) The use of an aSibased EPID for routine absolute dosimetric pre-treatment verification of dynamic IMRT fields. Radiother Oncol, 71(2): 223-234.##Bawazeer O, Herath S, Sarasanandarajah S, Deb P (2015) Electronic portal ımaging device dosimetry for IMRT: a Review on commercially. World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, 553-556.##Kaviarasu K, Nambi NA, Murthy KK, Giri Babul AA, Prasad BLD (2015) Impact of dose rate on accuracy of intensity modulated radiation therapy plan delivery using the pretreatment portal dosimetry quality assurance and setting up the work flow at hospital levels. Journal of Medical Physics, 40(4): 226-232.##Njeh CF, Howard W, Salmon HW, Schiller C (2017) The Impact of Dose Rate on the Accuracy of Step‑and‑Shoot Intensity‑modulated Radiation Therapy Quality Assurance Using Varian 2300CD. J Med Phys, 42(4): 206-212.kk##Yoganathan SA, Maria KJ, Agarwal A, Kumar S (2013) Performance evaluation of respiratory motion-synchronized dynamic IMRT delivery. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 14(3): 4103.##Vieillevigne L, Molinier J, Brun T, Ferrand R (2015) Gamma index comparison of three VMAT QA systems and evaluation of their sensitivity to delivery errors. 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Fractionated whole body gamma irradiation potentiate high fat diet- induced intestinal inflammation in Wistar rats 2 2 Background: In this work, a low-dose rate (100mGy/min of whole body gamma irradiation fractionated (0.5, 1, and 2Gy) was used to study the effects of cumulative doses on the expression of target genes implicated in the intestinal inflammatory process in high fat diet (HFD) wistar rats. Material and Methods: Total RNA was extracted and the expression of target genes was measured in the four intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon) of HFD Wistar rats. Results: Our in-vivo results in the four intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon) demonstrated that gamma irradiation exposure in HFD rats amplified the low-grade inflammatory state already induced by HFD. This phenomenon occurs through the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines mainly the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) or via overexpression/increasing of anti-inflammatory response involved interleukin 10 (IL-10) and the growth factor β (TGFβ) overall the bowel segments. Results suggested that whole body gamma irradiation might have dual roles, first, engraving the inflammatory state already initiated by HFD, and second, an over expressed anti-inflammatory response via anti-inflammatory cytokines mainly IL-10 and TGFβ. Conclusion: The current study clearly demonstrated the important role of the gut in HFD rats during fractionated whole body irradiation (FWBGI) and indicated that TGFβ and IL-10 may be the target in whole body radiotherapy as a mechanism to recompense for the ‎imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. 633 643 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/27 1400/4/6 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 A. Khalil A. Khalil Department of Radiation Medicine, Human Nutrition Laboratory, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria ascientific13@aec.org.sy H. Omran H. Omran Department of Radiation Medicine, Human Nutrition Laboratory, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria S. Habeel S. Habeel Department of Radiation Medicine, Human Nutrition Laboratory, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria F. Alsheikh F. Alsheikh Department of Radiation Medicine, Human Nutrition Laboratory, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria Fractionated whole body gamma irradiation (FWBGI) HFD IL-10 TGFβ inflammation intestine. Grammaticos P, Giannoula E, Fountos GP (2013) Acute radiation syndrome and chronic radiation syndrome. Hell J Nucl Med, 16: 56-9.##Keefe DM, Gibson RJ, Hauer-Jensen M (2004) Gastrointestinal mucositis. Semin Oncol Nurs, 20: 38-47.##Hauer-Jensen M, Wang J, Boerma M, Fu Q, Denham JW (2007) Radiation damage to the gastrointestinal tract: mechanisms, diagnosis, and management. BMJ Support Palliat Care, 1: 23-9. ##Hauer-Jensen, M (1990) Late radiation injury of the small intestine. Clinical, pathophysiologic and radiobiologic aspects. Acta Oncologica, 29: 401-15.##Thiagarajah JR, Gourmelon P, Griffiths NM, Lebrun F, Naftalin RJ, Pedley KC (2000) Radiation induced cytochrome c release causes loss of rat colonic fluid absorption by damage to crypts and pericryptal myofibroblasts. Gut, 47: 675-84.##François A, Milliat F, Guipaud O, Benderitter M (2013) Inflammation and immunity in radiation damage to the gut mucosa. Biomed Res Int, 2013: 123241.##Leppkes M, Roulis M, Neurath MF, Kollias G, Becker C (2014) Pleiotropic functions of TNFα in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial response to inflammation. Int Immunol, 26: 509-15.##Polistena A, Johnson LB, Ohiami-Masseron S, et al. (2008) Local radiotherapy of exposed murine small bowel: apoptosis and inflammation. 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Effects of radiation dose on the stemness-related genes expression in colorectal cancer cell line 2 2 Background: Accumulating reports suggest that radiation may change gene expression in cancer cells and promote cell migration and invasion, as well as inducing cancer stem cell (CSC). However, the correlation between these processes and radiation dose has not been shown yet. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of low, medium, and high doses of X-ray on expressing three genes involved in CSC induction in colon cancer cell line (HT-29). Materials and Methods: The cells cultured in flasks were irradiated with X- rays in different doses including 0.1, 2.5, 5, and 10 Gy. Then, the expression of Oct4, CD44, and ALDH1 genes was measured using real-time PCR. PCR efficiency was evaluated for each gene using Linreg PCR software, and relative changes for mRNA were calculated based on the ∆∆Ct method. Results: CD44 gene expression increased equally at all doses. Oct4 and ALDH1 gene expression were not affected by 10 Gy, but low and moderate doses increased them equally. Conclusion: The effects of low and moderate doses on increasing the expression of stem-related genes are equal. In addition, the effect of the high dose on increasing CD44 gene expression was equal to the low and moderate doses. 645 651 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/28 1400/4/7 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 Sh. Soleymanifard Sh. Soleymanifard Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran M. Rostamyari M. Rostamyari Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran N. Jaberi N. Jaberi Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran F.B. Rassouli F.B. Rassouli Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran S.I. Hashemy S.I. Hashemy Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran A.R. Mehdizadeh A.R. Mehdizadeh Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran mehdizade@sums.ac.ir Radiation colorectal cancer gene expression real-time PCR. 1. Das V, Kalita J, Pal M (2017) Predictive and prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer: A systematic review of recent advances and challenges. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 87: 8-19.##2. 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Wakamatsu Y, Sakamoto N, Oo HZ, Naito Y, Uraoka N, Anami K, Sentani K, Oue N, Yasui W (2012) Expression of cancer stem cell markers ALDH1, CD44 and CD133 in primary tumor and lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer. Pathology International, 62(2): 112-9.##25. Wang C, Xie J, Guo J, Manning HC, Gore JC, Guo N (2012) Evaluation of CD44 and CD133 as cancer stem cell markers for colorectal cancer. Oncology Reports, 28(4): 1301-8.##26. Thapa R and Wilson GD (2016) The importance of CD44 as a stem cell biomarker and therapeutic target in cancer. Stem Cells Int, 2016: 2087204.##27. Du L, Wang H, He L, Zhang J, Ni B, Wang X, Jin H, Cahuzac N, Mehrpour M, Lu Y, Chen Q (2008) CD44 is of functional importance for colorectal cancer stem cells. Clinical cancer research : An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 14(21): 6751-60.##28. Ma L, Dong L, Chang P (2019) CD44v6 engages in colorectal cancer progression. Cell death & disease. 10(1): 30-.##29. Wang Z, Tang Y, Xie L, Huang A, Xue C, Gu Z, Wang K, Zong S. (2019) The Prognostic and Clinical Value of CD44 in Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol, 9: 309-320.##30. Liu K, Kasper M, Bierhaus A, Langer S, Peterson I, Muller M, Trott KR (1997) Differential expression of CD44s and CD44v10 proteins and syndecan in normal and irradiated mouse epidermis. Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 107(2): 159-67.##31. Yang W, Wang Y, Wang W, Chen Z, Bai G (2018) Expression of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) as a Prognostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer Using Immunohistochemistry. Medical science monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 24: 2864-72.##32. Vishnubalaji R, Manikandan M, Fahad M, Hamam R, Alfayez M, Kassem M, Aldahmash A, Alajez NM (2018) Molecular profiling of ALDH1(+) colorectal cancer stem cells reveals preferential activation of MAPK, FAK, and oxidative stress pro-survival signalling pathways. Oncotarget, 9(17): 13551-64.##33. van der Waals LM, Borel Rinkes IHM, Kranenburg O (2018) ALDH1A1 expression is associated with poor differentiation, 'right-sidedness' and poor survival in human colorectal cancer. PloS One, 13(10): e0205536.##34. Nichols J, Zevnik B, Anastassiadis K, Niwa H, Klewe-Nebenius D, Chambers I, Scholer H, Smith A (1998) Formation of pluripotent stem cells in the mammalian embryo depends on the POU transcription factor Oct4. Cell, 95(3): 379-91.##35. Niwa H, Miyazaki J, Smith AG (2000) Quantitative expression of Oct-3/4 defines differentiation, dedifferentiation or self-renewal of ES cells. Nature Genetics, 24(4): 372-6.##36. Chen Y-C, Hsu H-S, Chen Y-W, Tsai T-H, How C-K, Wang C-Y, Hung S-C, Chang Y-L, Tsai M-L, Lee Y-Y, Ku H-H, Chiou S-H (2008) Oct-4 expression maintained cancer stem-like properties in lung cancer-derived CD133-positive cells. PloS One, 3(7): e2637-e.##37. Chiou SH, Wang ML, Chou YT, Chen CJ, Hong CF, Hsieh WJ, Chang HT, Chen YS, Lin TW, Hsu HS, Wu CW (2010) Coexpression of Oct4 and Nanog enhances malignancy in lung adenocarcinoma by inducing cancer stem cell-like properties and epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation. Cancer Research, 70(24): 10433-44.##38. Chang C-J, Chien Y, Lu K-H, Chang S-C, Chou Y-C, Huang C-S, Chang C-H, Chen K-H, Chang Y-L, Tseng L-M, Song W-S, Wang J-J, Lin J-K, Huang P-I, Lan Y-T (2011) Oct4-related cytokine effects regulate tumorigenic properties of colorectal cancer cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 415(2): 245-51.##39. Saigusa S, Tanaka K, Toiyama Y, Yokoe T, Okugawa Y, Ioue Y, Miki C, Kusunoki M (2009) Correlation of CD133, OCT4, and SOX2 in rectal cancer and their association with distant recurrence after chemoradiotherapy. Annals of surgical oncology, 16(12): 3488-98.##40. Marson A, Foreman R, Chevalier B, Bilodeau S, Kahn M, Young RA, Jaenisch R (2008) Wnt signaling promotes reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell, 3(2): 132-5.##41. Dreesen O, Brivanlou AH. (2007) Signaling pathways in cancer and embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Reviews, 3(1): 7-17.##42. Cojoc M, Peitzsch C, Kurth I, Trautmann F, Kunz-Schughart LA, Telegeev GD, Stakhovsky EA, Walker JR, Simin K, Lyle S, Fuessel S, Erdmann K, Wirth MP, Krause M, Baumann M, Dubrovska A (2015) Aldehyde dehydrogenase is regulated by beta-catenin/TCF and promotes radioresistance in prostate cancer progenitor cells. Cancer Research, 75(7): 1482-94.##43. Schmitt M, Metzger M, Gradl D, Davidson G, Orian-Rousseau V (2015) CD44 functions in Wnt signaling by regulating LRP6 localization and activation. Cell Death & Differentiation, 22(4): 677-89.##44. Shao M, Bi T, Ding W, Yu C, Jiang C, Yang H, Sun X, Yang M (2018) OCT4 Potentiates radio-resistance and migration activity of rectal cancer cells by improving Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition in a ZEB1 dependent manner. Biomed Res Int, 2018: 3424956-69.##45. Savickiene J, Treigyte G, Aleksandraviciene C, Navakauskiene R (2010) Low-dose ionizing radiation effects on differentiation of HL60 cells. Central European Journal of Biology - Cent Eur J Biol, 5: 600-12.##46. Kaushik N, Kim M-J, Kim R-K, Kumar Kaushik N, Seong KM, Nam S-Y, Lee S-J (2017) Low-dose radiation decreases tumor progression via the inhibition of the JAK1/STAT3 signaling axis in breast cancer cell lines. Sci Rep, 7: 43361-70.## ##

Thorax artifacts in CT – air embolism or other causes? 2 2 Background: The existence of air in hollow organs in the thoracic cavity constitutes a life-threatening situation most of the times. However, sometimes in thoracic Computed Tomography (CT) there are artifacts from different sources that could mimic air densities, disorientating the diagnosis. Materials and Methods: 100 patients (46 females and 54 males, mean age: 60 years, range: 20-90 years), who had been routinely scanned in the area of thorax using three different imaging protocols (follow up, aorta, pulmonary vessels) were retrospectively studied. In 67 cases, contrast agent was used during the examination. Every case was studied by two specialists. Results: Artifacts in pulmonary veins were observed in 38 of the cases. Of these artifacts 27 stemmed from contrast agent, calcifications in the vessels, metallic implants, movement of the patient, malfunction of a detector due to the size of field of view (FOV) or due to the existence of contrast agent on the examination table of the CT scanner. In 11 cases, small amounts of air had been inserted into blood circulation during contrast injection. Conclusions: This study characterized and classified many artifacts related to thorax CT in order to separate them from other serious thoracic pathologies (e.g. aortic dissection, ulcer of veins or arteries). The knowledge and identification of the different types of artifacts is very important in order to avoid the risk of misdiagnosis. 653 659 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/28 1400/4/7 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 E. Lavdas E. Lavdas University of West Attica, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Athens, Greece M. Papaioannou M. Papaioannou Animus Kyanoys Stavros, Department of Radiology, Larissa, Greece A. Tsikrika A. Tsikrika General University Hospital of Larissa, Department of Radiology, Greece E. Pappas E. Pappas Animus Kyanoys Stavros, Department of Radiology, Larissa, Greece G.K. Sakkas G.K. Sakkas General University Hospital of Larissa, Department of Radiology, Greece V. Roka V. Roka Health Center of Farkadona, Trikala, Greece S. Kostopoulos S. Kostopoulos University of West Attica, Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Athens, Greece P. Mavroidis P. Mavroidis Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA panayiotis_mavroidis@med.unc.edu Streak artifacts CT air embolism Air bubble contrast agent. Boas FE, Fleischmann E (2012) CT artifacts: Causes and reduction techniques. Imaging Med, 4: 229-240.##Lavdas E, Vlychou M, Roka V, Wozniak G, Protogerou G, Fezoulidis I (2009) Artifacts in spiral CT protocols: The importance of the spatial reconstruction. Eur J Radiography, 1: 73-79.##Barrett JF and Keat N (2004) Artifacts in CT: Recognition and avoidance. Radiographics, 24: 1679–1691.##Emby DJ and Ho K (2006) Air embolus revisited – a diagnostic and interventional radiological perspective (bubble trouble and the dynamic Mercedes Benz sign). South African J Radiol, 10: 3-7.##Yu AS, Levy E (1997) Paradoxical cerebral air embolism from a haemodialysis catheter. Am J Kidney Dis, 29: 453-455.##Ziser A, Adiry, Lavon H, Shupaka (1999) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for massive arterial air embolism during cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 117: 818-821.##Choi HS, Choi BW, Choe KO, Choi D, Yoo KJ, Kim MI, et al. (2004) Pitfalls, artifacts, and remedies in multi– detector row ct coronary angiography. Radiographics, 24: 787–800.##Hoang JK, Lee WK, Hennessy OF (2008) Multidetector CT pulmonary angiography features pulmonary embolus. J Med Imag Radiat Oncol, 52: 307-317.##Sur BW, Wandtke JC, Hobbs SK (2015) Pneumothorax: How to recognize subtle signs and avoid pitfalls. Contemp Diagn Radiol, 36: 1-7.##Lavdas E, Roka V, Protogerou G, Vlychou M, Fezoulidis IV (2006) Elimination of artifacts through spatial reconstitution in thoracic aorta imaging examination. Archives of Hellenic Medicine, 26: 384-389.##Setty BN, Sahani DV, Ouellette-Piazzo K (2006) Comparison of enhancement, image quality, cost, and adverse reactions using 2 different contrast medium concentrations for routine chest CT on 16-slice MDCT. J Comput Assist Tommogr, 30: 818-822.##Faggioni L and Gabbeloni M (2016) Iodine concentration and optimization in computed tomography angiography current issues. Invest Radiol, 51: 816-822.##Sekiguchi R, Nawano S, Satake M, Hayashi T, Murakami K, Nasu K, et al. (2001) Multislice CT of the thorax: effects of contrast material pushed with saline solution using a dual power injector on contrast material dose and perivenous artifacts. Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi, 61: 484-490.##Kodaira T, Shimamoto K, Hirota H, Itoh S, Itoh K, Kamata N, et al. (1995) Optimal concentration of contrast medium in helical CT of the thorax. Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi, 55: 138-144.##Chen GTY, Kung JH, Beaudette KP (2004) Artifacts in Computed Tomography of moving objects. Sem Radiat Oncol, 14: 19-26.##Goldman LW (2007) Principles of CT and CT technology. J Nucl Med Technol, 35: 115–128.##Hsieh J (2003) Computed tomography: Principles, design, artifacts, and recent advances. Bellingham, WA: SPIE.##Ialongo P, Ciarpaglini L, Tinti MD, Suadoni MN, Cardillo G (2017) Systemic air embolism as a complication of percutaneous computed tomography guided transthoracic lung biopsy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 99: e174–e176.##Tomiyama N, Yasuhara Y, Nakajima Y, Adachi S, Arai Y, Kusumoto M, et al. (2006) CT-guided needle biopsy of lung lesions: a survey of severe complication based on 9783 biopsies in Japan. Eur J Radiol, 59: 60–64.##Hare SS, Gupta A, Goncalves TV, Souza CA, Matzinger F, Seely JM (2011) Systemic arterial air embolism after percutaneous lung biopsy. Clin Radiol, 66: 589–596.##Hori Y, Yoshimura N, Ozaki T, Takano T, Ooi H, Kimura M, et al. (2005) Two-phase CT pulmonary angiography for detection of hilar pulmonary thromboembolism. Radiat Med,  23: 414-417.##Haage P, Schmitz-Rode T, Hübner D, Piroth W, Günther RW (2000) Reduction of contrast material dose by a saline flush using a double power injector in helical CT of the thorax. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 174: 1049-1053.##Hansmann J, Fink C, Jost G, Pietsch H, Meyer M, Nance JW Jr, et al. (2013) Impact of iodine delivery rate with varying flow rates on image quality in dual-energy CT of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Acad Radiol, 20: 962–971.##Batra P, Bigoni B, Manning J, Aberle DR, Brown K, Hart E, et al. (2000) Pitfalls in the diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection at CT angiography. Radiographics, 20: 309-320.## ##

Evaluation of water equivalent ratio (WER) values for polyethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, lead, tungsten and aluminum at helium ion energies ranging from 25-250 MeV/u through Monte Carlo simulation 2 2 Background: There is no data concerning water equivalent ratio (WER) values for helium ion beams in an extensive range of energies as well as relevant dosimetric materials. Materials and Methods: In this work, quantities related to depth-dose profiles and WER values were evaluated in water, Polyethylene (PE), Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), Polystyrene (PS), Lead (Pb), Tungsten (W) and Aluminum (Al) for helium ion energies ranging from 25-250 MeV/u using MCNPX 2.4.0 Monte Carlo code. Results: For all the studied energy range, the mean values of WER for PMMA, PE, PS, Pb, W and Al were 1.161, 0.995, 1.049, 5.421, 9.512 and 2.091, respectively. Among the studied materials, PE and W showed the least and most difference to water, respectively. Also the WER values of some of the studied materials for helium ion beams were compared with the same materials for proton beam. Conclusion: The evaluated WER values were in acceptable accordance with the data reported in the literature by less than 2.6 % difference. Also, WER values of the mentioned materials for helium ions and protons have been compared and it was concluded that dose characteristics of PE are the most similar to water in the field of both helium ions and proton beams. 661 668 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/282021/06/28 1400/4/7 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 N. Hajiloo N. Hajiloo Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran nhajiloo@aeoi.org.ir M. Akbari M. Akbari Pars Isotope Co., P.O. Box 14376-63181, Karaj, Iran S. Malekie S. Malekie Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran Helium ion beam dosimetry materials water equivalent ratio. 1. Yajnik S (2012) Proton Beam Therapy: How Protons are Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment. Springer Science & Business Media.##2. Tessonnier T, Mairani A, Chen W, Sala P, Cerutti F, Ferrari A, Haberer T, Debus J, Parodi K (2018) Proton and helium ion radiotherapy for meningioma tumors: a Monte Carlo-based treatment planning comparison. Radiation Oncology, 13: 2.##3. Hong L, Goitein M, Bucciolini M, Comiskey R, Gottschalk B, Rosenthal S, Serago C, Urie M (1996) A pencil beam algorithm for proton dose calculations. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 41: 1305.##4. Bauer J, Unholtz D, Kurz C, Parodi K (2013) An experimental approach to improve the Monte Carlo modelling of offline PET/CT-imaging of positron emitters induced by scanned proton beams. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 58: 5193.##5. Wilson R (1946) Radiological use of fast protons. Radiology, 47: 487-491.##6. Zhang R, Taddei PJ, Fitzek MM, Newhauser WD (2010) Water equivalent thickness values of materials used in beams of protons, helium, carbon and iron ions. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 55: 2481.##7. Schulz-Ertner D and Tsujii H (2007) Particle radiation therapy using proton and heavier ion beams. Journal of clinical oncology, 25: 953-964.##8. Veiskarami A, Sadeghi M,Sardari D, Malekie S (2019) Optimization of beamline diameter in spot scanning proton therapy for minimization of secondary particles using fininte element method. Radiation Physics and Engineering, 1: 1-7.##9. Newhauser WD and Zhang R (2015) The physics of proton therapy. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 60: R155.##10. Tessonnier T, Böhlen T, Ceruti F, Ferrari A, Sala P, Brons S, Haberer T, Debus J, Parodi K, Mairani A (2017) Dosimetric verification in water of a Monte Carlo treatment planning tool for proton, helium, carbon and oxygen ion beams at the Heidelberg ion beam therapy Center. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 62: 6579.##11. Dokic I, Mairani A, Niklas M, Zimmermann F, Chaudhri N, Krunic D, Tessonnier T, Ferrari A, Parodi K, Jäkel O (2016) Next generation multi-scale biophysical characterization of high precision cancer particle radiotherapy using clinical proton, helium-, carbon-and oxygen ion beams. Oncotarget, 7: 56676.##12. Mairani A, Dokic I, Magro G, Tessonnier T, Kamp F, Carlson D, Ciocca M, Cerutti F, Sala P, Ferrari A (2016) Biologically optimized helium ion plans: calculation approach and its in vitro validation. Physics in Medicine Biology, 61: 4283.##13. Lühr A, Hansen D C, Teiwes R, Sobolevsky N, Jäkel O, Bassler N (2012) The impact of modeling nuclear fragmentation on delivered dose and radiobiology in ion therapy. Physics in Medicine Biology, 57: 5169.##14. Horst F, Schuy C, Weber U, Brinkmann K T, Zink K (2017). Measurement of charge-and mass-changing cross sections for He 4+ C 12 collisions in the energy range 80–220 MeV/u for applications in ion beam therapy. Physical Review C, 96: 024624.##15. Akbari MR, Yousefnia H, Mirrezaei E (2014) Calculation of water equivalent ratio of several dosimetric materials in proton therapy using FLUKA code and SRIM program. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 90: 89-93.##16. Safigholi H and Song W Y (2018) Calculation of water equivalent ratios for various materials at proton energies ranging 10–500 MeV using MCNP, FLUKA, and GEANT4 Monte Carlo codes. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 63: 155010.##17. Newhauser W, Fontenot J, Zheng Y, Polf J, Titt U, Koch N, Zhang X, Mohan R (2007) Monte Carlo simulations for configuring and testing an analytical proton dose-calculation algorithm. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 52: 4569.##18. Newhauser W (2001) Proton field calibration measurements and analysis with the calibration setup program (CSU) version 1.1. Massachusetts General Hospital Report.##19. Bagheri R, Moghaddam AK, Azadbakht B, Akbari MR, Shirmardi SP (2019) Determination of water equivalent ratio for some dosimetric materials in proton therapy using MNCPX simulation tool. Nuclear Science and Techniques, 30: 31.##20. Zhang R, Newhauser W D (2009) Calculation of water equivalent thickness of materials of arbitrary density, elemental composition and thickness in proton beam irradiation. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 54: 1383.##21. Lee C, Lee Y, Tung C, Cheng H, Chao T (2014) MCNPX simulation of proton dose distribution in homogeneous and CT phantoms. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 95: 302-304.##22. Fellin F, Righetto R, Fava G, Trevisan D, Amelio D, Farace P (2017) Water equivalent thickness of immobilization devices in proton therapy planning–Modelling at treatment planning and validation by measurements with a multi-layer ionization chamber. Physica Medica, 35: 31-38.##23. Lourenço A, Shipley D, Wellock N, Thomas R, Bouchard H, Kacperek A, Fracchiolla F, Lorentini S, Schwarz M, MacDougall N (2017) Evaluation of the water-equivalence of plastic materials in low-and high-energy clinical proton beams. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 62: 3883.##24. de Vera P, Abril I, Garcia-Molina R (2014) Water equivalent properties of materials commonly used in proton dosimetry. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 83: 122-127.##25. Berger M, Inokuti M, Andersen H, Bichsel H (1993) Stopping powers and ranges for protons and alpha particles. ICRU Report 49.##26. Los Alamos National Laboratory (2002). Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code System for Multiparticle and High Energy Applications MCNPX™ 2.4.0. Los Alamos, New Mexico.##27. Martišíková M, Gehrke T, Berke S, et al. (2018) Helium ion beam imaging for image guided ion radiotherapy. Radiation Oncology, 13: 109. ##28. Volz L, Kelleter L, Brons S, et al. (2020) Experimental exploration of a mixed helium/carbon beam for online treatment monitoring in carbon ion beam therapy. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 65: 055002.##29. Leverington BD, Dziewiecki M, Renner L, Runze R (2017) A Scintillating Fibre Beam Profile Monitor for Ion Therapy Beams. Journal of Instrumentation, 13: P05030.##30. Kanematsu N, Koba Y, Ogata R (2013) Evaluation of plastic materials for range shifting, range compensation, and solid-phantom dosimetry in carbon-ion radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 40: 041724.##31. Mónica A (2017) Water-equivalence of phantom materialsin proton and carbon-ion dosimetry. PhD Thesis, University College London.##32. 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Dosimetric evaluation of intensity modulated radiation therapy for different duty cycles of the gated beam delivery 2 2 Background: Aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of the error that the gating system incorporates into an intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) delivery for the different duty cycles of beam gated treatments (beam-interruption) by comparing the gamma between the dose planes. Materials and Methods: Respiratory motion patterns was recorded in the real-time position management (RPM) software, which controls the triggering of the linear accelerator for the beam ON/OFF based on the predefined gating window. 10 IMRT plans consisting of 60 IMRT fields were delivered for three different duty cycles (20%DC, 30%DC and 40%DC) of gated and non-gated delivery. Planar dose measurements of IMRT delivery were performed with the commercially available two-dimensional ion chamber array and portal dosimetry. Gamma evaluation was carried out for the three different duty cycles of gated delivery with that of the reference of non-gated delivery, and the measured dose planes of gated and non-gated delivery were gamma analyzed with the treatment planning system (TPS) dose planes. Multileaf collimator (MLC) dynalog files were acquired and analyzed for the different duty cycles of gated and non-gated IMRT deliveries. Results: Gamma between the gated and non-gated dose planes were found within the 3% deviation.  Area gamma for the gated and non-gated delivery to the reference of TPS dose planes were found within the deviation of 6%. Conclusion: Gamma comparison of the gated delivery with the reference of non-gated delivery results demonstrated that increasing the duty cycle reduced the deviation between the gated and non-gated delivery. 669 683 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/28 1400/4/7 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 K. Kaviarasu K. Kaviarasu Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT, Vellore-632014, India N. Arunai Nambi Raj N. Arunai Nambi Raj Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT, Vellore - 632014, India narunainambiraj@vit.ac.in K. Krishna Murthy K. Krishna Murthy Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT, Vellore - 632014, India Duty cycle gating techniques gamma evaluation intensity-modulated radiation therapy respiratory motion management. 1. Jiang SB (2006) Technical aspects of image-guided respiration-gated radiation therapy. Med Dosim, 31: 141-151.##2. Bortfeld T (2006) IMRT: a review and preview. Phys Med Biol, 51: 363-379.##3. Keall P, Vedam S, George R, Bartee C, Siebers BSJ, Lerma F, Weiss E, Chung T (2006) The clinical implementation of respiratory-gated intensity modulated radiotherapy. Med Dosim, 31: 152-162.##4. Chavaudra J and Bridier A (2001) Definition of volumes in external radiotherapy: ICRU reports 50 and 62. Cancer Radoatherapie, 5: 472-478.##5. Purdy JA (2004) Current ICRU definitions of volumes: limitations and future directions. Semin Radiat Oncol, 14: 27–40.##6. Chang Z, Liu TH, Cai J, Wang Z, Yin FF (2011) Evaluation of integrated respiratory gating systems on a Novalis Tx system. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 12: 71-79.##7. Vedam SS, Kaell PJ, Kini VR, Mohan R (2001) Determining parameters for respiration-gated radiotherapy. Med Phys, 28: 2139-2146.##8. Chang-Li R, Yu-xin C, Lu-Zhou W, WU-bing, Qi-bin S (2015) The influence of respiratory motion on dose distribution of 3D-CRT and IMRT- A simulation study. Int J Radiat Res, 13: 39-43.##9. Duan J, Shen S, Fiveash JB, Brezovich IA, Popple RA (2003) Dosimetric effect of respiration-gated beam on IMRT delivery. Med Phys, 30: 2241- 2252.##10. Swamy T, Radha A, Kathirvel , Subramanian (2016) Performance evaluation of gated volumetric modulated arc therapy. Int J Radiat Res, 14: 81-90.##11. Keall PJ, Mageras GS, Balter JM, Emery RS, Foster KM, Jiang SB, Kapatoes JM, Low DA, Murphy MJ, Murray BR, et al. (2006) The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology report of AAPM Task Group 76. Med Phys 33: 3874-3900.##12. Giraud P and Houle A (2013) Respiratory Gating for radiotherapy: Main technical aspects and clinical benefits. Hindwai Publishing Corporation ISRN Pulmonology, 2013: 1-13.##13. Varian Medical Systems (2007) RPM Respiratory Gating system - Reference Guide.##14. Varian Medical Systems (2007) DMLC - Implementation Guide.##15. Varian Medical Systems (2008) DynaLog File Viewer Reference Guide.##16. Agnew CE, King RB, Hounsell AR, Mc Garry CK (2012) Implementation of phantom less IMRT delivery verification using Varian Dynalog files and R/V output. Phys Med Biol, 57: 6761-6777.##17. Calvo-Ortega JF, Teke T, Moragues S, Pozo M (2014) A Varian Dynalog file based procedure for patient dose volume histogram based IMRT QA. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 15: 100-109.##18. Litzenberg DW, Moran JM, Benedick AF (2002) Verification of dynamic and segmental IMRT delivery by dynamic log file analysis. J App Clin Med Phys 3: 63–72.##19. Ramsey CR, Cordrey IL, Oliver AL (1999) A comparison of beam characteristics for gated and non-gated clinical X-ray beams. Med Phys, 26: 2086-91.##20. Krimimski S, Li AN, Solberg TD (2006) Dosimetric characteristics of a new linear accelerator under gated operation. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 7: 65-76.##21. Hugo GD, Agazaryan N, Solberg TD (2002) An evaluation of gating window size, delivery method, and composite field dosimetry of respiratory gated IMRT. ## Med Phys, 29: 2517-2525.##22. Kubo HD and Wang L (2000) Compatibility of Varian 2100C gated operations with enhanced dynamic wedge and IMRT dose delivery. Med Phys, 27: 1732-1738.##23. Ahunbay E and Li XA (2007) Investigation of the reliability, accuracy and efficiency of gated IMRT delivery with a commercial linear accelerator. Med Phys, 34: 2928-2938.##24. Berbeco RI, Neicu T, Rietzel E, Chen GTY, Jing SB (2005) A technique for respiratory-gated radiotherapy treatment verification with an EPID in cine mode. 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Readout temperature effect on the response of the genipin gel dosimeter 2 2 Background: The present study aimed to investigate the dependence of the response of the genipin gel dosimeter on readout temperatures. Materials and Methods: To this aim, after the gel preparation, they were exposed by a Varian Medical Linac accelerator with a dose range of 0-10 Gy. Then the irradiated samples were readout by a spectrophotometer device at 5°C, 10°C, 15°C and 20 °C temperatures. Results: Results revealed that the response of the genipin gel dosimeter is extremely temperature-dependent. For the mentioned readout temperatures, the maximum dose sensitivity was related to 10°C and its value was 35×10-3cm-1Gy-1. Investigation of the AUS (area under spectra) depicted that the maximum dose sensitivity was also related to 10°C. Furthermore, investigation of the dose resolution of this gel dosimeter showed that the minimum detectable dose was related to 10°C, and its amount was 0.24 Gy. Conclusion: The results confirmed a noticeable change in the response of the genipin gel dosimeter due to variations of the readout temperature. It can be concluded that the response sensitivity of this radiochromic gel dosimeter increased by readout temperature decreasing. 685 694 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/30 1400/4/9 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 F. Bahrami F. Bahrami Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran S.M.M. Abtahi S.M.M. Abtahi Physics Department, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran sm.abtahi@sci.ikiu.ac.ir D. Sardari D. Sardari Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran M. Bakhshandeh M. Bakhshandeh Department of Radiology Technology, Allied Medical Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Genipin gel dosimeter dose sensitivity readout temperature dose resolution. Farajollahi AR, Pak F, Horsfield M, Myabi Z (2014) The basic radiation properties of N-isopropylacrylamide based polymer gel dosimeter. Int J Radiat Res, 12: 347-354.##Luciani AM, Palma A, Adorante A, Barone P, Grande S, Ranghiasci C, et al. (2006) Optical images of dose distributions in gel Fricke: dosimetric performances of the gel. Radiat Prot Dosim, 122: 455-456. ##Farhood B, Geraily G, Abtahi SM (2019) A systematic review of clinical applications of polymer gel dosimeters in radiotherapy. Appl Radiat Isot, 143: 47-59.##Abtahi SM, Aghamiri SM, Khalafi H, Rahmani F (2014) An investigation into the potential applicability of gel dosimeters for dosimetry in boron neutron capture therapy. Int J Radiat Res, 12: 139-149.##Adinehvand K, Sardari D, Hosntalab M, Pouladian M (2017) Comparision of the effectiveness of polymer gel dosimeters (Magic and Pagatug) for organ dose calculation in brachytherapy nuclear medicine and teletherapy. Trop J Pharm Res, 16: 211-216.##Gambarini G, Agosteo S, Altieri S, Bortolussi S, Carrara M, Gay S, Nava E, et al. (2007) Dose distributions in phantoms irradiated in thermal columns of two different nuclear reactors. Radiat Prot Dosim, 126: 640-644.##Colnot J, Hue TC, Gshwind R, Clairand I (2018) Characterisation of two new radiochromic gel dosimeters TruViewTM and ClearviewTM in combination with vistaTM optical CT scanner: a feasibility study. Europ J Med Phys, 52: 154-164.##Allahverdi-Pourfallah T, Allahverdi M, Riahi N, Zahmatkesh MH (2009) Verifying the accuracy of dose distribution in Gamma Knife unit in presence of inhomogeneities using pagat polymer gel dosimeter and MC simulation. Int J Radiat Res, 7: 49-56. ##Michael S and Erik JL (2017) Stereotactic radiosurgery delivery verification tetrazolium salt-based gel as a dosimeter Can J Phys, 95: 725-730.##Yao CH, Liu BS, Chang CJ, Shu SH, Chen YS (2004) Preparation of networks of gelatin and genipin as degradable biomaterial. Mat Chem Phys, 83: 204-208.##Lee SW, Lim JM, Bhoo SH, Paik YS, Hahn TR (2003) Colorimetric determination of amino acids using genipin from gardenia jasminoides. Analytica Chemica Acta, 480: 267-274.##Jordan K (2008) Zero diffusion radiochromic genipin‐gelatin dosimeter. Int J Med Phys Res, 35: 3413-3418.##Babic S, Battista J, Jordan K (2009) Three-dimensional dosimetry of small megavoltage radiation fields using radiochromic gels and optical CT scanning. Phys Med Biol, 54: N22. ##Marrale M, Collura G, Gallo S, Nici S, Tranchina L, Abbate BF, Marineo S, Caracappa S, Errico F (2017) Analysis of spatial diffusion of ferric ions in PVA-GTA gel dosimeters through magnetic resonance imaging. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A, 396: 50-55.##Davies JB and Baldock C (2008) Sensitivity and stability of the Fricke-gelatin-xylenol orange gel dosimeter. Radiat Phys Chem, 77: 690-696.##Gorjiara T, Hill R, Kuncic Z, Bosi S & Baldock C (2010) An evaluation of genipin gel as a water equivalent dosimeter for megavoltage electron beams and kilovoltage X-ray beams. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 250: 012036.##Gorjiara T, Hill R, Kuncic Z, Bosi S, Davies JB, Baldock C (2011) Radiological characterization and water equivalency of genipin gel for x-ray and electron beam dosimetry. Phys Med Biol, 56: N15.##Al-jarrah AM, Rahman AA, Shahrim I, Razak NNA, Ababneh B, Taghizadeh E (2016) Effect of inorganic salts and glucose additives on dose-response, melting point and mass density of genipin gel dosimeters. Europ J Med Phys, 32: 36-41.##Davies JB, Baldock C, Bossi SG (2012) A genipin-gelatin gel dosimeter for radiation processing. Radiat Phys Chem, 81: 1263-1265.##Davies JB, Baldock C, Bossi SG (2013) Dosimetry aspects of a non-diffusing genipin-gelatin gel. Radiat Phys Chem, 83: 19-27.##De Deene Y, Vergote K, Claeys C, Wagter C (2006) The fundamental radiation properties of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters: a comparision between a methacrylic acid based gel and acrylamide based gels. Phys Med Biol, 51: N3.##Abtahi SM, Aghamiri M, Khalafi H (2014) Optical and MRI investigations of an optimized acrylamide-based polymer gel dosimeter. J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 300: 287-301.##Joaquim P and Marques DS (2007) Applied Statistics Using SPSS, STATISTICA, MATLAB and R, (New York: Springer) 2th Edn.##Baldock C, Lepage M, Back SA, Murr PJ, Jayasekera PM, Porter D, Kron T (2001) Dose resolution in radiotherapy gel dosimetry: effect of echo spacing in MRI pulse sequence. Phys Med Biol, 46: N22.##De Deene Y (2004) Fundamentals of MRI measurements for gel dosimetry. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 3: 87–114.##Rink A, David F, Varma S, Vitkin A, Jaffary D (2008) Temperature and hydration effects on absorbance spectra and radiation sensitivity of a radiochromic medium. Int J Med Phys Res, 35: 4545-4555.##Pavoni JF and Baffa O (2012) An evaluation of dosimetric characteristics of MAGIC gel modified by adding formaldehyde (MAGIC-f). 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Analyzing the performance of the URT treatment planning system and URT-Linac 506C for flattening filter (FF) and flattening filter free (FFF) photon beams of Monte Carlo algorithm by use of AAPM TG 119 test cases 2 2 Background: The objective in this study was to create AAPM TG 119 test plans for Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), burst mode and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in convolution study in order to investigate accuracy of the United Imaging Healthcare's URT treatment planning system (URT-TPS). Materials and Methods: The plans were delivered to the phantom using the United Imaging Healthcare's URT-Linac 506C. For there treatment mode as IMRT, Burst Mode and VMAT, with two kind of beams as flattening filter (FF) photon beam and flattening filter free (FFF) photon beam, calculated by uRT-TPS Monte Carlo algorithm, the overall accuracy was measured, and analyzed with five test geometries provided in TG 119. The point measurements were measured by a Farmer type ion chamber and fluence measurements were done with film respectively. Results: For the FF photon beams, the difference between measured point doses and planned doses of static multi-leaf collimator (MLC), dynamic MLC, Burst Mode and VMAT were within±3.92%,±3.26%, ±4.11%and±3.31% respectively. Gamma passing rates of Static IMRT, Dynamic IMRT Burst Mode and VMAT were >93.08%, 90.93%, 90.40% and> 92.00% respectively. For the FFF photon beams, the deviation between measured point doses and planed dose of static MLC, dynamic MLC, Burst Mode and VMAT were within 1.84%, 3.36%, 2.65%and 3.11% respectively. Gamma passing rates of Static IMRT, Dynamic IMRT Burst Mode and VMAT were>92.60%, 94.07%, 93.54% and 94.39% respectively and all confidence limits of the TG 119 report were matched. Conclusion: Based on this analysis which were performed in accordance with the TG 119 recommendations, it is evident that the URT treatment planning system and URT-Linac 506C have commissioned IMRT and VMAT techniques with adequate accuracy. 695 702 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/302021/06/30 1400/4/9 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 D. Jiang D. Jiang Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, 430071 D. Wang D. Wang Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, 430071 J. Shen J. Shen Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, 430071 J. Zhang J. Zhang Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, 430071 C. Chen C. Chen Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, 430071 Z. Bao Z. Bao Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, 430071 H. Zhao H. Zhao Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, 430071 J. Chen J. Chen Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, 430071 H. Liu H. Liu Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, 430071 hbzkznyy@163.com TG 119 dosimetric validation linac 506C URT_TPS flattening filter flattening filter free Lambrecht M, Nevens D, Nuyts S (2013) Intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs. parotid-sparing 3D conformal radiotherapy. Effect on outcome and toxicity in locally advanced head and neck cancer. Strahlenther Onkol, 189(3): 223–9.##Anand AK, Jain J, Negi PS, Chaudhoory AR, Sinha SN, Choudhury PS, et al. (2006) Can dose reduction to one parotid gland prevent xerostomia? A feasibility study for locally advanced head and neck cancer patients treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol, 18(6): 497–504.##Shaikh M , Burmeister J , Joiner M , Pandya S , Zhao B ,, Liu Q, et al. (2010) Biological effect of different imrt delivery techniques: smlc, dmlc, and helical tomotherapy. Medical Physics, 37(2): 762-770.##Otto K (2008) Volumetric modulated arc therapy: IMRT in a single gantry arc. Medical Physics, 35(1): 310-317.##Watanabe Y (2003) A practical guide to intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 30(9): 2565.##Georg D (2011) Guidelines for the verification of IMRT. Radiotherapy & Oncology, 99(2): 520-30.##Ling CC, Zhang P, Archambault Y, Bocanek J, Tang G, Losasso T, et al. (2008) Commissioning and quality assurance of RapidArc radiotherapy delivery system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 72(2): 575-581. ##Losasso T, Chui CS, Ling CC (2001) Comprehensive quality assurance for the delivery of intensity modulated radiotherapy with a multileaf collimator used in the dynamic mode. Medical Physics, 28(11): 2209.##Palta JR, Deye JA, Ibbott GS, Purdy JA, Urie MM (2004) Credentialing of institutions for imrt in clinical trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 59(4): 1257-1259. ##Ibbott GS, Followill, DS, Molineu HA, Lowenstein JR, Alvarez PE, Roll JE, et al. (2008) Challenges in credentialing institutions and participants in advanced technology multi-institutional clinical trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 71(1): S71-S75. ##Molineu A, Hernandez N, Nguyen T, Ibbott G, Followill D (2013) Credentialing results from IMRT irradiations of an anthropomorphic head and neck phantom. Medical Physics, 40(2): 022101.##Ezzell GA, Burmeister JW, Dogan N, LoSasso TJ, Mechalakos JG, Mihailidis D et al. (2009) IMRT commissioning: multiple institution planning and dosimetry comparisons, a report from AAPM Task Group 119. Medical Physics, 36(11): 5359-5373.##Zhang J, Jiang D, Liu H, Shen J, Wang D, Chen C, et al. (2020) Analyzation of the local confidence limits for IMRT and VMAT based on AAPM TG119 report. Med Dosim, 45: 66-72.##Mynampati DK , Yaparpalvi R, Hong L, Hsiang CK, Mah D, et al. (2012) Application of AAPM TG 119 to volumetric arc therapy (VMAT). Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 13(5): 3382.##Nithya L, Arunai NRN, Rathinamuthu S, Pandey MBl (2016) Analyzing the performance of the planning system by use of AAPM TG 119 test cases. Radiological Physics & Technology, 9(1): 22-29.##Wen N, Zhao B, Kim J, Chin-Snyder K, Bellon M, Glide-Hurst C, et al. (2014) Imrt and rapidarc commissioning of a truebeam linear accelerator using tg-119 protocol cases. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 15(5): 74-88.##Kadam AS Sunil (2016) Estimation of local confidence limit for 6 MV photon beam IMRT system using AAPM TG 119 test protocol. 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Dose verification and plan conformity with three different dosimeters for intensity-modulated radiation therapy plans 2 2 Background: The intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) enables personalized treatment; the complexity of this technique increased the need for patient-specific quality assurance (QA). Objective: Comparing three dosimeters that common for patient-specific QA of IMRT. Material and Method: cases were planned at Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) to receive radiotherapy at Unique VARIAN linear accelerator LINAC; Patient-specific QA was performed with three independent dosimeters: Gafchromic films EPT2, Electronic Portal Image Device (EPID), and PTW 2D array. The absolute dose was measured and analysis of 2D gamma index was performed, then compared with the plan calculated in TPS. Results: Analysis of absolute dose measured have highest difference from dose in Gafchromic film (89.1±4) % while EPID had a lower range (96.6 ± 1.2) and 2Darray showed an agreement up to (99±1.2) for patient specific QA both EBT2 and EPID enable to compare the measured map with TPS calculations, for plan conformity the gafchromic film enable measurement with lower accuracy even with localized brain tumor, the heterogeneity in lung case slightly affect the EPID measurement, this found also with irregular surface of head and neck and increased depth within pelvic case examine. Measurement with 2D array found to be the optimum dosimeter within different conditions. Conclusion: different parameters might affect the accuracy of gafchromic film including film scanning, storing, and calibration curve. EPID has an average deviation appears in beam fluence and 2D array as a 2D ion chamber found to have the most accurate dosimeter, but still time consuming when compared to EPID. 703 710 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/302021/06/302021/07/3 1400/4/12 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 A. Yassin A. Yassin Medical Physicist, Radiation Oncology Department, Al-Azhar University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt K. M. Elshahat K. M. Elshahat Radiation Oncology department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Caro, Egypt E. M. Attlah E. M. Attlah National Cancer Institute. Caro, Egypt H. Khaled H. Khaled Radiation Oncology department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Caro, Egypt A. Kany A. Kany Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt IMRT patient-specific QA 2D array EBT2 Gafchromic film and EPID. Gadhi MA, Azeem N, Azeem A, Fatmi S, Nazir A, Buzdar SA (2019) Quantitative measurements for entrance and exit radiation dose confirmation for cancer patients: An analysis of large cohort of patients. Int J Radiat Res, 17(3): 415-420.##McKenzie EM, Balter PA, Stingo FC, Jones J, Followill DS, Kry SF (2014) Toward optimizing patient specific IMRT QA techniques in the accurate detection of dosimetrically acceptable and unacceptable patient plans. Med phys, 41(12): 121702.##Tanooka M, Doi H, Miura H, et al. (2013) Three-dimensional radiochromic film dosimetry for volumetric modulated arc therapy using a spiral water phantom. 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(2002) Acceptance tests and quality control (QC) procedures for the clinical implementation of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) using inverse planning and the sliding window technique: experience from five radiotherapy departments. Radiother and oncol, 65(1): 53-70.##McDermott LN, Wendling M, Van Asselen B, et al. (2006). Clinical experience with EPID dosimetry for prostate IMRT pre-treatment dose verification. Med phys, 33(10): 3921-3930. ##Van Elmpt W, Nijsten S, Mijnheer B, Dekker A, Lambin P (2008) The next step in patient-specific QA: 3D dose verification of conformal and intensity-modulated RT based on EPID dosimetry and Monte Carlo dose calculations. Radiotherapy and oncology, 86: 86-92.##McDermott LN, Wendling M, Nijkamp J, Mans A, Sonke JJ, Mijnheer BJ, van Herk M (2008) 3D in-vivo dose verification of entire hypo-fractionated IMRT treatments using an EPID and cone-beam CT. Radiotherapy and oncology, 86:35-42.##Wendling M, McDermott LN, Mans A, Sonke JJ, van Herk M, Mijnheer BJ (2009) A simple backprojection algorithm for 3D in vivo EPID dosimetry of IMRT treatments. Med phys, 36: 3310-3321.## Spezi E, Angelini AL, Romani F, Ferri A (2005) Characterization of a 2D ion chamber array for the verification of radiotherapy treatments. Phys. in Med., Biol., 50 :3361. ##Jursinic PA, Sharma R, Reuter J (2010) MapCHECK used for rotational IMRT measurements: step and shoot, TomoTherapy, RapidArc. Med phys, 37: 2837-2846.##Stasi M, Bresciani S, Miranti A, Maggio A, Sapino V, Gabriele P (2012) Pretreatment patient specific IMRT quality assurance: a correlation study between gamma index and patient clinical dose volume histogram. Med phys, 39: 7626-7634.##Hussein M, Adams EJ, Jordan TJ, Clark CH, Nisbet A (2013) A critical evaluation of the PTW 2D ARRAY seven29 and OCTAVIUS II phantom for IMRT and VMAT verification. 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(2008) 3D in-vivo dose verification of entire hypo-fractionated IMRT treatments using an EPID and cone-beam CT. Radiotherapy and oncology, 86(1): 35-42.##Grządziel A, Smolińska B, Rutkowski R, Ślosarek K (2007) EPID dosimetry–configuration and pre-treatment IMRT verification. Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy, 12(6): 307-312.##Lynch BD, Kozelka J, Ranade MK, Li JG, Simon WE, Dempsey JF (2006) Important considerations for radiochromic film dosimetry with flatbed CCD scanners and EBT film. Medical physics, 33: 4551-4556.##Nalbant N, Kesen D, Hatice B (2014) Pre-treatment dose verification of IMRT using gafchromic EBT3 film and 2D array. J Nucl Med Radiat Ther, 5(2).##Pasler M, Hernandez V, Jornet N Clark, CH (2018) Novel methodologies for dosimetry audits: Adapting to advanced radiotherapy techniques. 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Effects of saffron extract on the frequency of radiation induced chromosomal aberration in G-2-lymphocytes of normal individuals and breast cancer patients 2 2 Background: Inherent radiosensitivity associated with elevated chromosomal aberrations (CA) was shown in breast cancer (BC) patients at cellular level. Different agents were used to protect cells against adverse effects of ionizing radiation (IR), mainly antioxidants such as vitamins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modulating effect of saffron extract on radiation induced CA in lymphocytes of normal individuals and BC patients. Materials and Methods: G2 assay was applied on whole peripheral blood lymphocytes received from 5 normal controls and 10 BC patients with luminal A subtype. Blood culture was initiated in complete culture medium, 4h prior to harvesting cells were irradiated with 1 and 2 Gy X-rays. Pretreatment of samples with saffron was done 2 h before irradiation. After metaphase preparation and slide making, slides were stained in Giemsa. Hundred well spread metaphases were scored for presence of chromatid type aberrations with a microscope at a magnification of 1000×. Result: Results indicated a high and significant frequency of CA both in lymphocytes of normal and BC patient after irradiation. Pretreatment of samples with saffron led to a significant increase in the frequency of breaks in lymphocytes of both normal individuals and BC patients. Conclusion: Results indicate that despite its antioxidant property, pretreatment of lymphocytes of normal individuals and BC patients with saffron before X-irradiation led to radiosentisizing effect. The way saffron sensitize lymphocytes to X-rays is not known, but it might be possible to inhibit repair of radiation induced DNA strand breaks. 711 717 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/302021/06/302021/07/32021/07/11 1400/4/20 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 H. Mozdarani H. Mozdarani Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran mozdarah@modares.ac.ir F. Pakniyat F. Pakniyat Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran S. Mozdarani S. Mozdarani Department of Cytogenetic, Cytogenome Medical Genetic Laboratory, Chamran Medical Building, Tehran, Iran H. Nosrati H. Nosrati Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran S. Mozdarani S. Mozdarani Department of Cytogenetic, Cytogenome Medical Genetic Laboratory, Chamran Medical Building, Tehran, Iran Saffron breast cancer luminal A chromatid aberration radiotherapy G2 assay. Mousavi SM, Montazeri A, Mohagheghi MA, Mousavi Jarrahi A, Harirchi I, Najafi M, Ebrahimi M (2007) Breast cancer in Iran: an epidemiological review. Breast J, 13: 383-391.##Shapiro CL and Recht A (2001) Side effects of adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 344(26): 1997-2008.##Torres-Roca JF and Stevens CW (2008) Predicting response to clinical radiotherapy: past, present, and future directions. Cancer Control, 15(2): 151-6.##Mozdarani H, Mansouri Z, Haeri SA (2005) Cytogenetic radiosensitivity of g0-lymphocytes of breast and esophageal cancer patients as by micronucleus assay. J Radiat Res, 46(1): 111-6.##Shahidi M, Mozdarani H, Bryant PE (2007) Radiation sensitivity of leukocytes from healthy individuals and breast cancer patients as measured by the alkaline and neutral comet assay. Cancer Lett, 257(2): 263-73.##Mozdarani H (2016) Breast cancer and paradigm of genomic instability. Arch Breast Cancer, 3(4): 102-105.##Nosrati H, Mozdarani H, Hadad P, Omranipour R (2017) Inherent radiation sensitivity of lymphocytes of triple negative (TN) and luminal A. A comparison between patients with breast cancer and normal individuals as assayed by the micronucleus test. Arch Breast Cancer, 4(1): 10-15. ##Hall EJ and Giaccia AJ (2018) Radiobiology for the radiologist. Eight edition, Wolters Kluwer, USA.##Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S, Davies C, Elphinstone P, Evans V, et al. (2005) Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet, 366(9503): 2087-106.##Scott D (2004) Chromosomal radiosensitivity and low penetrance predisposition to cancer. Cytogenet Genome Res, 104(1-4): 365-70. ##Mozdarani H, Ziaee Mashhadi A, Alimohammadi Z (2011) G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity and background frequency of sister chromatid exchanges of peripheral blood lymphocytes of breast cancer patients. Int J Radiat Res, 9(3): 167-174.##Ryabchenko N, Glavin O, Shtefura V, Anikushko M (2012) Chromosomal Radiosensitivity in Ukrainian breast Cancer patients and healthy Individuals. Experimental Oncology, 34(2): 121-4.##Dumont F, Le Roux A, Bischoff P (2010) Radiation countermeasure agents: an update. Expert Opinion Therapeutics Patents, 20: 73–101.##Seed TM (2005) Radiation protectants: current status and future prospects. Health Phys, 89: 531–545.##Premkumar K, Thirunavukkarasu C, Abraham SK, Santhiya ST, Ramesh A (2006) Protective effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract against genetic damage induced by anti-tumor agents in mice. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 25(2): 79-84.##Skourtis G, Krontira A, Ntaoula S, Ferlemi AV, Zeliou K, Georgakopoulos C, Margarity GM, Lamari NF, Pharmakakis N (2020) Protective antioxidant effects of saffron extract on retinas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Romanian Journal of Ophthalmology, 64(4): 394-403.##Tahvilian N, Masoodi M,  Faghihi Kashani A,  Vafa M,  Aryaeian N, Heydarian A, et al. (2021) Effects of saffron supplementation on oxidative/antioxidant status and severity of disease in ulcerative colitis patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Phytother Res, 35(2): 946-953.##Samarghandian S and Borji A (2014) Anticarcinogenic effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its ingredients. Pharmacogn Res, 6: 99–107. ##Hosseinzadeh H and Younesi HM (2002) Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice. BMC Pharmacol, 2: 7. ##Moallem SA, Hariri AT, Mahmoudi M, Hosseinzadeh H (2014) Effect of aqueous extract of Crocus sativus L (saffron) stigma against subacute effect of diazinon on specific biomarkers in rats. Toxicol Ind Health, 30: 141–6.##Mozdarani H, Kiaee F, Fekrvand S, Azizi Gh, Yazdani R, Zaki-Dizaji M, Mozdarani Sa, Mozdarani So, Nosrati H, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A (2019) G2-lymphocyte chromosomal radiosensitivity in patients with LPS responsive beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) deficiency, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 95(6): 680-690.##Fekrvand S, Mozdarani H, Delavari S, Sohani M, Nazari F, Kiaee F, et al. (2021) Evaluation of Radiation Sensitivity in Patients with Hyper IgM Syndrome. Immunological Investigations, 50(5): 580-596.##Hadizadeh F, Mohajeri SA, Seifi M (2010) Extraction and purification of crocin from saffron stigmas employing a simple and efficient crystallization method. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 13: 691-698.##Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset CL (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Science and Technology, 28(1): 25-30.##Patt HM, Tyree EB, Straube RL, Smith DE (1949) Cysteine protection against X irradiation. Science, 110(2852): 213–214.##Weiss JF and Landauer MR (2009) History and development of radiation-protective agents. Int J Radiat Biol, 85: 539–573.##Nair C and Menon A (2013) Consumption of antioxidant dietary agents, curcumin and vitamin C, protects cellular DNA from gamma-radiation. 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Evaluation of radon concentration and natural radioactivity exposure from the soil of Wadi Hodein region, Egypt 2 2 Background: The presence of radon and radioactive nuclei emitted from uranium could result in a radiological hazard. Humans are exposed to natural radiation, which arises from cosmic radiation, radon gas, and radiation from radioactive nuclei of each thorium, uranium, and thorium. Methods and Methods: This research cares to study the concentration of the natural radioactivity (238-U, 232-Th and 40-K) and radon for fourteen samples of soil from different fourteen location in Wadi Hodein region in Egypt (Southern Eastern Desert). The radon gas was measured using CR-39 detector, while the activity concentration for natural radioactivity measured by HPGD system. Results: The results of the gamma ray spectroscopy show that main activity concentration of 238-U, 232-Th and 40-K are 13.04±1.15, 12.33±1.54 and 445.33±23.54 Bq/Kg respectively. The 43% form concentration value for K-40 are higher than the exemption level 412 Bq/Kg proposed by the UNSCEAR 2008. Moreover, the 15% of values for absorbed dose Dab were higher than public average 57 nGy/h. But annul effective dose values AED were less than recommended limits for the radiation which reported by UNSCEAR 2000 and 2008. The mean value concentration of radon was 265.96± 25.45 Bq/m3. The results of samples show that 28.27% of the radon gas concentrations and annul effective dose from radon (AEDR) in soil is higher than allowed limit recommended from International Commission on Radiological Protection agency (ICRP 2007). Conclusions: Radium, shows good relationship with radon exhalation rate in soil. Good correlation observed between lung cancer per year per million people and radon concentrations for all soil samples. 719 727 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/302021/06/302021/07/32021/07/112021/07/11 1400/4/20 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 E.H. EL-Araby E.H. EL-Araby Department 1Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 2097 Jazan, Saudi Arabia D.H. Shabaan D.H. Shabaan Physics Department, University College of Samtah, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia doaa.hassantaha@women.asu.edu.eg Z. Yousef Z. Yousef Physics Department, Faculty of Women for Art, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Radiological hazard natural radioactivity SSNTDs HPGD. Shabaan DH and Al-Nagaar TI (2019) Improvement in optical properties of nuclear track detector. Nuclear science. Special Issue: Radiation Dosimeter, 4: 23-26. ##Al-Nagaar TI and Doaa SH (2018) Simple analysis of radioactivity, and assessment of radiological hazards in different types of household foods. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 9: 24838-24843.##Karim MS, Abdullah MH, Abass WH (2012) Measurement of Radon Gas Concentration in Cement Samples by Using Nuclear Track Detector (CR-39) Diyala Journal for Pure Sciences, 8: 2222-8373.##Entesar H, EL-Araby, Soliman HA, Abo-Elmagd M (2019) Measurement of radon levels in water and the associated health hazards in Jazan - Saudi Arabia. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Science, 12: 31–36.##Bistra Kunovska, Kremena Ivanova, Zdenka Stojanovska, et al. (2013) Measurements of Radon Concentration in Soil Gas of Urban Areas. Bulgaria Rom Physics, 58: 172-179.##Hesham A Youssef, Embaby AA, El-Farrash AH, et al. (2015) Radon exhalation rate in surface soil of graduates' villages in west Nile Delta, Egypt using Can Technique. Int J Recent Scientific Research, 6: 3440-3446.##UNSCEAR (2008) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations Publication Annex B.##UNSCEAR (2000) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations Publication.##El-Badry BA, Al-Naggar TI, Khouqeer GA (2020) Monitoring the levels of radon and toxic elements pollutants in bottled drinking water. Int J Radiat Res, 18: 427-435.##HPA (2009) Radon and public health. Report of the Independent Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation, June.##Kovacs T, Szeiler G, Fabian F, et al. (2013) Systematic survey of natural radioactivity of soil in Slovenia. J Environ Radiocast, 122: 70–78.##Bala P, Mehra R, Ramola RC (2014) Distribution of natural radioactivity in soil samples and radiological hazards in building material of Una, Himachal Pradesh. Journal of Geochemical Explorer, 142: 11–15.##Forkapic S, Maleti D, Vasin J, et al. (2017) Correlation analysis of the natural radionuclides in soil and indoor radon in Vojvodina, Province of Serbia. Journal of Environment Radioactivity, 166: 403–411.##Carvalho C, Anjos RM, Veiga R, et al. (2011) Application of radiometric analysis in the study of provenance and transport processes of Brazilian coastal sediments. Environment Radioactivity, 102: 185–192.##Taher A, Alshahri F, Elsaman R (2018) Environmental impacts of heavy metals, rare earth elements and natural radionuclides in marine sediment from Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia along the Arabian Gulf. Applied Radiation Isotope, 132: 95–104.##Sulekha N, Segunpta D, Guin R, et al. (2009) Natural radioactivity measurements in beach sand along southern coast of Orissa Eastern India. Environ. Earth Sci, 59: 593–601.##Ribeiro FCA, Silva JIR, Lima ESA, et al. (2018). Natural radioactivity in soils of the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): radiological characterization and relationships to geological formation, soil types and soil properties. J Environ Radioact, 182: 34–43.##Bangotra P, Mehra R, Jakhu R, et al. (2019) Estimation of 222Rn exhalation rate and assessment of radiological risk from activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K. Geochem Explor, 184: 304-310.##Elaraby EH (2018) Direct measurement of the radioactive radon gas activity in water in Saudi Arabia.‌ AIP Conference Proceedings, 020019.##Zarrag Al-Fifi, Entsar H El-Araby, Hanan Elhaes (2012) Monitoring of Radon Concentrations in Jazan Beach Soil. 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Awareness level of dentists and dental students about radiation doses of dental imaging methods 2 2 Background: To measure the knowledge levels of dentists and dental students about radiation doses of dental imaging techniques. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire containing 13 questions was conducted to 251 participants (168 dentists and 83 dental students). The first 6 questions were related to their personal and professional information, and the remaining 7 questions were about the participants’ radiation education and knowledge about radiation doses. Chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between categorical variables, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The data from 144 (57.4%) women and 107 (42.6%) men were obtained. Gender was not effective on knowledge about radiation doses during dental imaging (p = 0.222). The knowledge of dentists working at the university was statistically higher than those working in the state hospital or private dental offices (p < 0.001). Of the participants, 43.4% (n = 109) stated that the craniofacial mode of cone beam computerized tomography radiates less radiation than the actual dose range, while 32.7% (n = 82) said they had no idea. Conclusion: Most of the dentists and dental students underestimated the actual radiation doses of dental imaging techniques. The dental curriculum should be revised to emphasize radiation protection during imaging. In addition, compulsory vocational postgraduate courses should be organized. 729 736 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/302021/06/302021/07/32021/07/112021/07/112021/07/11 1400/4/20 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 G. Özkan G. Özkan Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey asgokhanozkanus@hotmail.com R. Sessiz Ak R. Sessiz Ak Private practice, Çanakkale, Turkey N. Akkaya N. Akkaya Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey H. Öztürk H. Öztürk Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey Awareness dental imaging radiation dose questionnaire. Divrik Gökçe S, Gökçe E, Coşkun M (2012) Radiology residents' awareness about ionizing radiation doses in imaging studies and their cancer risk during radiological examinations. Korean J Radiol, 13: 202-209.##Sont WN, Zielinski JM, Ashmore JP, Jiang H, Krewski D, Fair ME, et al. (2001) First analysis of cancer incidence and occupational radiation exposure based on the National Dose Registry of Canada. Am J Epidemiol, 153: 309-318.##Brenner DJ, Doll R, Goodhead DT, Hall EJ, Land CE, Little JB, et al. (2003) Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 100:13761-13766.##Lorenzoni DC, Bolognese AM, Garib DG, Guedes FR, Sant'anna EF (2012) Cone-beam computed tomography and radiographs in dentistry: aspects related to radiation dose. Int J Dent, 813768.##Aanenson JW, Till JE, Grogan HA (2018) Understanding and communicating radiation dose and risk from cone beam computed tomography in dentistry. J Prosthet Dent, 120: 353-360.##United Nations Scientific Committee on the Atomic Radiation (2010) UNSCEAR 2008 Report Vol. I: sources and effects of ionizing radiation.##Arslanoğlu A, Bilgin S, Kubal Z, Ceyhan MN, Ilhan MN, Maral I (2007) Doctors' and intern doctors' knowledge about patients' ionizing radiation exposure doses during common radiological examinations. Diagn Interv Radiol, 13: 53-55.##Faggioni L, Paolicchi F, Bastiani L, Guido D, Caramella D (2017) Awareness of radiation protection and dose levels of imaging procedures among medical students, radiography students, and radiology residents at an academic hospital: Results of a comprehensive survey. Eur J Radiol, 86: 135-142.##Gümüş C, Cankorkmaz L, Erkoç MF, Öztoprak B, Atalar M, Köylüoğlu G (2008) Turkish pediatric surgeons knowledge on the radiation exposure of patients during diagnostic imaging. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci, 28: 623-627.##Shiralkar S, Rennie A, Snow M, Galland RB, Lewis MH, Gower-Thomas K (2003) Doctors’ knowledge of radiation exposure: questionnaire study. BMJ, 327: 371-372.##Yurt A, Cavuşoğlu B, Günay T (2014) Evaluation of awareness on radiation protection and knowledge about radiological examinations in healthcare professionals who useionized radiation at work. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther, 23: 48-53.##Wrzesień M and Olszewski J (2017) Absorbed doses for patients undergoing panoramic radiography, cephalometric radiography and CBCT. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 30: 705-713.##Yeh JK, Chen CH (2018) Estimated radiation risk of cancer from dental cone-beam computed tomography imaging in orthodontics patients. BMC Oral Health, 18: 131.##Scarfe WC, Levin MD, Gane D, Farman AG (2009) Use of cone beam computed tomography in endodontics. Int J Dent, 634567.##Jacob K, Vivian G, Steel (2004) JR X-ray dose training: are we exposed to enough? Clin Radiol, 59: 928-934.##European Commission, Radiation Protection 180, Medical Radiation Exposure for the European Population, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Luxembourg, 2014. Availablefrom: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/radiation-protection-publications.##Abt E (2012) Can dental x-rays increase the risk of meningioma? Evid Based Dent, 13: 37-38.##Memon A, Godward S, Williams D, Siddique I, Al-Saleh K (2010) Dental X-rays and the risk of thyroid cancer: a case-control study. Acta Oncol 49, 447-453.##Qiang W, Qiang F, Lin L (2019) Estimation of effective dose of dental X-ray devices. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 183: 417-421.##Ludlow JB, Davies-Ludlow LE, White SC (2008) Patient risk related to common dental radiographic examinations: the impact of 2007 International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendations regarding dose calculation. J Am Dent Assoc, 139: 1237-1243.##European Commission, Radiation protection 172, Cone beam CT for dental and maxillofacial radiology, evidence-based guidelines. Luxembourg, 2012. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/172.pdf##Ludlow JB, Davies-Ludlow LE, Brooks SL (2003) Dosimetry of two extraoral direct digital imaging devices: NewTom cone beam CT and Orthophos Plus DS panoramic unit. Dentomaxillofac Radiol, 32: 229-234.##European Commission, Radiation protection 136, European guidelines on radiation protection in dental radiology, the safe use of radiographs in dental practice. Luxembourg, 2004. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/136.pdf##Gijbels F, Sanderink G, Wyatt J, Van Dam J, Nowak B, Jacobs R (2004) Radiation doses of indirect and direct digital cephalometric radiography. Br Dent J, 197: 149-152.##Ludlow JB and Ivanovic M (2008) Comparative dosimetry of dental CBCT devices and 64-slice CT for oral and maxillofacial radiology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endo, 106: 106-114.##Ludlow JB, Johnson BK, Ivanovic M (2018) Estimation of effective doses from MDCT and CBCT imaging of extremities. J Radiol Prot, 38: 1371-1383.##Okano T and Sur J (2010) Radiation dose and protection in dentistry. Japanese Dental Science Review, 46: 112-121.##National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (2018) NCRP report 177: radiation protection in dentistry and oral and maxillofacial imaging. Bethedsa.##Widmann G and Al-Ekrish AA (2018) Ultralow Dose MSCT Imaging in Dental Implantology. Open Dent J, 12: 87-93.##Jaju PP and Jaju SP (2015) Cone-beam computed tomography: Time to move from ALARA to ALADA. Imaging Sci Dent, 45: 263-265.## ##

Observation of the clinical outcomes in Temozolomide and radiotherapy Combination against the metastatic brain tumors 2 2 Background: To observe the efficacy of temozolomide in combination with radiotherapy against metastatic brain tumors. Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective, observational, open-label study, conducted in clinical practice implanted for metastatic brain tumor patients. A total of 106 patients with metastatic brain tumors were enrolled in this study, and according to the sequence of admission, they were randomized into the experiment group (temozolomide + radiotherapy) and the control group (radiotherapy). During the 24 months of follow-up, we compared the clinical efficacy, recurrence time, survival time and quality, and the adverse reactions of the patients between two groups. Results: Short-term remission after treatment was higher in the experimental group compared to control (P<0.05). During the 24-month follow-up, we found that patients in the experiment group had longer recurrence time and survival time than their counterparts in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the scores of the life quality of patients in the experiment group were better than those in the control group (P<0.05). Also, there was a lower rate of the incidence of the adverse reactions in the experiment group (P<0.05). Conclusion: For metastatic brain tumors, temozolomide in combination with radiotherapy works better as a safe and reliable strategy in prolonging the survival time, increasing life quality while reducing the adverse reactions. The strength of this study was evaluating the quality of life as an important outcome of the chemotherapy+radiotherapy regimen. 737 741 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/302021/06/302021/07/32021/07/112021/07/112021/07/112021/07/13 1400/4/22 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/07/10 1400/4/19 J. Zhang J. Zhang Department of Neurosurgery, Sunshine Union Hospital of Shandong Province, Weifang, Shandong261000, China D. Zhang D. Zhang Department of Neurosurgery, Sunshine Union Hospital of Shandong Province, Weifang, Shandong261000, China Y. Li Y. Li Department of Neurosurgery, Sunshine Union Hospital of Shandong Province, Weifang, Shandong261000, China C. Zhang C. Zhang Department of Neurosurgery, Sunshine Union Hospital of Shandong Province, Weifang, Shandong261000, China S. Yuan S. Yuan Department of Neurosurgery, Sunshine Union Hospital of Shandong Province, Weifang, Shandong261000, China B. Zhu B. Zhu Department of Neurosurgery, Sunshine Union Hospital of Shandong Province, Weifang, Shandong261000, China Drcorespond@gmail.com Metastatic brain tumors temozolomide radiotherapy clinical efficacy. Mikuni N and Miyamoto S (2010) Surgical treatment for glioma: extent of resection applying functional neurosurgery. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 50(9): 720-726.##Tang J, Zhou H, Hou X, Wang L, Li Y, Pang Y, Chen C, Jiang G, Liu Y (2018) Enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of temozolomide-loaded carboxyl -ated poly(amido-amine) combined with photothermal/photodynamic therapy for melanoma treatment. Cancer Letters, 423(3): 1-9.##Barbagallo GM, Paratore S, Caltabiano R, Palmucci S, Parra HS, Privitera G, Motta F, Lanzafame S, Scaglione G, Longo A, Albanese V (2014) Long-term therapy with temozolomide is a feasible option for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a single－institution experience with as many as 101 temozolomide cycles. Neurosurg Focus, 37(6): E4.##Candolfi M, Yagiz K, Wibowo M, Ahlzadeh GE, Puntel M, Ghiasi H, Kamran N, Paran C, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG (2014) Temozolomide does not impairgene therapy－mediated antitumor immunity in syngeneic brain tumormodels. Clin Cancer Res, 20(6): 1555-1565.##Chibbaro S, Benvenuti L, Caprio A, Carnesecchi S, Pulerà F, Faggionato F, Serino D, Galli C, Andreuccetti M, Buxton N, Gagliardi R (2004) Temozolomide as first－lineagent in treating high － grade gliomas: phase II study．J Neurooncol，67(1-2): 77-81. ##Kawaji H, Tokuyama T, Yamasaki T, Amano S, Sakai N, Namba H (2015) Interferon－beta and temozolomide combination therapy for temozolomide monotherapy－refractorymalignant gliomas. Mol Clin Oncol, 3(4): 909-913.##Koekkoek JA, Dirven L, Heimans JJ, Postma TJ, Vos MJ, Reijneveld JC, Taphoorn MJ (2016) Seizure reduction is a prognostic marker in low －grade glioma patients treated with temozolomide. J Neurooncol, 126(2): 347-354.##Syro LV, Uribe H, Penagos LC, Ortiz LD, Fadul CE, Horvath E, Kovacs K (2006) Antitumour effects of temozolomide in a man with a large, invasive prolactin‐producing pituitary neoplasm. Clinical Endocrinology, 65(4): 552-3． ##Whitelaw BC, Dworakowska D, Thomas NW, Barazi S, Riordan‐Eva P, King AP, Hampton T, Landau DB, Lipscomb D, Buchanan CR, Gilbert JA (2012) Temozolomide in the management of dopamine agonist–resistant prolactinomas. Clinical Endocrinology, 76(6): 877-86.##Deng X, Zheng Z, Lin B, Su H, Chen H, Fei S, Fei Z, Zhao L, Jin X, Xie CY (2017) The efficacy and roles of combining temozolomide with whole brain radiotherapy in protection neurocognitive function and improvement quality of life of non-small-cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases. BMC Cancer, 17(1): 42. ##Annamalai AK，Dean AF，Kandasamy N (2012) Temozolomide responsiveness in aggressive corticotroph tumours: a case report and review of the literature. Pituitary, 15(3): 276-287.##Murakami M, Mizutani A, Asano S, Katakami H, Ozawa Y, Yamazaki K, Ishida Y, Takano K, Okinaga H, Matsuno A (2011) A mechanism of acquiring temozolomide resistance during transformation of atypical prolactinoma into prolactin－producing pituitary carcinoma: case report．Neuro-surgery, 68(6e): 1761-1767.##Minniti G, Scaringi C, Lanzetta G, Bozzao A, Romano A, De Sanctis V, Valeriani M, Osti M, Enrici RM (2014) Whole brain reirradiation and concurrent temozolomide in patients with brain metastases. J Neurooncol, 118(2): 329-334.##Gamboa-Vignolle C, Ferrari-Carballo T, Arrieta Ó, Mohar A (2012) Whole－brain irradiation with concomitant daily fixed －dose temozolomide forbrain? metastases treatment: a randomised phase II trial. Radiother Oncol, 102(2): 187－191.##Christodoulou C, Bafaloukos D, Linardou H, Aravantinos G, Bamias A, Carina M, Klouvas G, Skarlos D (2005) Temozolomide (TMZ) combined with cisplatin (CDDP) in patients with brain metastases from solid tumors: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group(HeCOG) Phase II study. J Neurooncol，71(1): 61－65.##He H, Yao M, Zhang W, Tao B, Liu F, Li S, Dong Y, Zhang C, Meng Y, Li Y, Hu G (2015) MEK2 is a prognostic marker and potential chemo- sensitizing target for glioma patients undergoing temozolomide treatment. Cell Mol Immunol，20(7): 1036-1046.##Yu Z, Xie G, Zhou G, Cheng Y, Zhang G, Yao G, Chen Y, Li Y, Zhao G (2015) NVP - BEZ235，a novel dual PI3K－mTOR inhibitor displays anti - glioma activity and reduces chemoresistance to temozolomide in human glioma cells．Cancer Lett，367(1): 58-68.##Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, Hamou MF, De Tribolet N, Weller M, Kros JM, Hainfellner JA, Mason W, Mariani L, Bromberg JE (2005) MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma．N Engl J Med, 352(10): 997-1003.## ##

Background radiation levels in selected dumpsites in Nnewi community setting Southeast Nigeria 2 2 Background: Nnewi town has undergone a marked increase in industrialization over the years. Considering the continuous disposal of automotive and hospital wastes in dumpsites within the town there is a need to ascertain the background radiation level of some of its dumpsites. Objective: To evaluate the level of background radiation in some selected dumpsites in Nnewi and compare the background radiation dose levels with the worldwide recommended average natural dose of 2.4mSv/yr to humans. Methods: The levels of background radiation in these dumpsites were estimated using a well-calibrated International Medicom CRM-100 Digital Radiation Monitor (survey meter). A cross-sectional survey was adopted for this study. Following the standard procedure, the radiation monitor was held at a distance of 1.0 meters above the ground and three readings are taken at each location and the mean recorded. The Annual Absorbed Dose Rate (ADR), Absorbed Dose Rate (AD) and the Annual Equivalent Dose Rate (AEDR) were calculated. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 20. Results: The mean of the calculated Annual Absorbed Dose Rates recorded at 21 and 24 meters was marginally greater than the accepted exposure rate for the public with the values of 1.5 mSv/year respectively. At 12 and 27 meters, the values were 1.5 mSv/year for Bank Road dumpsite respectively. Other distances were below the limit of 1mSv/year for the public and also below the dose limit of 20mSv/year for radiation workers as recommended by the ICRP. Conclusion: The radiation levels emitted from the study area were within permissible limits for the general population. Therefore there is little risk of instantaneous radiation hazard with an estimated safety zone at 6 meters from the dumpsites. 743 747 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/302021/06/302021/07/32021/07/112021/07/112021/07/112021/07/132021/07/11 1400/4/20 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/07/102021/05/20 1400/2/30 D.C. Ugwuanyi D.C. Ugwuanyi Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria O.N. Nzotta O.N. Nzotta Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria M.P. Ogolodom M.P. Ogolodom Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria mpos2007@yahoo.com T.F. Sibeudu T.F. Sibeudu Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria A.M. Ibekwe A.M. Ibekwe Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria N.O. Ezeaku N.O. Ezeaku Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria Absorbed dose absorbed dose rate annual absorbed dose rate annual equivalent dose rate. Hendry JH, Simon SL, Wojcik A, Sohrabi M, Burkart W, Cardis E, et al. 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Successful treatment of a patient with an EGFR-mutated pulmonary adenocarcinoma and a history of uremia with erlotinib after gefitinib-induced kidney dysfunction: a case report 2 2 A 48-year-old male patient with a history of uremia was diagnosed with pulmonary adenocarcinoma based on a computed tomography (CT) scan and biopsy. In addition, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletion was identified by gene detection. Surgical treatment was not acceptable because of his poor physical condition, so he was treated with gefitinib. Kidney function deteriorated and the serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were increased. Two weeks after discontinuing treatment with gefitinib, kidney function gradually returned to normal and was treated with erlotinib. This is an unusual case involving a patient with EGFR-mutated pulmonary adenocarcinoma and a history of uremia who was successfully treated with erlotinib after gefitinib-induced kidney dysfunction. 749 753 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/302021/06/302021/07/32021/07/112021/07/112021/07/112021/07/132021/07/112021/07/11 1400/4/20 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/07/102021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 L. Zhou L. Zhou Respiratory ward 2, PCCM, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, 563003, China LinmeiZhou@outlook.com Z. Chen Z. Chen Respiratory ward 2, PCCM, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, 563003, China Epidermal growth factor receptor pulmonary adenocarcinoma Erlotinib gefitinib kidney function. Cao M and Chen W (2019) Epidemiology of lung cancer in China. Thorac Cancer, 10: 3-7.##Guan WJ, Zheng XY, Chung KF, Zhong NS (2016) Impact of air pollution on the burden of chronic respiratory diseases in China: time for urgent action. Lancet, 388: 1939-51.##Molina JR, Yang P, Cassivi SD, Schild SE, Adjei AA (2008) Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship. Mayo Clin Proc, 83: 584-94.##Rosell R, Moran T, Queralt C, Porta R, Cardenal F, Camps C, et al.; Spanish Lung Cancer Group (2009) Screening for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer. N Engl J Med, 361:958-67.##Hsiue EH, Lee JH, Lin CC, Yang JC (2016) Safety of gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer treatment. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 15: 993-1000.##Ciardiello F and Tortora G (2008) EGFR antagonists in cancer treatment. N Engl J Med, 358: 1160-74.##Galetti M, Alfieri RR, Cavazzoni A, La Monica S, Bonelli M, Fumarola C, Mozzoni P, De Palma G, Andreoli R, Mutti A, Mor M, Tiseo M, Ardizzoni A, Petronini PG (2010) Functional characterization of gefitinib uptake in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol, 80: 179-87.##Cataldo VD, Gibbons DL, Pérez-Soler R, Quintás-Cardama A (2011) Treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer with erlotinib or gefitinib. N Engl J Med, 364: 947-55.##Cosmai L, Gallieni M, Porta C (2015) Renal toxicity of anticancer agents targeting HER2 and EGFR. J Nephrol, 28: 647-57.##Wan HL and Yao NS (2006) Acute renal failure associated with gefitinib therapy. Lung, 184: 249-50.##Rawluk J and Waller CF (2018) Gefitinib. Recent Results Cancer Res, 211: 235-46.##Maruyama K, Chinda J, Kuroshima T, Kabara M, Nakagawa N, Fujino T, et al. 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The evaluation of SPECT/CT bone scintigraphy in metastatic fibrous dysplasia 2 2 Background: Fibrous dysplasia is a rare benign bone disorder characterized by the fibrous tissue containing trabeculae of non-lamellar bone (woven bone) and occupying normal medullary spaces. The uptake of the radiotracer in the affected bone is variable, and specificity is too low to diagnose fibrous dysplasia in the bone scan. Materials and Methods: We are presenting four cases with monostotic fibrous dysplasia which were detected incidentally on the routine planar bone scan while being investigated for a metastatic cancer work-up. During a cancer work-up at our institution, we find lesions of fibrous dysplasia showing significantly increased uptake on the bone scan which may mimic metastatic bone lesions. Results: The SPECT/CT increases diagnostic confidence and improves accuracy and specificity of a planar bone scan. These cases were all asymptomatic at the one-year follow-up The subsequent bone scan and radiography studies have revealed no progression of these bone lesions. Conclusion: The SPECT/CT images increase the diagnostic accuracy of the bone scan, which may avoid unnecessary surgery or overtreatment of fibrous dysplasia as bone metastasis. Abbreviation: SPECT/CT = single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography. 755 758 2021/05/222021/06/222021/06/222021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/232021/06/262021/06/262021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/272021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/282021/06/302021/06/302021/07/32021/07/112021/07/112021/07/112021/07/132021/07/112021/07/112021/07/11 1400/4/20 2021/04/12021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/05/202021/07/102021/05/202021/05/202021/05/20 1400/2/30 Y.W. Chuang Y.W. Chuang Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan C.Y. Lin C.Y. Lin Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan C.C. Hsu C.C. Hsu Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan Y.F. Huang Y.F. Huang Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan C.C. Chang C.C. Chang Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan S.Y. Ho S.Y. Ho Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan Y.C. Tyan Y.C. Tyan Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan yctyan@kmu.edu.tw Bone scan bone metastasis fibrous dysplasia SPECT/CT. 1. Mlika M, Boudaya S, Chermiti F, Marghli A and Mezni F EI (2015) Costal fibrous dysplasia: A proposal of a managing diagram based on a review of the literature. Austin J Cancer Clin Res 2(7): 1061.##2. Lichtenstein L (1938) Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Arch Surg 36: 874-898. ##3. Lichtenstein L and Jaffe HL (1942) Fibrous dysplasia of bone. Arch Pathol 33: 777-816.##4. Şan H, Okuyucu K, Öner AO, Emer Ö, Karaçalıoğlu AÖ (2018) Sphenoid bone fibrous dysplasia detected incidentally on bone Scintigraphy by the contribution of SPECT/CT hybrid imaging. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther 27(1): 25-28.##5. Zhibin Y, Quanyong L, Libo C, Jun Z, Hankui L, Jifang Z, Ruisen Z (2004) The role of radionuclide bone scintigraphy in fibrous dysplasia of bone. Clin Nucl Med 29(3): 177-180.##6. Bonekamp D, Jacene H, Bartelt D, Aygun N (2008) Conversion of FDG PET activity of fibrous dysplasia of the skull late in life mimicking metastatic disease. Clin Nucl Med. 33(12): 909-911. ##7. Su MG, Tian R, Fan QP, Tian Y, Li FL, Li L, Kuang AR, Miller JH (2011) Recognition of fibrous dysplasia of bone mimicking skeletal metastasis on 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 40(3): 295-302.##8. Agrawal K, Marafi F, Gnanasegaran G, Van der Wall H, Fogelman I (2015) Pitfalls and limitations of radionuclide planar and hybrid Bone imaging. Semin Nucl Med, 45(3): 347-372.##9. Zhang L, He Q, Li W, Zhang R (2017) The value of 99m Tc-methylene diphosphonate single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography in diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia. BMC Medical Imaging 17(1): 46.##10. Riaz S, Bashir H, Hassan A, Nawaz MK (2016) Musculoskeletal Spect-Ct: A pictorial review. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 28(2): 427-437.## ##