Dr. Hossein Mozdarani
International Journal of Radiation Research
2322-3243
2345-4229
6
2
2008
9
1
Study of gamma exposure rate in Mysore and Chamaraj Nagar district, Karnataka, India
59
63
EN
K.L.
Sriharsha
N
M.
Raghavayya
N
N.R.
Rajendra Prasad
nrrp@lycos.com
Y
M.S.
Chandrahekara
N
Background: Humans beings are continuously
exposed to ionizing radiation from natural sources.
The main contributors to natural radiation are
high-energy cosmic radiation and radioactive
nuclides that originates in the earth’s crust.
Exposure to high levels of radiation can cause
serious health effects. In this study an attempt has
been made to monitor the levels of environmental
background radiation (gamma) in temples, historical
monuments, schools and colleges, hostels, wedding
halls and theaters in Mysore and Chamaraj Nagar
districts and assess the possible effects on environment
and human health. Materials and Methods:
Environmental radiation dosimeter is used to measure
the outdoor and indoor radiation absorbed dose
levels. The measurements were made 1 m above
the ground level. Results: Inside the temples it
varies from 122.7 to 231.4 nGy.h–1 with a median
of 130.1 nGy.h–1 outside the temples it varies from
141.8 to 340.2 nGy.h–1 with a median of 216.2
nGy.h–1. In different types of buildings in indoor
atmosphere it varies from 112.2 to 197.5 nGy.h–1
with a median of 127.0 nGy.h–1 and in outdoor
atmosphere it varies from 140.9 to 298.4 nGy.h–1
with a median of 216.2 nGy.h–1. Conclusion: The
indoor absorbed dose rate is higher than outdoors
in all types of constructions. Indoor and outdoor
environment of the temples has higher levels of
radiation than the historical monuments and other
public and private building in Mysore and Chamaraj
Nagar districts. Use of additional granite materials
inside or outside the building will enhance the
absorbed radiation dose levels. The values observed
in the study area are comparable with other values
observed in different parts of the world.
Gamma radiation, dosimeter, Mysore.
http://ijrr.com/article-1-404-en.html
http://ijrr.com/article-1-404-en.pdf
Dr. Hossein Mozdarani
International Journal of Radiation Research
2322-3243
2345-4229
6
2
2008
9
1
An investigation on the performance of dose calibrators in nuclear medicine centers in Iran
64
69
EN
H.
Zamani Zeinali
N
N.
Alirezazadeh
nalirezazadeh@hotmail.com
Y
F.
Atabi
N
Background: To investigate the status of the
nuclear medicine (NM) centers in Iran for the
performance of dose calibrators, 18 out of 54
centers providing NM services in Iran were randomly
selected and inspected in 1997. In the first phase
of the study the selected centers were inspected for
performing of quality control (QC) tests of dose
calibrators. The linearity of the activity response,
precision, accuracy, and the physical functions of
the instruments, were studied. In the second phase
of the study, carried out in 2006, 28 out of 75 NM
centers were investigated for QC tests performance.
Materials and Methods: The QC tests were
performed by using standardized radio nuclides of
Tc-99m and Cs-137 in the first phase, and Tc-99m
and I-131 in the second phase of the studies.
Standard procedures were used for carrying out the
tests. Results: According to the obtained results in
the first phase of the study, 10 centers were found
to be in unacceptable situation. Following this study,
all the concerned NM centers were informed about
the results, and at the same time the repair and
adjustment of the dose calibrators were requested.
In addition, the appropriate training courses along
with the QC testing manuals were provided to the
centers. Based on the data of the second phase of
the study, only 6 NM centers were in unacceptable
situation. The results indicated the effectiveness of
the improvements carried out in the working
procedures of the centers during interval between
the two phases of investigation.
Nuclear medicine centers, quality control, dose calibrator.
http://ijrr.com/article-1-405-en.html
http://ijrr.com/article-1-405-en.pdf
Dr. Hossein Mozdarani
International Journal of Radiation Research
2322-3243
2345-4229
6
2
2008
9
1
The effect of electronic disequilibrium on the received dose by lung in small fields with photon beams: Measurements and Monte Carlo study
70
76
EN
A.
Mesbahi
asgharmesbahi@yahoo.com
Y
Background: Prediction of the absorbed dose in
irradiated volume plays an important role in the
outcome of radiotherapy. Application of small fields
for radiotherapy of thorax makes the dose
calculation process inaccurate due to the existence
of electronic disequilibrium and intrinsic
deficiencies in dose calculation algorithms. To study
the lung absorbed dose in radiotherapy with small
fields, the central axis absorbed dose in heterogeneous
thorax phantom was measured by ionization
chamber and calculated for small fields by Monte
Carlo (MC) method. Materials and Methods: A solid
slab phantom consisting of unit and low density
materials was used for dose measurements. The 6
and 18 MV photon beams of Elekta SL25 linac were
simulated using MCNP4C MC Code. The model was
validated by comparing the calculated depth dose
and beam profiles with measurements in a water
phantom. The MC model was used to calculate the
depth doses in unit density and low density
materials resembling the soft tissue and lung,
respectively. Two small field sizes including 5×5 and
2×2 cm2 were used in this study. Results: The
measured depth dose values were in good
agreement with MC results and the difference less
than 2% was observed. A large dose reduction was
seen in lung for field size of 2×2 cm2 due to the
lateral electronic disequilibrium and it reached up to
16.2% and 33.3% for 6 and 18 MV beams,
respectively. Dose build up and down at material
interfaces was predicted by MC method. Conclusion:
Our study showed that the dose reductions with
small fields in lung and dose variations at interfaces
was very considerable, and inaccurate prediction of
absorbed dose in lung using small fields and photon
beams may lead to critical consequences for
patients.
Electronic disequilibrium, radiotherapy of lung, Monte Carlo method.
http://ijrr.com/article-1-406-en.html
http://ijrr.com/article-1-406-en.pdf
Dr. Hossein Mozdarani
International Journal of Radiation Research
2322-3243
2345-4229
6
2
2008
9
1
Evaluation of the relation between breast glandular absorbed dose and radiographic quality in mammography
77
82
EN
M.B.
Tavakoli
mbtavakoli@mui.ac.ir
Y
N.
Kolghi
N
Z.
Shahi
N
Z.
Shaneh
N
Background: Breast is one of the main
radiological sensitive organs, hence it is important to
evaluate absorbed dose to this organ especially to
the glandular parts. It is the aim of this study to
measure mean glandular dose and image contrast in
terms of different mammographic parameters.
Materials and Methods: In this study two
mammography machines located at Said-al Shohada
(Giotto) and Shahid Behesti (GE) hospitals were
used. According to the recommendations of ACR and
MQSA, breast phantoms were constructed and used
for this study. For dose evaluation TLD dosimetry
method was used. The TLD dosimeters were of LiF
type and the reader was a Solaro TLD reader.
Results: To obtain a constant contrast when
increasing kVp from 22 to 24, it was necessary to
reduce mAs by 12 percent. The obtained relation
between these two parameters is:
contrast=0.2829D-0.2427. It was also found that
there is a linear relationship between contrast and
image quality. The relation between these two
parameters is: Image quality = 28.117 Contarst +
20.134. Increasing kVp and hence decreasing mAs
results a reduction to the glandular dose, especially
in patients with large breast. Increasing kVp from 28
to 30 results in reduction of dose from 6.8mGy to
5mGy. Conclusions: It was found that there has been
a linear relationship between contrast and image
quality. It was also found that increasing kVp
necessitate to reduce mAs for a constant contrast
and hence reduction of glandular dose.
Mean glandular dose, radiographic contrast, radiographic quality, mammography, TLD dosimetry.
http://ijrr.com/article-1-407-en.html
http://ijrr.com/article-1-407-en.pdf
Dr. Hossein Mozdarani
International Journal of Radiation Research
2322-3243
2345-4229
6
2
2008
9
1
Verification of the PAGAT polymer gel dosimeter by photon beams using magnetic resonance imaging
83
87
EN
B.
Azadbakht
N
M.H.
Zahmatkesh
mheair@yahoo.com
Y
k.
Hadad
N
S.
Bagheri
N
Background: In this work investigation of the
normoxic PAGAT polymer gel dosimeter such as
sensitivity, the R2-dose response with post time and
the percentage depth dose (PDD) of PAGAT polymer
gel dosimeter have been undertaken. Materials
and Methods: Using MRI, the formulation to give
the maximum change in the transverse relaxation
rate R2 was determined to be 4.5% N,N'-methylenbis-
acrylamide ©(bis), 4.5% acrylamid(AA), 5%
gelatin, 5 mM tetrakis (hydroxymethyl)phosphonium
chloride (THPC), 0.01 mM hydroquinone (HQ) and
86% HPLC (Water). Irradiation of vials was
performed using photon beams by Co-60 therapy
unit and an Electa linear accelerator. Gel dosimeters
were imaged in a Siemens Symphony 1.5 Tesla
clinical MRI scanner using a head coil. Gel
dosimeters were irradiated 1 day post-manufacture,
and imaged 1 day post irradiation. Results: The R2-
dose response was linear up to 30 Gy. The response
of the PAGAT gel is very similar in the lower dose
region and the R2-dose response for doses less than
2 Gy is not exact. The R2-dose response of the
PAGAT polymer gel dosimeters varies between 10 to
30 Gy with R2-dose sensitivities of 0.0905, 0.1037,
0.1023, 0.0907 and 0.123 S-1Gy-1 when imaged at
1, 8, 15, 29 and 38 days post-irradiation
respectively. The percentage depth dose (PDD) of
PAGAT gel dosimeter was determined and at depth
of 21cm, the percentage depth dose for 1.25, 4, 6
and 18 MV photons were determined to be, 48%,
52%, 57.3% and 59.73% respectively. Conclusion:
Calibration curve of the PAGAT polymer gel
dosimeter, were found to be linear between 2-10 Gy
and 10-30 Gy with different slopes of the R2-dose
sensitivity also showed stability with post time
imaging after 38 days. In this study, the percentage
depth dose (PDD) of the PAGAT gel dosimeter was
measured. It can be concluded that in case of higher
energy of photon beams, higher doses can be
delivered to deep-seated tumors.
Polymer gels, PAGAT gel, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
http://ijrr.com/article-1-408-en.html
http://ijrr.com/article-1-408-en.pdf
Dr. Hossein Mozdarani
International Journal of Radiation Research
2322-3243
2345-4229
6
2
2008
9
1
Bio-indicators in the tropical forest of Western Ghats environment
88
96
EN
P.K.
Manigandan
pkmgs@yahoo.com
Y
N.M.
Manikandan
N
Background: Investigation on the natural
radionuclides 238U, 232Th, 40K and natural fallout
radionuclide 210Po in the prominent plants species of
Western Ghats tropical forest near Kotagiri have
been carried out as a part of baseline background
radiation studies in the forest environment.
Materials and Methods: The prominent plants
species of the region Evodia roxburghiana and
Eleaocarpus oblangus were chosen and
concentrations of 238U, 232Th, 40K and 210Po were
measured by employing gamma ray spectrometer
and alpha counter. Results: The radioactivity
concentrations in plants and soils reflect the impact
of the existence of igneous nature of rock in the area
of study. Concentration ratios (CR) of these
radionuclides, between plants and underlying soil,
have been studied and results shows that the
concentration ratios (CR) seem to be depend on
radionuclides in soil. Conclusion: From careful
analysis of the results, these plants could be used as
an indicator to monitor these radonuclides.
Primordial radionuclides, Western Ghats, monazite, Igneous rock, CR –concentration ratio.
http://ijrr.com/article-1-409-en.html
http://ijrr.com/article-1-409-en.pdf
Dr. Hossein Mozdarani
International Journal of Radiation Research
2322-3243
2345-4229
6
2
2008
9
1
A survey on stimulatory effects of topical application of radioactive lantern mantle powder on wound healing
97
102
EN
S.M.J.
Mortazavi
mmortazavi@sums.ac.ir
Y
M.R.
Rahmani
N
A.
Rahnama
N
A.
Saeed-Pour
N
E.
Nouri
N
N.
Hosseini
N
M.M.
Aghaiee
N
Background: Poorly educated people in some
parts of Iran use burned mantles as a wound
healing medicine. Materials and Methods: To
perform surface area measurement, twenty rats
were divided randomly into two groups of 10
animals each. The first group received topical
burned radioactive lantern mantle powder on the
first to third days after making excision wounds. The
second group received non-radioactive lantern
mantle powder. For histological study, 36 male rats
were randomly divided into two groups of 18
animals each. Full thickness excision wound
(314±31.4 mm2) was made on the dorsal neck in all
animals after inducing general anesthesia. For the
first three days, cases had received topical
application of the radioactive lantern mantle
powder. Finally, to measure the tensile strength, an
incision was made on the dorsal neck of the rats.
Results: Surface area measurement of the wounds
showed a progressive surface reduction in both
groups. Histological study showed a significant
statistically difference between cases and controls
with respect to fibrinoid necrosis and neutrophilic
exudate on days 3 and 14. Considering the
existence of granulated tissue, a significant
difference was observed between case and control
groups on days 3 and 7. Tensile strength study
showed no significant difference between the cases
and controls. Conclusion: Topical use of radioactive
mantle powder can accelerate the healing process
of the wound in rats.
Lantern mantle, wound healing, radioactive, thorium.
http://ijrr.com/article-1-410-en.html
http://ijrr.com/article-1-410-en.pdf
Dr. Hossein Mozdarani
International Journal of Radiation Research
2322-3243
2345-4229
6
2
2008
9
1
Assessment of bone mineral density with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in pre- and post-menopausal women
103
107
EN
M.R.
Salamat
N
N.
Rostampour
nrostampour@yahoo.com
Y
S.
Shanehsazzadeh
N
M.B.
Tavakoli
N
M.
Siavash
N
T.
Almasi
N
Background: Osteoporosis is a chronic disease
that contributes substantially to decrease physical
activity and decline in the quality of life.
Osteoporosis can be diagnosed easily with the use
of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
equipment. The aim of this study was to investigate
the magnitude of bone loss on proximal femur and
lumbar spine LS in pre- and post-menopausal
women from Isfahan Osteoporosis Diagnosis Center
(IODC) since 2005. Materials and Methods: Bone
mineral density (BMD) measurements using DXA
have been performed at IODC. 185 pre-menopausal
and 174 early post-menopausal women were
selected randomly. A Norland XR46 system was
used for the investigations. The student t-test was
done to find the difference between the T-scores of
the femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) in
pre- and post-menopausal women. Results: Mean
BMDs for the FN and LS in pre-menopausal women
were 0.859 ± 0.136 and 1.012 ± 0.161 and in
post-menopausal women were 0.816 ± 0.119 and
0.919 ± 0.140, respectively. Long-term BMD CVs of
1.0% and 1.2% for the LS and FN were found,
respectively. The differences between the FN and
LS for pre- and post-menopausal women were t = -
9.02, p < 0.05 and t = -3.50, p < 0.05, respectively.
Conclusion: In spite of, the reported lower BMD
T-scores for the LS compared with the FN for
women, we found that the FN had significantly lower
T-score than LS for both pre- and post-menopausal
women.
BMD, osteoporosis, proximal femur, lumbar spine, DXA.
http://ijrr.com/article-1-411-en.html
http://ijrr.com/article-1-411-en.pdf