en Medical Physics Medical Physics تحقيق بديع Original Research <div style="text-align: justify;">Background: The question of whether low levels of non-ionizing radiations such as the&nbsp;radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF)&nbsp;can induce the same positive immune responses remains unanswered. This study aimed to investigate&nbsp;the effects of non-ionizing RF-EMF&nbsp;on some parameters of the immune system in an animal model following infection with&nbsp;Salmonella&nbsp;Typhimurium and&nbsp;Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materials and Methods:&nbsp;Male BALB/c mice were exposed to&nbsp;RF-EMFs generated by&nbsp;a common GSM mobile phone for 3 days. Animals were infected with&nbsp;K. pneumonia or&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Typhimurium on the 4^th&nbsp;day. On the7^th&nbsp;day after injection, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture. The specific antibodies against bacteria were determined by agglutination method and serum levels of the cytokines were measured using the ELISA method. Moreover, the leukocytes count was measured using a cell counter. Results:&nbsp;The levels of specific antibodies against bacteria were higher in non-irradiated mice compared to irradiated mice. There were no significant differences between the irradiated and non-irradiated mice regarding the total blood leukocyte count. The mean serum levels of IFN-&gamma;&nbsp;and IL-17 after infection with&nbsp;K. pneumoniae&nbsp;were significantly higher in the irradiated mice&nbsp;(p<0.001). Conclusions: Low levels of RF-EMF can stimulate the immune responses in the mice pre-exposed to RF-EMF. This study provides further evidence supporting that exposure to certain levels of RF-EMF can stimulate the immune system. These adaptive responses may be applied to cope with the increased susceptibility of the astronauts to infections during a deep space mission.</div> Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, microwave radiation, IL-17. 333 342 http://ijrr.com/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2055-18&slc_lang=en&sid=1 S. Zarei 7900319475328460015332 7900319475328460015332 No Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran S. Tajbakhsh 7900319475328460015333 7900319475328460015333 No Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran M. Taheri 7900319475328460015334 7900319475328460015334 No Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran H. Mozdarani 7900319475328460015335 7900319475328460015335 No Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran A. Jafarzadeh 7900319475328460015336 7900319475328460015336 No Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran F. Nouri 7900319475328460015337 7900319475328460015337 No Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran S. Nematollahi 7900319475328460015338 7900319475328460015338 No Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran S. Dobaradaran 7900319475328460015339 7900319475328460015339 No Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran S.M.J. Mortazavi mmortazavi@sums.ac.ir 7900319475328460015340 7900319475328460015340 Yes Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran