@article{ author = {Tao, Z.C. and Qiu, J. and Zhang, Y.Y. and Qian, L. and Gao, J. and Zhou, Y. and Yang, L. and He, J. and Yang, J. and Wang, R. and Huang, Y. and Zhou, L. and Sun, B. and Cui, Y.Y.}, title = {Chemoradiotherapy alone or in combination with Endostar for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis}, abstract ={Previous studies show inconsistent effect estimates for the efficacy of Endostar in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety on the basis of data obtained from available randomized controlled trials (RTCs). We find relevant articles reporting the use of Endostar combined with chemoradiotherapy regimens in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. The retrieval period was from June 2008 to June 2018. A total of 11 RTCs that recruited a total of 735 patients were included. Overall, the results indicated that patients who received Endostar plus chemoradiotherapy showed a significantly increased incidence of objective response rate (ORR) (relative risk [RR] = 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31–1.67; P < 0.00001) and disease control rate (DCR) (RR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.09–1.25; P < 0.00001) compared with those who received chemoradiotherapy alone. However, no significant difference was noted between groups for 1-year survival rate (RR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.91–1.23; P = 0.48). Furthermore, combined Endostar with chemoradiotherapy did not yield a high incidence of stable and elevated Karnofsky performance score (RR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.91–1.23; P = 0.48). Moreover, no significant difference was noted in the incidence of total toxicity between the two groups. The findings of our study indicated that treatment with Endostar plus chemoradiotherapy yielded a high incidence of ORR or DCR, but did not trigger excess adverse events in patients with NSCLC.}, Keywords = {Endostar, Lung cancer, Chemoradiotherapy, Meta-analysis, Efficacy, Safety.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.1}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3443-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3443-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zhou, Z. and Li, J. and Tu, J. and Xin, R. and Zhang, W. and Wu, D.}, title = {Clustering of nasopharyngeal carcinoma intensity modulated radiation therapy plans based on k-means algorithm and geometrical features}, abstract ={Background: The design of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans is difficult and time-consuming. The retrieval of similar IMRT plans from the IMRT plan dataset can effectively improve the quality and efficiency of IMRT plans and automate the design of IMRT planning. However, the large IMRT plans datasets will bring inefficient retrieval result. Materials and Methods: An intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan clustering method based on k-means algorithm and geometrical features is proposed to improve the retrieval efficiency from the IMRT plan dataset. The proposed method could benefit future automatic IMRT planning based on prior knowledge. In this study, a collection dataset including 100 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma IMRT plans was employed in the clustering experiment. The geometrical features of each cluster center were used to qualitatively predict the dosimetric characteristics of organs at risk (OARs) and compared with practical results. Results: Experimental results demonstrate that the tested dataset can be well clustered using the proposed method. The predicted dosimetric characteristics of OARs for each cluster agree well with their practical results, and the difficulty of IMRT planning for each cluster can be derived. Conclusion: The proposed IMRT plan clustering method can bring great benefit to the new cases of IMRT planning.  }, Keywords = {Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning, clustering of IMRT plans, IMRT plan}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-21}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.13}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3451-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3451-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Maroufkhani, F. and Abtahi, S.M.M. and Kakavand, T.}, title = {Assessment of secondary particles in breast proton therapy by Monte Carlo simulation code using MCNPX}, abstract ={Background: The present study aimed to investigate the equivalent dose in vital organs, including heart and lung, due to secondary particles produced during breast proton therapy. Materials and Methods: The numerical ORNL female-phantom was improved and simulated using the Monte Carlo MCNPX code. The depth-dose profile of proton beams with different energies was simulated. The proper energy range of incident proton beams has been estimated in order to have the Bragg peaks inside the breast tissue. The equivalent dose of secondary particles, including neutron and photon in vital organs, were evaluated. The TALYS code was used to investigate the neutron and photon particles’ production cross-sections. Results: The results showed that for the proton energy range of 60-70 MeV, the Bragg peaks positioned inside the breast. The maximum dose of 0.65 mSv/nA-p was in Heart-Left Ventricle due to neutrons production by incident 70 MeV protons. However, the maximum absorbed dose, due to the secondary particles, was less than 0.0004% of proton equivalent dose at the Bragg peak. The maximum photons dose and the protons dose into the Heart-Left Ventricle were 8.42 µSv/nA-p and 68.08 µSv/nA-p, respectively, which were negligible compared to the proton equivalent dose at the Bragg peak. Conclusion: The results confirmed a noticeable lower dose in the heart and lungs for breast proton therapy, compared with the previously reported dose for breast radiotherapy using photon. Most of the dose absorbed by the organs is due to the secondary neutrons, but those are low enough to be neglected. }, Keywords = {Proton therapy, breast, secondary particles, equivalent dose, MCNPX.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {23-29}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.23}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3452-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3452-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Bao, J. and Chen, L. and Zhu, J.H. and Fei, Z.F. and Hu, Z.T. and Wang, H.Z. and Gao, Y.}, title = {Comprehensive end-to-end test for intensity-modulated radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma using an anthropomorphic phantom and EBT3 film}, abstract ={Background: In head and neck radiotherapy, immobilization devices can affect dose delivery. In this study, a comprehensive end-to-end test was developed to evaluate the accuracy of radiotherapy treatment. Materials and Methods: An Alderson Radiation Therapy (ART) anthropomorphic phantom with EBT3 film was used to mimic the actual patient treatment process. Ten patients treated for nasopharyngeal carcinomas with IMRT were retrospectively selected. For each patient, the treatment plan, as well as the targets and OARs was transplanted onto the phantom, and the IMRT plan was subsequently recalculated to the phantom with EBT3 film. Two quality assurance (QA) plans were generated, namely “Plan-with” wherein the immobilization device was contoured and “Plan-without” wherein it was omitted. EBT3 measurements were compared with the results of the TPS calculation. Results: With different gamma calculation criteria applied, the results obtained for Plan-with were closer to the dose measured with the EBT3 film. Moreover, 1.8% deviation was observed in the posterior neck skin dose for Plan-with when compared to the film measurements while the value was 33.1% lower for Plan-without. When compared to Plan-without, each target volume in Plan-with exhibited a 1–4% reduction in the maximum dose (D2%), minimum dose (D98%) and mean dose (Dmean). Conclusion: Immobilization devices decrease the radiation dose to target volumes while increasing the skin dose and should be included within the body contour to ensure an accurate planning dose. The end-to-end IMRT test using an ART anthropomorphic phantom is a valuable tool to identify discrepancies between calculated and delivered radiation doses.  }, Keywords = {End-to-end test, anthropomorphic phantom, EBT3 film, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, intensity-modulated radiation therapy.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {31-39}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.31}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3453-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3453-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Choi, K. and Cho, J.K.}, title = {Development and statistical assessment of a radiation safety literacy measurement tool}, abstract ={Background: The public's understanding of radiation and protection of radiation harm is not high. Therefore, it is meaningful to know the radiation safety literacy level in terms of health care. This study developed a measurement tool that can help to identify the actual condition of radiation safety literacy and conducted the statistical assessment of the developed tool. Materials and Methods: We developed a radiation safety literacy measurement tool in four steps: preliminary term extraction, content validity, face validity, and response scale composition using expert groups such as radiologist, professor of radiological science, angiography nurse, and professor of Korean language. And we developed a questionnaire and conducted a survey on samples of n = 280 (male: 124, female: 156). For statistical assessment, descriptive analysis, Cronbach's coefficient, and correlation analysis were performed, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was obtained. Results: As a result of developing measurement tool of four steps, radiation safety literacy measurement tool consisting of a total of 46 items were developed. The result of the survey showed high reliability with the internal consistency reliability coefficient of 0.963. The correlation coefficient of the developed measurement tool with the rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine was found to be valid with 0.448 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The radiation safety literacy measurement tool developed in this study can be used as a useful tool for the process of patient evaluation for appropriate communication between the healthcare provider and the patient regarding radiation.}, Keywords = {Radiation safety, health literacy, reliability, validity, receiver operating characteristic curve.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {41-48}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.41}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3454-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3454-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Deris, J. and FouladiDehaghi, B.}, title = {Measurement of exposure to radionuclides (40-K, 226-Ra, and 232-Th) in the oil and gas drilling industry}, abstract ={Background: Naturally occurring radioactivity is a root cause of human exposure to harmful radiation. The occupational exposure hazard due to natural radionuclides occurring in drilling wastes is especially important in this regard. In this study the concentration of radionuclides namely 232Th, 226Ra and 40K were assessed in soil samples that were taken from various oil drilling areas. Methodology: 10 samples were collected and sealed for two months to ensure the secular equilibrium between 226Ra and 232Th, and their respective radioactive progenies. The concentration of radionuclides in samples was measured by gamma spectroscopy. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used in order to analyze the data. Results: the results showed the average absorbed dose rates (D), annual effective dose (AED), Radium equivalent activity (Raeq) and various hazard indexes(Hex, Hin and Iγ ) for samples were 38.22 nGy/h, 0.046 mSv/y, 81.032 Bq/Kg, 0.21, 0.31 and 0.59, respectively. Conclusions: The mean activity concentrations were lower than the world mean values, according to the radiation protection criteria that identified by UNSCEAR.}, Keywords = {Exposure, natural radioactivity, radiation dosages, drilling industry, hazard index.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {49-54}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.49}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3455-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3455-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Asgari, M. and Afarideh, H. and Ghafoorifard, H. and AsadiAmirabadi, E.}, title = {Effects of particle size and weight percentage of heavy metal elements on photon shielding efficiency of reinforced polymer composites}, abstract ={Background: Polymer composites when reinforced with heavy metals in the form of micro/nano particles are efficient gamma- and X-ray shielding materials providing such advantageous features as cost-effectiveness, light-weight factor, flexibility, non-toxicity, conformability over conventional shields. Materials and Methods: In this paper the influence of weight percentages and particle sizes of bismuth and tungsten contents of reinforced composites, i.e., bismuth/rubber (Bi/R) and tungsten/rubber (W/R) shields, in their photon absorption capabilities for photon energies, ranging from 40 to 350 keV, were investigated using both MCNPX simulations and measurements. The Bi/R and W/R polymer composites were prepared by mixing rubber with different weight percentages of bismuth and tungsten powders before exposing them to 152Eu gamma-rays. Then, the shielding efficiencies or photon transmission fractions, half-value layer (HVL) and tenth-value layer (TVL) of the samples were determined. Results: The simulation results confirmed that the particle size of the heavy element plays an important role in the shielding efficiency, especially at low photon energies. The decrease in the particle size of shielding material in each weight percentage improved the radiation shielding features. Therefore, the results supported the feasibility of nano-sized composite applications for shielding against low-energy photons, especially in diagnostic studies such as mammography. Conclusions: At low photon energies, especially around 40 keV, a considerable decrease in photon flux was achieved by incorporating nano-sized heavy elements in a polymer matrix.}, Keywords = {Atomic number, MCNPX simulation, particle size, photon, polymer composite, shielding.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {55-61}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.55}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3456-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3456-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Deevband, M.R. and Ghorbani, M. and Eshraghi, A. and Salimi, Y. and Saeedzadeh, E. and Kardan, M.R. and Sadeghi, S. and Divband, D. and Ahmadi, M.}, title = {Patient effective dose estimation for routine computed tomography examinations in Iran}, abstract ={Background: The present study intended to determine and report patient effective dose on the basis of patients and exposure data. Materials and methods: A nationwide computed tomography (CT) survey was provided as a report of patient doses in 2015-2016. Scan details were collected for nearly 2,000 adults and children in four age groups subjected to CT examinations. From total 565 CT scanners in different models in Iran, 120 different scanners were sampled. ImpactDose software was used to calculate the effective dose (ED) by collecting the necessary data also as an alternative fast method, the ED was estimated by multiplying dose length product (DLP) and a conversion factor. Results: There was a high variation in doses received by patients. The estimated EDs by the DLP and conversion factor were lower (except for sinus protocol) than those by ImpactDose software (p=0.014). The mean EDs were 1.09, 0.66, 7.70 and 13.29 mSv for adult patients’ procedures of head, sinus, chest and abdomen-pelvis, respectively. In terms of CTDIvol and DLP, in Iran the mean effective doses were significantly lower than other countries. Conclusion: Publishing guidelines and exposure tables according to patient situations is necessary to decrease variations in doses and exposure parameters. Since the DLP conversion factor leads to a considerable discrepancy in calculating ED, when there is a need for precise dose calculations, the DLP conversion factor should not be used. Furthermore, it is suggested that ED be used as DRL, instead of CTDIvol.}, Keywords = {Effective dose estimation, CTDI, DLP, impact dose software.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {63-73}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.63}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3457-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3457-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Udomtanakunchai, C. and Mernsri, S. and Jeejai, S. and Intachai, N. and Ruengdit, C. and Pornprasert, S.}, title = {Effect of low dose X-ray on membrane fluidity of thalassemic red blood cells}, abstract ={Background: Chest X-ray is one of the examinations required for an annual health checkup. The interaction of radiation to the medium produces free radicals, which consequently causes biological changes either structural or properties of the cells. Whether the radiation from Chest X-ray upright technique affects the plasma membrane fluidity of thalassemic red blood cells (RBCs) is still unclear. Materials and Methods: Whole blood samples of non-thalassemia group (G1), non-clinically significant thalassemia group (G2) and clinically significant thalassemia group (G3) were irradiated with the Chest X-ray upright technique with a dose of 6.57 µSv (90 kVp). One-tube osmotic fragility (OF) test, dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCIP) test for hemoglobin E (HbE) screening and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity analysis were performed on those samples. Results: The % OF values of G1 and G3, between irradiated and non-irradiated RBCs, were comparable, while those of G2 were significantly increased. However, the irradiation did not affect HbE screening test by DCIP technique in G2. In addition, it did not alter the G6PD activity in both thalassemia and non-thalassemia samples.  Conclusion: Chest X-ray upright technique with a dose of 6.57 µSv (90 kVp) did not alter the membrane fluidity and the G6PD activity of thalassemic and non-thalassemic RBCs. Thus, it did not affect the thalassemia screening by OF and DCIP tests. However, increasing % OF value in HbE trait might be used as one of the screening test for HbE trait.  }, Keywords = {X-ray, radiation, thalassemia, osmotic fragility, red blood cell}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {75-80}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.75}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3458-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3458-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Kamyab, N. and Mordouei, Z. and Hosseini, M. and SheikhFathollahi, M.}, title = {The effect of mobile phone waves on salivary secretion in dental students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background: Excessive use of mobile phones is addictive and causes many complications. The severity of these complications depends on the duration of the call and the frequency of using mobile phones. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of mobile phone waves on salivary secretion. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 120 dental students in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2015. Using the call history of the mobile phones, the number and duration of each person's daily calls were obtained. The spitting method was used to collect unstimulated saliva, and stimulated saliva was collected with the help of natural chewing gums without sugar and additive flavors. After sampling, the falcon tubes containing saliva were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. Then the saliva volume was read from the tube and recorded. Independent two-sample t test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression model were used for data analysis. Results: Students who talked for more than 40 minutes or 20-40 minutes a day on their mobile phones had a mean unstimulated salivary secretion of 0.885 and 0.331 ml/min, respectively and mean stimulated salivary secretion of 0.702 and 0.708 ml/min, respectively more than students who talked less than 20 minutes a day on their cell phones (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that increased duration of cell phone calls was associated with increasing the amount of stimulated and unstimulated salivary secretion, which could decrease the risk of developing oral infections and tooth decay.}, Keywords = {Mobile phone, stimulated salivary secretion, unstimulated salivary secretion, dental students.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {81-87}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.81}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3459-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3459-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ahmed, U.A.Q. and Wagner, N.J. and Joubert, A.}, title = {Quantification of radionuclides and associated radiological risk estimation of coal combustion residues from a South African coal-fired power plant}, abstract ={Background: Radionuclides occur in coal combustion residues, such as fly ash and bottom ash, which are by-products of coal combustion. They pose potential radiological risks to people present in the surrounding areas. Materials and Methods: Gamma spectrometry was performed to determine the radionuclide activity concentrations in a coal-driven power plant located in the Limpopo province, South Africa, to assess the radiological impacts of the ash stored in ash dumps adjacent to the plant. Results: The mean (+ SD) activity concentrations were found to be 144.3±4, 62±2.1, and 315.9±4.9 Bq/kg for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K, respectively, which are comparable to those found in previous studies. The radium equivalent activity was determined to be 258.43 Bq/kg. The average values of internal and external hazard indices were 1.09 and 0.70, respectively. With the exception of the internal hazard index, all the other indices were within the prescribed ranges indicated by the literature. Furthermore, the mean total annual effective dose received by plant workers was found to be 0.070 mSv/y, which is within the limit of 1.0 mSv/y prescribed by the IAEA. The average excess lifetime cancer risk value was 0.49 × 10-3, which is higher than the UNSCEAR precautionary limit of 0.29 × 10-3 but lower than the ICRP limit of 0.05 for low-level radiation. Conclusion: Ash dust inhalation was identified as the most significant exposure pathway among plant workers. However, the results demonstrated that storing of ash at this plant does not constitute any radiological threat to people in the adjacent regions. }, Keywords = {Radionuclides, flyash, hazard index, excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR)}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {89-97}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.89}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3460-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3460-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zhang, X. and Liu, H. and Xing, X. and Tian, M. and Hu, X. and Liu, F. and Feng, J. and Chang, S. and Liu, P. and Zhang, H.}, title = {Ionizing radiation induces ferroptosis in splenic lymphocytes of mice}, abstract ={Backgrounds: It remains unclear whether radiation-induced haemorrhage in the spleen causes iron accumulation, and subsequently, ferroptosis in splenic lymphocytes. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of ferroptosis in splenic lymphocytes of gamma-irradiated mice. Materials and Methods: Mice were subjected to gamma radiation from a 137Cs source. Iron, Ferroportin 1, and iron regulatory protein (IRP) levels in the spleen, and serum iron and hepcidin levels in the blood were measured to study the change in iron metabolism of the irradiated spleen. After Ferrostatin 1/LDN193189 was intraperitoneally injected into mice post-irradiation, the viability of splenic lymphocytes and the splenic index were evaluated to investigate the mechanism of damage induction in splenic lymphocytes. The survival rate of mice was evaluated to identify the radiation mitigator based on the inhibition of ferroptosis. Results: Iron accumulation (up to 0.62 g/g) observed in the spleen of irradiated mice was due to haemorrhage-based haemosiderin. The iron accumulation triggered the IRP-ferroportin 1 axis to increase the level of serum iron to 121.65 mmol/l. LDN193189 was used to demonstrate that the iron accumulation decreased the viability of splenic lymphocytes in irradiated mice, which was subsequently demonstrated to attribute to ferroptosis with the use of Ferrostatin 1 and through detection of ferroptosis-related parameters. The survival rate of irradiated mice was improved upon Ferrostatin-1 (60% with a duration of 120 days) or LDN193189 (40% for the same duration) treatment. Conclusion: Radiation-induced haemorrhage causes ferroptosis in splenic lymphocytes, and anti-ferroptosis is a potential strategy to alleviate immune damage in hematopoietic acute radiation sickness.}, Keywords = {Hematopoietic acute radiation sickness, iron metabolism, iron accumulation, splenic lymphocyte, ferroptosis.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {99-111}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.99}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3461-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3461-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Larionova, N.V.  and Panitskiy, A.V.  and Kunduzbayeva, A.Ye. and Kabdyrakova, A.M.  and Ivanova, A.R.  and Aidarkhanov, А.O. }, title = {Nature of radioactive contamination in soils of the pine forest in the territory adjacent to Semipalatinsk test site}, abstract ={ABSTRACT Background: This work investigated radioactive contamination in soils of the pine forest in the territory adjacent to Semipalatinsk test site. Materials and Methods: Thirty samples from the soil were collected from six different a soil profile was laid out (research areas). Activity concentrations of 137Cs and 241Am were determined using a Canberra GX-2020 solid-state gamma-spectrometer system. Activity concentrations of 90Sr and 239+240Pu were determined after application of radiochemical analysis. In addition, the soil physicochemical characteristics such as pH value, the amount of organic content and texture of soil were investigated by pH meter, the Tiurin’s techniques, modified by Nikitin, and particle size distribution (Pipette) methods, respectively. Results: The highest specific activity values were registered for 241Am (up to 64 Bq/kg) and 239+240Pu (up to 75 Bq/kg) transuranium radionuclides. Maximum concentrations of 241Am, 137Cs and 239+240Pu were registered in the top 5-cm layer, while 90Sr is uniformly distributed up to the depth of 20 cm. In general, researched artificial radionuclides by their level of mobility in vertical soil profile can be arranged in sequence as follows: 90Sr > 239+240Pu > 241Am > 137Cs. Conclusion: 137Cs by the character of its distribution in vertical soil profile is similar to its vertical distribution in brown soils at conditionally «background» STS territories. Mobility of 241Am, 239+240Pu and 90Sr in brown soils at the researched territory is higher than at conditionally «background» territories of the STS.}, Keywords = {Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS), artificial radionuclides, cesium (137-Cs), strontium (90-Sr), americium (241-Am), plutonium (239+24-0Pu), soil.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {113-120}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.113}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3462-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3462-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ozmen, M.F. and Seker, U. and Yavas, M.C. and Cirit, U. and Akdag, M.Z.}, title = {Effects of ganoderma lucidum and melatonin on sperm in rats exposed to electromagnetic field}, abstract ={Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the electromagnetic field (EMF) generated by 10 kV (50 Hz) high voltage line on the epididymal sperm characteristics and the protective effects of ganoderma lucidum (GL) and melatonin (M) in EMF exposed male rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 64 Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups (n= 8). Rats in 26-day and 52-day experiment groups were exposed to EMF for 8 hours daily during 26 and 52 days respectively. Rats in EMF+GL-26 and EMF+GL-52 groups were treated with GL by oral gavage 20 mg/kg daily and rats in EMF+M-26 and EMF+M-52 groups received M 10 mg/kg daily during experiments. At the end of experiments, all rats were sacrificed and epididymal sperm concentration, motility and morphology were evaluated. Results: In the 26-day experiment, sperm motility of the control group were significantly lower than all groups (P<0.05). In the 52-day experiment, the EMF+GL52 group had the lowest tail and total morphologic defect rates and the differences between this group and EMF52 and EMF+M52 groups were significant. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that; (1) EMF exposure can have different effects on sperm quality according to duration of exposure, (2) treatment of GL in rats exposed to EMF for 26 or 52 days increased sperm concentration and reversed negative effect of EMF on sperm morphology, respectively and (3) treatment of M in rats exposed to EMF for 26 or 52 days had negative effects on sperm concentration and sperm morphology, respectively.}, Keywords = {ELF-EMF, rat, spermatozoa, melatonin, ganoderma lucidum.  }, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {121-126}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.121}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3463-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3463-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Andaloro, C. and Gigante, F. and LaMantia, I.}, title = {(Retracted Article) Ultrasonographic changes of submandibular glands in irradiated patients for head and neck cancers}, abstract ={This article is retracted based on authors request because of use of unauthorized unpublished data Background: Salivary glands (SGs) are usually irradiated during radiotherapy for head and neck cancers, which may lead to radiation-induced changes. These changes could be evaluated safely by ultrasonography; however, there have been few studies in this regard. Thus, we aimed to investigate the changes in post-radiotherapy submandibular glands using ultrasonography in patients undergoing head-neck radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 46 submandibular glands of 23 patients ultrasonographically in terms of echogenicity, echotexture, margin, and dimensional (anteroposterior, superoinferior, mediolateral length and volume) changes before radiotherapy, and at the second and sixth months after radiotherapy. Results: About 93.5% of the submandibular glands were hyperechoic before RT. When the same submandibular glands were evaluated two months later, 39.1% were hyperechoic. Six months after the therapy, 56,5% were hyperechoic (p<0.001). There is also a similar trend for the echotexture (p<0.001) and the regularity margins before RT, two months after-, and at sixth month after RT (p<0.001). Also, there were statistically significant differences between anteroposterior, superoinferior, mediolateral lengths, and volumetric values measured before radiotherapy and at the end of two and six months after radiotherapy onset (p<0.001). Conclusion: We revealed that submandibular glands were isoechoic or hypoechoic, heterogeneous, and irregular after radiotherapy; however, as the time elapsed after radiotherapy, the parenchyma structure returned to normal in half of them. Indeed, defining radiotherapy-related changes in SGs may be helpful in better understanding the mechanism of common oral complications associated with RT, and in the differential diagnosis of other SG diseases.}, Keywords = {Salivary gland, Radiotherapy, Head and neck cancer, Ultrasound.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {127-134}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.127}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3464-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3464-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Gur, F.M. and IkinciKeles, A. and Erol, H.S. and Guven, C. and Taskin, E. and Kaya, H. and Gur, H.E. and Odaci, E. and Halici, M.B. and Timurkaan, S.}, title = {The effect of 900-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields during the adolescence on the histological structure of rat testis and its androgen and estrogen receptors localization}, abstract ={Background: Mobile phones as an electronic device which are emitting radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF). In this study was intend to determine the contingent effects of cell phone induced RF-EMF on testicular tissue in adolescence. Materials and Methods: Rats in the RF-EMF group were exposed to 900 MHz RF-EMF, while sham and control rats were not. After the completion of the test steps, the testicular tissues which were rapidly removed from the body of sacrificed rats were examined by using histopathological and biochemical methods. Testicular tissues cut to 5 µm thickness undergo routine histological procedures. Thus, histopathological evaluation will be completed. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in testicular tissues were measured by biochemical methods to determine whether oxidative stress occurred or not. Results: Histopathologic findings were not observed in any of the studied groups. There was also no difference between the groups in terms of localization of androgen and estrogen receptors. The incidence of apoptotic index and TUNEL-positive cells was similar in all three groups. In the RF-EMF group, although the levels of MDA and CAT were significantly higher, GSH levels were lower than the other groups. There was no essential difference between the groups in terms of SOD level. Conclusions: The obtained results of this study showed that exposed to 900 MHz RF-EMF in adolescents caused oxidative stress in the testes, but testicular damage which is caused to oxidative stress is remained too low to be detected by histopathological methods in this study.}, Keywords = {Androgen receptor, apoptosis, electromagnetic field, estrogen receptor, testis.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {135-144}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.135}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3465-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3465-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Pooja, Sh. and Shetty, P. and Kumari, N.S.  and Shetty, K.J.}, title = {Radioprotective and antioxidant potential of Tanacetum parthenium extract and synthetic parthenolide in Swiss albino mice exposed to electron beam irradiation}, abstract ={Background: The herb feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L., Asteraceae) has an ancient reputation as an effective anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-asthmatic agent. Parthenolide a gemacranolide-type sesquiterpene lactone is the major constituent of European feverfew. Materials and Methods: The present study was intended to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant potential and radioprotective ability of  Tanacetum parthenium leaf extract and synthetic Parthenolide. Male mice were orally administered with Tanacetum parthenium leaf extract and synthetic Parthenolide for 15 days followed by electron beam irradiation exposure. Survival studies in mice exposed to a lethal dose of 10Gy. At 6.0 Gy radioprotective ability was performed in order to find the nature of the compound. Results: The mice liver supernatant was used to measure total antioxidant capacity(TAC), glutathione (GSH) content along with various antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) after electron irradiation exposure at 6.0 Gy. Pretreatment with Tanacetum parthenium extract and synthetic Parthenolide, prior to electron beam irradiation resulted in the increased survival rate of the animals as compared to the irradiated group. The treatment groups followed by electron beam irradiation at 6 Gy were significantly higher than the controlled group and the irradiated group, showing immunomodulatory nature. Pre-treatment and post-treatment with Tanacetum parthenium extract and synthetic Parthenolide, also significantly enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes and improved hematological parameters. Conclusion: The present study suggests that supplementation with leaf extract of Tanacetum parthenium and synthetic compound parthenolide has potent antioxidant activity and act as a probable radioprotector against electron beam radiation-induced oxidative damage.}, Keywords = {Radioprotection, irradiation, antioxidant enzymes, Tanacetum parthenium, synthetic parthenolide. }, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {145-154}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.145}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3466-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3466-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zhang, Y. and Bai, L. and Wen, Y. and Ke, X. and Xie, Y. and Zhang, W. and Zhang, Z. and Zhou, J.}, title = {Differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic masses with the quantitative analysis of spectral CT imaging: Initial results}, abstract ={Background: To retrospectively evaluate whether quantitative information derived from spectral imaging can improve the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic masses including pancreatic solid pseudopapillary epithelial neoplasms (SPENs), mucin- producing cysts and pseudocysts. Materials and Methods: From June 2015 to October 2017, 56 patients (22 pseudocysts, 18 mucin-producing cysts and 16 SPENs) who underwent spectral CT imaging were included in the study. Conventional characteristics and quantitative parameters were compared among the three groups. The receiver-operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of parameters which had statistical significance among the three groups. Two radiologists diagnosed the pancreatic cystic masses blinded in consensus, without and with the information of the statistical analysis. Results: The conventional characteristics including age, contour, nodule and septum were the independent factors correlated with category. The quantitative parameters including effective-Z, slope of energy spectral curve (slope), iodine (water) concentration and calcium (water) concentration demonstrated significantly lower values in pseudocysts group when compared with mucin-producing cysts and SPENs groups. Slope in portal venous phase, threshold of less than 0.50, was the best discriminator between pseudocysts group and mucin-producing cysts group, with a sensitivity of 95.5%, and a specificity of 88.9%. The best quantitative parameter for differentiate SPENs from mucin-producing cysts was the iodine (water) concentration in portal venous phase. With the knowledge of statistical analysis, the accuracy of the two radiologists increased from 78.5% to 90.9%. Conclusion: Multi-parametric analysis with the combination of quantitative parameters derived from CT spectral imaging could improve the diagnostic performance.}, Keywords = {Pancreatic cystic masses, Spectral curve, Effective-Z, Iodine (water) concentration, Calcium (water) concentration.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {155-165}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.155}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3467-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3467-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Abdulkareem, N.K.}, title = {Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) technique for left breast cancer by different numbers of beam fields}, abstract ={Background: Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) can improve radiotherapy (RT) results by improving healthy tissue sparing. Additionally, IMRT provides more consistent dose deliveries and suppresses secondary tumor formation. RT is a principal treatment in breast cancer (BC). Aim: To evaluate the outcome of the Radiotherapy Plans (RTP) that use IMRT technique to left breast and other organs, including left lung (Lt lung), right lung (Rt lung), heart, and spinal cord. Materials and Methods: Thirteen patients with left-sided breast carcinoma were treated using IMRT. Results: The Homogeneity Index (HI) and Conformity Index (CI) showed significant improvement over IMRT-involved plans. All IMRT plans significantly improved CI for 12 patients, where CI <1. Planning target volume (PTV) was under coverage, except for patient No. 6, where CI>1. HI for 13 patients.  Mean dose to heart, Lt lung, and Rt lung was (9.966±1.261), (14.388±0.854), and (4.083±0.661) of the prescribed dose, respectively. Cord Max, Dose was (Gy) (20.751±7.384), and Cord Received Max Dose was <45Gy.  Mean heart dose was (9.966±1.261) (Gy), and the PTV mean dose was (41.169±0.437) (Gy). Mean dose to lungs for eight patients was <30Gy, except for five patients (No. 1, 2, 5, 12, and 13), which received >30Gy. Conclusion: The IMRT plans achieved a significant reduction in heart volume and ipsilateral lung exposed to high-dose (≥40.05 Gy).  Multi-beam inverse planned IMRT technique might benefit patients with heart diseases, and who are exposed to doses <20 Gy, irrespective of the selected plan.  Relative volume of ipsilateral lung or heart receiving high-dose (40.05 Gy) was significantly reduced.}, Keywords = {IMRT, breast cancer, Whole breast radiotherapy.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {167-174}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.167}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3470-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3470-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Taeb, S. and Mosleh-Shirazi, M.A. and Ghaderi, A. and Mortazavi, S.M.J. and Razmkhah, M.}, title = {Effects of gamma radiation on adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells of human breast tissue}, abstract ={Background: During radiation therapy, stromal cells surrounding the tumor (e.g mesenchymal stem cells) may affect the treatment outcomes. We aimed to investigate the effects of gamma radiation on the mRNA expression of cytokines, DNA damage and population doubling time (PDT) of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). Material and methods: ASCs were enzymatically extracted from breast tissue and exposed to different doses of 5, 10, and 30 Gy of gamma radiation. The capability of ASC proliferation, the level of DNA damage, and the expression of angiogenic and immunosuppressive factors were evaluated using PDT, comet assay, and qRT-PCR, respectively. Results: Gamma irradiation of ASCs with different doses of 5, 10, and 30 Gy significantly increased PDT and DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner (P< 0.05). A dose of 5 Gy caused a significant increase in SDF-1 whereas a 10 Gy dose significantly increased the expression of both SDF-1 and IL-10 (P< 0.05) in ASCs. Conclusion: Results indicate that different doses of gamma irradiation may induce angiogenesis and immunosuppression in ASCs via different cytokines which may affect the radiotherapy outcome.}, Keywords = {Radiation, stem cell, tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis, immunosuppression.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {175-182}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.175}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3471-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3471-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Rezaei, M. and KamranSamani, R. and Kazemi, M. and Shanei, A. and Hejazi, S.H.}, title = {Induction of a bystander effect after therapeutic ultrasound exposure in human melanoma: In-vitro assay}, abstract ={Background: The induction of bystander effect via ionizing radiation has been well proven. However, few studies have investigated the bystander effect following non-ionizing radiation, such as ultrasound waves. Here, the bystander effect after different sonication times on human melanoma cell line (A375), is evaluated by assessing cell viability and apoptosis. Materials and Methods: The cells were divided into two main target and bystander groups. Target cells were exposed to 1 MHz ultrasound at 2 W/cm² intensity for 1, 2, 5 and 10 min with an ultrasound unit. Then, bystander cells received the cell culture medium of target cells. MTT and flow cytometry assays were used to determine the cell’ viability at different times after exposure and medium transfer, as well as the detection of apoptosis. Results: The cell’ viability in ultrasound-exposed target cells was less than 75% for 24 and 48 h incubation. Furthermore, bystander cell’ viability was not significantly different from the control group 1 and 12 h after receiving the culture medium of target cells. However, bystander cells viability 24 and 48 h after target cells medium transfer was significantly decreased (P=0.01). The apoptosis rate of bystander cells, 24 and 48 h after receiving the cell culture medium of target cells, showed significant differences from the control group. Conclusion: This research results revealed that the ultrasound waves could induce a biological effect in A375 bystander cells which were not directly exposed to direct ultrasound.}, Keywords = {Bystander effect, ultrasound waves, MTT assay, apoptosis assay, A375 cell line.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {183-189}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.183}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3472-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3472-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ali, M.D.M. and Eisa, M.E.M. and Mars, J.A. and Mohamadain, K.E.M. and Elfaki, A.E. and Hamed, A. and Cloete, K.J. and Beineen, A.A.}, title = {Study of gamma rays shielding parameters of some building materials used in Sudan}, abstract ={Background: This study investigated the γ-rays shielding properties of some building materials in Sudan has been investigated. Materials and Methods: Photons attenuation coefficients and half value layer (HVL) were experimented using Cs-137 and Co-60 sources.  The measurements were performed to gauge the intensity of radiation when performed unshielded, the specific thickness of selected samples was examined, using an ion chamber placed at 2 meters from Cs-137 and Co-60. Results: The results indicated that the linear attenuation coefficient (µ) possesses a linear relationship with the corresponding densities of the samples studied and inversely with photon energy. HVL was directly proportional with photon energy. Conclusion: As a result of this evaluation the study concluded that selected samples were suitable as shielding material for gamma radiation in Sudanese laboratories.}, Keywords = {γ-radiation, attenuation coefficient, half value layer, shielding, building materials.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {191-196}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.191}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3473-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3473-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Rakha, A. and Rehman, K. and Shahid, M. and Jahan, N. and BabarImran, M.}, title = {Salivary flow rate and radioactivity in saliva, blood and serum of benign and malignant thyroid patients after 131I therapy}, abstract ={Background: Salivary flow rate (SFR), to estimate salivary gland dysfunction and radioactivity in different body fluids, to evaluate its intensity, were determined in thyroid patients after 131-I therapy. Material and Methods: For determination of SFR an innovative sponge test was adopted and the radioactivity in saliva, blood and serum of thyroid patients was determined by NaI (TI) Scintillation Radiation Detector. Results: There was a significant reduction in SFR at 2 weeks after RAIT. At 3 hours after administration of 555−1073 MBq to the benign thyroid patients, the radioactivity in 1 g of saliva, 2.5 mL of blood and 0.6 mL of serum was 17.24, 0.74 and 0.25 MBq respectively. In the same patients, at 2 weeks after RAIT, the radioactivity was decreased and was found to be 0.22, 0.13 and 0.09 MBq in saliva, blood and serum respectively. In malignant thyroid patients treated with 3700−9250 MBq, the radioactivity at 3 hours after RAIT in the studied samples of saliva, blood and serum was 200.72, 9.14 and 3.07 MBq and at 2 weeks after RAIT, radioactivity in samples was decreased up to 0.15, 0.05 and 0.03 MBq respectively. Conclusions: An indigenously designed sponge test was simple, safe and quick method to determine the SFR. The sudden increase of radioactivity was found in all studied samples within 3 hours after RAIT and reduced significantly at 2 weeks after RAIT. The raised radioactivity at 3 hours after RAIT was sufficient to impart its harmful effects even to all interactive persons.}, Keywords = {Radioiodine therapy, Radioactivity in saliva, Radioactivity in blood, Radioactivity in serum.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {197-203}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.197}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3474-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3474-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {ElFouly, N.F. and Ali, H.H.}, title = {Protective effect of L-carnitine and vitamin E on gastrointestinal tract organs on male rats post radiation exposure}, abstract ={Background: Although ionizing radiation is a risk factor, it is a therapeutic agent for cancer. Objectives: The protective and defensive effect of L-Carnitine and vitamin E on gastrointestinal tract organs (liver, spleen and intestine) post whole body gamma irradiation exposure. Material and methods: 56 male albino rats, which were divided into four groups (14 rats per group); group (I): Control group, group (II): rats were irradiated with a single dose of whole body gamma rays (6 Gy) and left 4 weeks. Group (III): rats were given L- Carnitine for five days, then irradiated by same dose. Group (IV): rats were received L- Carnitine and vitamin E for five days then irradiated by same dose. At 1 and 4 weeks post radiation exposure, seven rats from each group were scarified, blood and GIT tissue samples were collected. Results: Liver and blood samples: radiation related degenerative damage was obviously higher in the radiation group than the control group with elevated liver enzymes, however pretreatment groups revealed reduced radiation induced acute liver damage compared to the radiation group with significant improvement in liver enzymes. Spleen and intestinal samples: radiation induced damage were significantly higher in the radiation group versus the control group, however, in pre-treatment groups no significant improvement in radiation induced effects were noted compared with radiation group. Conclusion: A great radio protective effect of both L- carnitine and vitamin E after radiation exposure mainly in liver tissue and its enzymes but not in both spleen and intestinal tissue.}, Keywords = {L-carnitine, γ-irradiation, liver, spleen, Intestine.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {205-211}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.205}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3478-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3478-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Meftah, S. and Kraïem, T. and Elj, S. and Ben-Ismail, A.}, title = {Radioiodine (131-I) treatment for Graves’ disease: Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation for patient personalized dose estimation}, abstract ={Background: Reliable estimation of radiation-absorbed dose is necessary to evaluate the benefits and the risks of radiopharmaceuticals used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes in nuclear medicine. Materiel and Methods: This study included 47 patients treated with iodine-131 for Graves’ disease. A comparative study between Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation and MIRD formalism was carried out to evaluate the dose received by each patient. Patients’ thyroids and internal radiation were modeled using Geant4. Geant4 simulations were compared to experimental measurements performed with TLDs placed inside an ellipsoidal Thyroid phantom. MIRD was used to determine the beta doses received by the different patients. Results: The average difference between MIRD and Geant4 considering only beta emitted radiation was approximately 5.6%; this difference is justified by the fact that, Geant4, contrary to MIRD, considers all particle energies of the 131I spectrum, the shape of the thyroid and the heterogeneity of the dose deposited in the modeled volume. A good agreement was found between experiment and Geant4 simulations. The total dose received by patients varies between 176Gy and 359Gy. After 9 month, 74% of treated patients were rendered hypothyroid. Conclusion: This study showed the necessity of determining the specific activity of each patient considering the thyroid volume and the iodine fixation. It also revealed that the Geant4 toolis appropriate for accurate internal dosimetry calculations, particularly for the case of Graves’ disease treatment. GEANT4 can be used as a standard for the comparison of experimental measurements.}, Keywords = {131-I, MIRD, Geant4 simulations, TLD.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {213-221}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.213}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3479-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3479-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saeed, M.K. and Tammam, N. and Sulieman, A.}, title = {Assessment of dose reduction and influence of gantry rotation time in CT abdomen examinations}, abstract ={Background: Worldwide the computed tomography (CT) scanning is recognized as a high radiation dose modality. This article aimed to estimate the radiation dose reduction and radiogenic risks for adult patients undertaking abdominal CT examinations. Materials and Methods: A total of 128 patients were studied using 2, 4, 16 and 64 slice CT scanners. The patients were divided into two categories: the first category as control category (80 patients), and the other as optimisation category (48 patients). The optimisation protocol was based on decreasing the gantry rotation time. Results: In general, the faster gantry rotation times (0.7 s/rot and 0.5 s/rot) resulted in dose reduction while maintaining images noise within the acceptable range. After dose optimization, the overall cancer risk was reduced by 21%, 49%, 29%, and 16%, for the patients undergoing abdominal examinations on 2, 4, 16 and 64 slice CT scanners, respectively. Conclusion: The patient dose optimisation during CT abdomen was investigated. By lowering gantry rotation time, a radiation dose reduction of up to 30 % was achieved without compromising the diagnostic findings. Accordingly, the attention of all technologists necessary to take advantage of the dose reduction methods reported in this study.}, Keywords = {Dose reduction, CT, virtual dose, abdomen.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {223-230}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.223}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3480-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3480-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Choi, W.K. and Park, W. and Kim, S.}, title = {Usability assessment of cone beam computed tomography with a full-fan mode bowtie filter compared to that with a half-fan mode bowtie filter}, abstract ={Background: In intensity modulated radiation therapy, cone beam computed tomography (CT) has been used to evaluate patients prior to treatment. This study conducted a comparative evaluation of the image reconstruction ability of the clinically used half-fan bowtie filter and the full-fan bowtie filter. Materals and Methods: A CT simulation marker was inserted inside a human phantom, and the pelvic region, a large field-of-view region, was scanned by moving the isocenter along the x-axis ±1–5 cm with the full-fan mode. Furthermore, image verification was conducted based on the planning CT image and bone to confirm the setup correction value. The obtained value was then compared with that from the clinically used half-fan scan. Results: The evaluation of the reconstructed image (from the isocenter to the marker) after setting the median line did not show a significant difference with respect to the image obtained using the half-fan scan. Planning CT images and setup errors were compared in three directions, and the results showed that each mean value was within the margin of error (±3 mm). The 3D vector value was determined to be within 0–2.45 mm, and the comparison of the value obtained from the half-fan scan showed no statistically significant result. Conclusion: The application of a phantom study to actual patients in the future will reduce the error caused by movement during the treatment due to the short scan time and will reduce the imaging dose for patients during setup error confirmation and correction.}, Keywords = {CBCT, bowtie filter, imaging dose, Full fan mode, half fan mode.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {231-237}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.231}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3485-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3485-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Tajiki, S. and Gholami, S. and Kazemian, A. and Haddad, P. and Esfahani, M. and Ghalehtaki, R. and Rastjoo, A. and Pakniyat, F. and Meigooni, A.S.}, title = {Management of bulky high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma using grid therapy technique}, abstract ={In the present study, a case was reported concerning a patient with a bulky extremity soft tissue sarcoma treated with spatially fractionated Grid therapy and then followed by standard external beam radiotherapy. Treatment was performed using a Grid block to deliver 15 Gy in one fraction. There was one week interval break before EBRT treatment with 50 Gy in 25 fractions for the neoadjuvant external beam radiotherapy. The surgery was performed 4 weeks after the completion of radiotherapy. The follow-up time was considered as 24 months. The patient's general condition was good during this period without the presence of tumor recurrence or grade 3 or 4 treatment-related toxicities. Combining different treatment techniques like grid therapy is feasible and may  improve the outcomes in the management of bulky high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities.}, Keywords = {Sarcoma, radiotherapy, Grid therapy.}, volume = {19}, Number = {1}, pages = {239-242}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.29252/ijrr.19.1.239}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3486-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3486-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Kim, H.J. and Lee, J.S. and Kim, W.C.}, title = {Moderate hypofractionated volumetric modulated Arc therapy with daily image guidance for patients with localized prostate cancer}, abstract ={Background: Technical advances have allowed the delivery of a higher dose to the tumor volumes, while reducing the dose to nearby organs at risk. Laboratory and clinical evidence suggest that hypofractionation might raise the therapeutic effect. We report our outcomes of moderately hypofractionated schedules with volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) on biochemical failure (BCF) free survival and toxicities in patients with localized prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: Between 2013 and 2017, 58 patients were treated using the VMAT technique with daily image guided radiotherapy (IGRT). 3 (5.2%), 32 (55.2%), and 23 (39.7%) of patients had low, intermediate, or high risk disease, respectively. A prescription dose of 70 Gy in 2.5 Gy daily for 28 fractions was used. BCF-free survival was evaluated using 2005 Phoenix criteria and estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Radiotherapy-related toxicity was scored according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 4.0 criteria. Results: The median follow-up was 37.3 months (range 18.8-82.1). Overall 4 year BCF-free survival were 94.0%. For low-intermediate and high risk patients, the 4 year BCF-free survival were 100% and 83.3%, respectively (p=0.027). Pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (p=0.016) and Gleason score (p=0.007) were significant predictors of BCF-fee survival. The incidence of late grade 2 gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicity was 8.6% and 13.8%, respectively. No grade 3 or greater toxicities were observed. Conclusions: Outcoms after moderately hypofractionated VMAT-IGRT were encouraging. Moderate hypofractionation was effective and safe for the treatment of localized prostate cancer.}, Keywords = {Prostate cancer, Moderate hypofractionation, Volumetric modulated Arc radiotherapy, PSA, Image guidance radiotherapy.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {243-249}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.1}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3638-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3638-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zincircioglu, S.B. and Dogan, M.H.}, title = {Effects of modulation factors in breast cancer treatment with helical tomotherapy}, abstract ={Background: The aim of this study was to compare the dosimetric values of TomoHelical (TH) plans using modulation factors 3 and 5 in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Two different radiotherapy treatment plans, including modulation factors 3 and 5, were generated retrospectively for 12 consecutive intact breast cancer patients. Twelve different plans in terms of the modulation factor were generated. Other optimization parameters (i.e., pitch and field width) were the same for all plans. Results: No differences were found between the conformity index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI) values of both plans (p>0.05). The values of D mean, V5, and V20 of the ipsilateral lung in the TomoHelical plan with modulation factor 5 (TH5) were significantly lower than with modulation factor 3 (TH3) for all 12 patients (4.9 Gy, 20.14%, 3.23%. Vs, 10.95 Gy, 58.9%, 18.7%; p=0.01, p=0.00, p=0.002, respectively). Also, the values of Dmean and V5 of the heart in TH5 were significantly lower than in TH3 (6.45 Gy, 34.33%, vs. 7.12 Gy, 64.22%; p=0.004, p=0.00, respectively). Conclusion: Both the TH5 and TH3 plans provided adequate coverage of the intact breast. TH5 delivered a decreased dose to the ipsilateral organs at risk (OARs), especially in the lung and heart volume, which is the main cause of long-term toxicity. The novelty of this work is the obvious reduction in same-sided lung volume irradiation by increasing the modulation factor.}, Keywords = {Breast cancer, modulation factor, irradiation.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {251-257}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.2}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3639-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3639-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Yang, P. and Chen, Z. and Lei, Q. and Yin, C. and Zhang, S. and Wu, Z. and Gou, C.}, title = {A new algorithm for dose calculation in heterogeneous lung phantoms under condition of small field size}, abstract ={Background: Current dose algorithms, such as the collapsed cone convolution algorithm and anisotropic analytical algorithm, are widely used in commercial treatment planning systems. Nevertheless, it is difficult to calculate the dose distribution of heterogeneities for small fields by using these algorithms, because of the electronic disequilibrium. However, contemporary treatment uses small beamlets more and more frequently, such as stereotactic body radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy. In this study, a new inhomogeneity method in lung medium for small fields was presented. Materials and Methods: Inhomogeneous lung phantoms for different small fields were established, and different locations and thicknesses of lung media in inhomogeneous phantoms were also considered. The Monte Carlo code EGSnrc was used to calculate the density factor and the percentage depth-dose (PDD) distribution of lung phantoms. The PDDs were also calculated with the new algorithm, and then differences in the PDDs were determined. Results: The comparison shows that there is a good agreement between the new algorithm and the Monte Carlo code in different energy. The discrepancies of the three field sizes were less than 3%. With an increase in field size, the discrepancies were less than 1%. Even with changes in the location and thickness of the lung media in inhomogeneous phantoms, the discrepancies were always less than 1%. Conclusion: The comparative results revealed the effectiveness of the new algorithm in calculating depth-dose distribution, under different conditions, and that it can meet the requirements for calculating percentage depth dose distribution.  }, Keywords = {Dose algorithm, small fields, inhomogeneous lung phantom, Monte Carlo simulation, percentage dose depth distribution.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {259-267}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.3}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3640-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3640-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mosleh-Shirazi, M.A. and Amiri, M. and RavanfarHaghighi, R. and Mahdavi, M. and Zarei, F.}, title = {Independent evaluation and comparison of digital radiography image quality in nine major imaging centers affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background: To audit image quality (IQ) of computed radiography (CR), indirect digital radiography (IDR) and direct digital radiography (DDR) systems used in nine centers affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Material And Methods: Sixteen imaging units (four CR, five IDR and seven DDR) employing 26 image receptors were assessed. After ensuring the accuracy of X-ray generator performance, IQ was evaluated using a contrast-detail phantom. Spatial resolution, low contrast detectability (LCD) and dynamic range (as subjective indicators) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (as objective quantities) were evaluated. Further, the IQ evaluators of different image receptor types were compared.  Results: One CR unit failed the X-ray generator performance tests and was excluded from the rest of the study. All 25 remaining image receptors passed the LCD, CNR and SNR criteria. Contrast dynamic range failed in 19 receptors, 17 of them being within a ‘borderline’ failure range. Spatial resolution failed in 18 detectors; 12 of them were borderline failures. The IDR units performed better than the CR and DDR detectors in terms of LCD (p=0.012) and SNR (p=0.007).  Conclusions: All of the evaluated receptors passed the majority the IQ tests (both physical indicators and one out of the three subjective ones), while contrast dynamic range and spatial resolution of the majority of the failed detectors were borderline failures. Significant differences were observed in IQ among the three image receptors types. The results suggest the need for an improved maintenance, quality assurance and audit program.  }, Keywords = {Quality assurance health care, quality control, digital radiography, signal detection psychological, diagnostic X-ray radiology.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {269-279}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.4}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3641-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3641-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Yasui, K. and Saito, Y. and Ogawa, S. and Hayashi, N.}, title = {Dosimetric characterization of a new two-dimensional diode detector array used for stereotactic radiosurgery quality assurance}, abstract ={Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the dosimetric characteristics of a new type of two-dimensional diode detector array used for quality assurance of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Materials and Methods: The devices used in this study were the SRS MapCHECK detector and the StereoPHAN. The detector has 1013 diode detectors over an area of 77 x 77 mm2. The reproducibility, dose linearity, dose rate dependencies, output factors (OPFs) and angular dependencies were investigated as dosimetric characteristics. The OPFs were measured and compared between AP and PA direction ranging from 0.5 x 0.5 to 7 x 7 cm2. The angular dependencies were measured using 19 gantry angles. Results: The dose reproducibility and linearities showed sufficient performance of 6 MV and 10 MV. At 40 MU/min, there was a 1.3% difference from the ionization chamber measurements. For the flattening filter-free beam, there was no dose rate dependency from the 400 MU/minute to 2400 MU/minute, and the variation was within 0.5%. For small irradiation fields of 1 cm or less, the measured value of the SMC differed in AP and PA directions by up to 4.5%. The maximum gantry angle dependency of the detector was 5.3%. A maximum difference of -3.1% occurred between the measurements and TPS calculations. Conclusion: Results indicate that the new 2D diode detector is stable and useful for QA and end-to-end testing of SRS due to its excellent dose characteristics, high resolution and ease of handling when combined with the StereoPHAN.}, Keywords = {SRS MapCHECK, dosimetric QA, end-to-end testing, 2D diode detector array, 2D measurement.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {281-289}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.5}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3642-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3642-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Alirezaei, Z. and Amouheidari, A.R. and Abedi, I. and Davanian, F. and Shokrani, P. and Nazemzadeh, M.R.}, title = {Optimization of CT slice thickness in 3D-CRT and IMRT planning of low grade glioma}, abstract ={Background: This study aimed to select the optimum computerized (CT) slice thickness by analyzing its effect on the volumes and dosimetric parameters in treatment planning of low grade Glioma. Material and Methods: Fused brain CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of 17 patients were used for treatment planning for three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) and Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) using CT dataset with the thickness of 1.5 mm, 3, 5, and 10 mm slice. Volume of target and organs at risk (OARs), dosimetric parameters and contouring times using the reconstructed images were compared with the original dataset. Results: Using larger than 3 mm slice thicknesses resulted in significant increase up to 76% in target volumes as well as the volumes of OARs (p-value<0.05). The variation in normalization point coordinates was also significant using larger than 3 mm slice thicknesses. The contouring time of tumor and OARs using the original data set was up to 35% more compared to the 3 mm dataset. Dosimetric parameters were comparable for 1.5 and 3 mm datasets, however, significant difference of up to 200% was observed for 5 and 10 mm datasets (P<0.05). Conclusions: CT slices larger than 3mm resulted in significant inaccuracies in volumes and dose coverage of target and OARs. Although using the slice thickness larger than 1.5 mm reduced contouring time significantly, this slice thickness is only recommended when the oncologist is not concerned about the dose received by the small critical organs especially those adjacent to the tumor.}, Keywords = {Conformity index, Homogeneity Index, Low grade glioma, Brain tumors, CT slice thickness, Radiotherapy.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {291-298}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.6}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3643-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3643-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mostafapour, S. and Arabi, H. and Gholamiankhah, F. and Razavi-Ratki, S.K. and Parach, A.A.}, title = {Tc-99m (methylene diphosphonate) SPECT quantitative imaging: Impact of attenuation map generation from SPECT-non-attenuation corrected and MR images on the diagnosis of bone metastasis}, abstract ={Background: Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)-alone imaging using the Tc-99m radiopharmaceutical labeled with methylene diphosphonate or similar analogs is usually employed to diagnose metastatic bone and is typically followed by complementary magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for support in clinical decision-making. In this study, two attenuation map generation approaches from MR and SPECT non-attenuation corrected (SPECT-nonAC) images were evaluated in the context of quantitative SPECT imaging. Materials and Methods: The 2class-MR attenuation map was generated via segmenting an MR image into air and soft tissue. Likewise, SPECT-nonAC was segmented into background air and soft tissue to generate a 2class-SPECT attenuation map. The reference attenuation map was generated through manual bone segmentation from an MR image to develop a 3class-bone attenuation map. Standard uptake value (SUV) bias was calculated using the different attenuation maps on 50 vertebrae from normal patients and 16 vertebrae from metastatic patients. Results: The 2class-MR approach resulted in -16% and -8% SUV bias in normal and metastatic groups, respectively, while 2class-SPECT led to 33% and 26% SUV underestimation for the normal and metastatic patient groups, respectively. Conclusion: The 2class-SPECT approach led to a significant underestimation of SUV due to the uncertainty of body contour delineation. However, the 2class-MR approach resulted in less than -9% SUV bias in metastatic patients, demonstrating its potential to support quantitative SPECT imaging.  }, Keywords = {SPECT, attenuation correction, quantitative imaging, MR.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {299-308}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.7}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3644-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3644-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Faweya, E.B. and Adewumi, T.}, title = {Excessive-life time cancer risks due to concentration of radionuclides and quantification of contamination of sediments from dredged portion of Niger River Nigeria}, abstract ={Background: River Niger is the principal river of Western African and is Africa’s third longest river. The dredged project covers 572 km of the lower Niger, extending from Baro in Niger State to Warri Bifurcation in Delta State.  Materials and Methods: The current study estimated the activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides and heavy metals concentrations in the sediment samples from Lower Niger River using gamma-ray and Atomic Absorption spectrometric techniques. Results: The weighted activity concentrations of radionuclides 40K (231± 21 Bq kg-1), 232Th (10±1 Bq kg-1), 226Ra (75±17 Bq kg-1), were obtained in the sediment samples. The radium equivalent, absorbed dose rate, hazardous indices and excessive-life time cancer risk were compared with the international recommended limits. Conclusion: The measured heavy metal concentrations, contamination factor, pollution load index and quantification of contamination indicated that sediment samples from the River were moderately contaminated.}, Keywords = {Contamination factor, heavy metals, pollution load index, radionuclides, sediment, quantification of contamination.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {309-316}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.8}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3645-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3645-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Akbari, H.A. and Gaeini, A.A.}, title = {Moderate exercise training as an effective strategy to reduce the harmful effects of cell phone radiation on Wistar rat’s semen quality}, abstract ={Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of moderate exercise training as an effective strategy to attenuate the harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation emitted from a cell phone on Wistar Rat's semen quality. Materials and Methods: Twenty four male Wistar rats (10 weeks old) were randomly assigned to groups: control group, exercise group, radiation group, and radiation plus exercise group. The animals in radiation and radiation plus exercise groups were exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation of a cell phone 3 hours/day for 28 days. The animals in exercise and radiation plus exercise groups performed moderate exercise training six days a week for 28 days. At the same time, the control and exercise groups exposed to a mobile phone in switch off. Basic parameters of testes weight, sperm count, motility, progressivity, morphology, and viability assessed. Results: Exposure to the cell phone for 28 days significantly reduced sperm count, progressivity, and normal morphology. Exercise alone caused a significant increase in sperm progressivity only. Radiation plus exercise caused a significant increase in sperm progressivity and morphology compared with the radiation group. Conclusion: Moderate exercise training may attenuate the harmful effects of exposure to cell phone radiation and enhance sperm quality and the fertility status of men.}, Keywords = {Mobile, Physical activity, Fertility, Sperm, Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {317-323}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.9}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3646-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3646-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Khan, I.U. and Sun, W. and Lewis, E.}, title = {Assessment of anthropogenic Cesium-137 in soil of Islamabad capital territory and its suburbs, Pakistan}, abstract ={Background: Cesium-137 is one of those man-made radioactive nuclides that results from human activities including open air nuclear weapons testing, nuclear accidents, operation of nuclear reactors and has a relative long half-life, higher water solubility, high fission yield, relatively high volatility and a close physic-chemical similarity to potassium that makes it a dangerous radioactive element in the human environment and is a hazardous byproduct of nuclear fission. Cesium-137 being a γ-emitter is also a potential carcinogen. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 soil samples were collected from various sites in Islamabad and its suburbs for the assessment of the presence of Cesium-137 in the environment. Spectroscopy of the collected samples for determination of aforementioned radionuclide was performed using a computer based High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. Results: The highest value of Cesium-137 was found to be 57.0±4.2 Bq/kg in samples collected from Nilore, a suburb of Islamabad. Conclusion: The presence of Cesium-137 in all samples is clear evidence that the studied area is contaminated either due to past fallout or ongoing nuclear activities in this area. Cesium-137 was found in higher concentration for this area than the reported values in literature for the rest of country, but not to an alarming level. However, local concerned authorities must pay attention to avoid the development of possible future health hazards to the residents of this area.}, Keywords = {Radioactivity, cesium-137, gamma spectroscopy, Islamabad capital territory.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {325-332}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.10}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3647-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3647-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Farzin, M. and Haddad, P. and VandRajabpour, M. and Gorjizadeh, N. and Babaloui, S.}, title = {Evaluation of dose received by organs at risk in radiotherapy of brain tumors}, abstract ={Background: Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the common and successful treatments for brain malignancies and benign disorders. In spite of its irrefutable merits, it is associated with a number of complications caused by radiation damage to the important Organs at Risks (OARs), which is strongly correlated with the radiation dose during RT. This study aimed to determine the range of radiation dose to Hippocampus and certain OARs in the brain. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two patients with primary brain cancer, undergoing RT, were selected retrospectively. The selected OARs were contoured using the RT Treatment Planning Software through assessing the images from the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Dose parameters, namely maximum dose (Dmax) and median dose (Dmedian), to OARs (optic nerves, chiasm, retinas, lenses, orbits, lachrymal glands, brainstem, hippocampi, etc.) were assessed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 37.8±14.3 years (from 5 to 60 years), and 19 patients (59%) were male. Glioblastoma multiforme and astrocytoma were the most common tumors. The maximum dose received by the brainstem, lenses, and eye ranged between 32-62 Gy, 0.75-40 Gy, 1.5-65 Gy, respectively. The maximum dose received by the hippocampi was 62.7 Gy. Conclusion: Important OARs can tolerate the received doses which were lower than the threshold level of serious complications. However, the maximum dose received by the hippocampi was higher than the recommended tolerated radiation dose; therefore, it is recommended to conduct more studies in this regard.}, Keywords = {Radiotherapy, Brain tumors, Hippocampus}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {333-337}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.11}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3648-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3648-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Hafez, E.N. and Ebrahim, R.M. and Barakat, A. M.}, title = {Evaluation of the oxidative stress in liver of mice vaccinated with gamma radiation-attenuated Toxoplasma gondii}, abstract ={Background: Researches on attenuated Toxoplasma gondii vaccine have shown its protective effect against challenged infection in addition to its therapeutic rather than preventative activity against some autoimmune and malignant diseases. Rise in oxidative stress is one of the most common signs of toxoplasmosis; hence this study aims to determine local oxidative stress on hepatocytes as well as associated immune variations in mice vaccinated with gamma radiation-attenuated Toxoplasma gondii. Materials and Methods: Thirty female Swiss albino mice are divided into: normal control; mice infected with T. gondii cysts (infected control) and mice vaccinated with the same infective dose attenuated with 0.4 KGy of gamma radiation (vaccinated group). Results: Hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and inducible nitric oxidase (INOs) levels were significantly increased with a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver tissues of infected control mice. Besides, serum levels of interlekin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly elevated. Moreover, histopathological examinations revealed distinct alterations with decreased nuclear expression of DNA in hepatocytes. Conversely, vaccinated group exhibited an improvement in oxidative stress and elevation in nuclear expression of DNA in hepatocytes collimated with an amelioration of the histopathological alterations. Furthermore, reduced serum IL-10 and TNF-α level were detected. Conclusion: It is concluded that attenuation of Toxoplasma gondii with gamma radiation exerted protective effect in liver tissues against oxidative stress and DNA damages of hepatocytes with an improvement of host´s immune response.}, Keywords = {Toxoplasma gondii, Gamma radiation, Liver, Oxidative stress, DNA damage.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {339-347}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.12}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3657-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3657-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Romdhane, H. and Dziri, H. and AliCherni, M. and Ben-Sellem, D.}, title = {An accurate neural network algorithm to diagnose Covid-19 from CT images}, abstract ={Background: A new coronavirus appeared in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China. He was named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus is responsible for Covid-19, the name given to the disease associated with it. It spreads worldwide, infecting more than a million people and killing more than 70 miles. The rapid and accurate diagnosis of suspected Covid-19 cases plays a crucial role in medical treatment and timely quarantine. Materials and Methods: In order to counter the Covid-19 pandemic, we have developed a method for the automatic detection of Covid-19, from 2D computed tomography (CT) chest images. It is a supervised software system based on the ANN (Artificial Neural Network) algorithm. Pulmonary CT images were collected from multiple international datasets, with a total of 395 images: 70% were used for training and 30% were used for testing. For each patient, the lungs were segmented using simple thresholding. Then, the segmented lungs were fed into a neural network to predict the probability of SARS-CoV-2 infectious. Results: The internal validation achieved a total accuracy of 97.5% with a specificity of 96.6 % and a 100 % sensitivity. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the proof-of-principle for using artificial intelligence to extract radiological features for timely and accurate Covid-19 diagnosis.}, Keywords = {Covid-19, chest ct images, SARS-CoV-2, neural network algorithm.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {349-356}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.13}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3658-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3658-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Wang, R.F. and Wang, Z.G. and Yu, M.M. and Chen, Y.H. and Shi, B. and Xue, W.}, title = {18-F-Fluoroglucosylation of an arginine-arginine-leucine peptide as a potential tumor imaging agent for positron emission tomography}, abstract ={Background: Based on the principle of oxime formation, 18F labeling of polypeptides can be achieved via a reaction between an aldehyde group-containing 18F-prosthetic group and an aminooxy-modified polypeptide. The focus of this study was to investigate the one-step synthesis of 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG)- arginine-arginine-leucine (RRL) from open-ring 18F-FDG and the aminooxy-modified RRL peptide cyclo(RRLfK)-ONH2 and to study the biological distribution of 18F-FDG-RRL in a nude mouse model of human neuroglioma. Materials and Methods: The aminooxy-modified RRL peptide cyclo(RRLfK)-ONH2 was used as the precursor to react with 18F-FDG at 100 ℃ and different pH values for 30 minutes to synthesize 18F-FDG-RRL. The labeling yield, radiochemical purity, and in-vitro stability of the product were measured, and the biological distribution of 18F-FDG-RRL in tumor-bearing nude mice was analyzed at 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 120 minutes. Results: The labeling yield of 18F-FDG-RRL was (25.5±5.0) % at a pH of 2.0, and its radiochemical purity was greater than 95%. 18F-FDG-RRL was mainly excreted through the kidneys, with rapid blood clearance. One hour after injection, the uptake of 18F-FDG-RRL in tumors was (1.83±0.12) injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g), with a tumor/muscle ratio of 7.03±0.04, a tumor/blood ratio of 4.36±0.21 and a tumor/brain ratio of 7.53±1.37. Conclusion: The synthesis of 18F-FDG-RRL can be achieved through oximation. This method is straightforward and easy to promote. 18F-FDG-RRL has rapid blood clearance and high uptake by tumors.}, Keywords = {Oxime, 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose, arginine-arginine-leucine, peptide.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {357-363}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.14}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3659-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3659-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saeed, M.K. and Almalki, Y.}, title = {Assessment of the occupational dose and radiogenic risk in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine examinations}, abstract ={Background: With the rapid development of medical imaging equipment and applications of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, the exposure of staff and patients to radiation doses becomes increasingly an alarming issue. Materials and Methods: This study aimed at estimating the effective dose during radiologic and nuclear medicine examinations of patients, based on their administered dose activity. In parallel, the staff doses were also assessed using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The staff members, specifically dealing with 99mTc, were also investigated for their eye lens dose exposure and radiogenic risk. Results: The mean of occupational annual dose for the whole body, Hp(10),  during the examinations of standard radiography, computed tomography (CT), interventional cardiology, and nuclear medicine were estimated to be 0.33, 0.31, 0.81, and 11.6 mSv, respectively. The annual exposure of eye lens dose, Hp(3), from 99mTc medicine examinations ranged from 4.9 to 11.8 mSv. Conclusion: In this study, the Hp(3) for medical staff, at the nuclear medicine department, was evaluated by measuring the Hp(10). The doses reported in this study were interestingly found to be less than the annual dose limits recommended by the concerned international organizations.}, Keywords = {Effective dose, radiology, nuclear medicine, eye-lens.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {365-372}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.15}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3660-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3660-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Trivedi, G. and Oinam, A.S. and SinghYadav, B. and Vasudeva, T.}, title = {Dosimetric comparison of three different radiotherapy techniques (3DCRT, ECOMP & VMAT)for breast irradiation}, abstract ={Background: The aim of this study was to compare the treatment plans of three techniques namely three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), Electronic tissue compensator (ECOMP) based planning and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT). Material and Methods: The planning goal was set to cover 95% of the planning target volume with 95% prescription dose for the dose plan of 40 Gy in 16 fractions. Treatment techniques with improved dose homogeneity, optimum skin dose, lung dose (V20Gy) and contralateral breast dose were used as the criteria to select the optimized treatment plan. The treatment planning time and the number of monitor units (MU) required to execute the plan were also taken into consideration. Result: PTV coverage (V95%) for the patient of ca-right breast and the ca-left breast was superior in VMAT plans. Ipsilateral lung (V5Gy %) showed significant dose reduction in ECOMP plans compared to 3DCRT and VMAT plans. Similarly, for the heart and contralateral lung, the mean doses were least in ECOMP plans. Dose homogeneity Index (HI) and Dose conformity Index (CI) was better in ECOMP plans compared to 3DCRT, but VMAT plans were superior to both the other techniques. The skin surface dose was less in VMAT plan. Conclusion: VMAT has high CI as well as HI but at the cost of higher OAR doses (lung and heart) and large treatment planning time. For a busy center, ECOMP can be a good choice of treatment technique which can optimize the OAR doses and treatment planning time but for dose homogeneity and conformity, VMAT is superior to others.}, Keywords = {Electronic tissue compensator, volumetric modulated arc therapy, three -dimensional conformal radiotherapy, homogeneity index, conformity index.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {371-379}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.16}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3663-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3663-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sancholi, Z. and Hejazi, P. and Maziar, A. and Eskandarian, R. and Ghorbani, R. and Arabyarmohammadi, M. and Paydar, R.}, title = {Comprehensive assessment of radiation dose in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the effect of beam angulation on patient dose optimization}, abstract ={Background: Interventional cardiology (IC) procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) could generate a high radiation dose to both patients and medical staff. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was performed on patient dose during PCI procedures and evaluating the effect beam angulation on dose-area product  (DAP) rate in cardiac catheterization laboratory. Materials and Methods: We studied 30 PCI procedures in angiography department during four months. A calibrated DAP meter was used to record patients’ dosimetric characteristics. Effective dose (ED) was calculated using DAP values along with DAP to ED conversion factor. Local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) of the DAP, fluoroscopy time, and number of CINE frames were calculated as third quartile values of these parameters. Results: The mean ± SD of DAP value per procedure was 31.4 ± 17.1 Gy.cm², while corresponding values for fluoroscopy and CINE-acquisition (CINE) were 17.1 ±‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ 11.2 Gy.cm² and 14.4 ± 8.2 Gy.cm², respectively. The estimated mean value of effective dose per procedure was 5.7 ± 3.1 mSv. The projection 40º LAO/ 30º caudal had the highest DAP rate value during CINE across various projections. Local DRLs were proposed as follows: 39.6 Gy.cm², 6.9 min, and 679 frames. Conclusion: The mean values of DAP in this study were lower than in previous published literature. Further, deep tube angulation led to increase DAP rates. It is recommended to use minimum tube angulation for avoiding unnecessary radiation exposure.}, Keywords = {Percutaneous coronary interventions, dose-area product, diagnostic reference levels, beam angulation.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {381-390}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.17}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3664-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3664-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zeinali, A. and Mahani, L. and Kargar, N.}, title = {Evaluation of full scatter convolution algorithm performance in the presence of inhomogeneities using a novel method of three-dimensional film dosimetry}, abstract ={Background: Inclusion of air-filled cavities in the head and neck treatment fields due to electronic disequilibrium may lead to uncertainties in predicting dose distribution by treatment planning systems (TPS). In this study the Full Scatter Convolution Algorithm (FSC) used in TiGRT treatment planning systems was evaluated using a novel 3D film dosimetry method. Materials and Methods: 9 pieces of EBT2 films were embedded in a rectangular inhomogeneous head and neck phantom. Three approximately small field sizes including sandwiched EBT films which embedded between phantom slabs were exposed with 6 MV X-ray photons. A homemade computer code was developed in MATLAB for the creation of a 3D dose map of irradiated films and calculation of enclosed volumes which were surrounded by isodose lines in films. Then the calculated dose volumes were compared with the same quantities derived from Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) which is available in TPS outputs. Results: Our results showed significant differences between the results of the film dosimetry and DVH values. The maximum difference of calculated and measured values was observed in volumes surrounded by 95% isodose curves and 3x3cm2 field size (P=0.035) and the minimum difference was observed in volumes surrounded by 95% isodose curves and 5x5cm2 field size (P=0.047). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated overestimated results in volumetric dose calculation of the FSC dose calculation algorithm in the presence of inhomogeneities and the 3x3cm2 field size. Also, these results confirmed that the utilization of an accurate and comprehensive method such as 3D film dosimetry can be useful for TPS verification.}, Keywords = {3D film dosimetry, DVH, TPS, inhomogeneities.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {391-399}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.18}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3665-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3665-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Liu, P. and Wang, S. and Fang, X. and Gao, Z.D. and Shao, W. and Long, L. and Zhang, Y.C.}, title = {The role of peripheral inflammatory cells in predicting radiation pneumonitis}, abstract ={Background: Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is a common complication of thoracic radiation which affects patients’ ability to breathe, limits the deliverable intensity of radiotherapy and impairs clinical outcomes, indicating the need for timely diagnosis and management. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive capability of two peripheral inflammatory cells for RP. Materials and Methods: A murine RP model was established using SD rats that received a single dose of 20 Gy thoracic radiation. At 2 and 4 weeks post-radiation, mice were processed to harvest lungs for hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and collect blood for flow cytometry analysis. Results: By 2 weeks post-radiation, histopathological changes had occurred in the lungs indicating the onset of RP. Peripheral CD45+HIS48+ granulocytes were significantly increased by the radiation treatment at both the early and later time points (P<0.05). However, we did not observe a statistically significant increase of CD45+CD11b/c+HIS48- monocytes/macrophages. Conclusion: Our study highlights the possibility that increased levels of peripheral CD45+HIS48+ granulocytes could serve as a predictive indicator of RP. Early detection provides the opportunity for early intervention and therefore, a reduction in the rate and extent of RP.}, Keywords = {Radiation pneumonitis, granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, peripheral, prediction.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {401-407}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.19}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3668-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3668-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Chen, Y.T. and Li, C.C. and Liu, Y. and Zheng, Y.Q. and Yang, X.H. and Yang, C.X. and An, M.W.}, title = {Inflammatory response of thymus bystander effects on acute radiation-induced skin injury in rats}, abstract ={Background: Radiation not only kills tumor cells, but also damages other sites. The mechanisms of damage caused by the bystander effect of irradiation in animal models are unclear and the time node is single. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inflammatory response of thymus tissue injury in non-irradiated areas at different times after irradiating rat skin. Materials and Methods: Rats were irradiated with an X-ray dose of 38 Gy, and at 15 d after irradiation, when the skin wound was most severe, the pro-inflammatory drug high mobility group box1 (HMGB1) and the anti-inflammatory drug glycyrrhizic acid (GA) were injected intraperitoneally into rats. After irradiation, skin tissues were collected for histology, and thymus tissues were collected for gene and protein testing. Results: Animal model of skin damage was successfully established. The expression of macrophage (F4/80) increased after irradiation, and F4/80 produced cytokines. Through the flow which was activated by inflammatory factors in the blood, DNA damage and the expression of inflammatory-related cytokines in non-irradiated area of the thymus peaked at 15 d after irradiation. Moreover, HMGB1 treatment increased the expression at 1 d after intraperitoneal injection, and GA solution decreased the expression of inflammatory-related cytokines. Conclusion: When radiation damages the skin, it can cause damage to other organs through the circulation, and an anti-inflammatory GA solution reduced inflammatory responses, which are required to modify radiation-induced systemic effects with anti-inflammatory drugs or agents that affect pathways that cause bystander instability.}, Keywords = {Radiation induced bystander effects, thymus, γH2AX, NLRP3, HMGB1.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {409-419}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.20}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3669-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3669-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Gyan, E. and Inkoom, S. and Amoako, G.}, title = {Optimal exposure factors for lumbar spine AP in computed radiography examinations}, abstract ={Background: In diagnostic radiography, selection of kVp and mAs to produce acceptable image quality with a minimum dose has been a challenge even for experience radiographers. The aim of this study was to determine optimal exposure factors for lumbar spine AP examinations in computed radiograph using dose-image quality analysis. Materials and Methods: A female anthropomorphic phantom was used for dose-image quality analysis to determine the optimal exposure factors (mAs and kVp) for lumbar spine AP. Indirect method was used to estimate the entrance skin dose (ESD) to the anthropomorphic phantom. kVp values of 70, 80, 90 and100 were selected while mAs values of 16, 18, 20,22,25, 28,32, 36, 40, 45 and 50 were also selected for the acquisition of all the images. Three (3) senior radiographers evaluated the image quality using image quality criteria set up by European Commission. Results: The result indicated that the image quality score increased as ESD (mGy) increased. However, there was no significant change in image quality score between ESD of 1.941 and 4.882 mGy. 70 kVp and 22 mAs were accepted as optimal exposure factors for standard body size lumbar spine AP examinations in diagnostic radiography of computed radiography (CR). Conclusion: Optimization of exposure factors (kVp and mAs) is necessary in radiographic examinations to ensure safe use of radiation in medicine. It ensures effective patient dose management because radiograph with high quality can be obtained for effective diagnostic information.}, Keywords = {Optimal, radiation, protection, doses, image.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {421-427}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.21}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3671-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3671-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Nardone, V. and Sangiovanni, A. and Scala, F. and Mormile, M. and D’Onofrio, I. and Giugliano, F. and Vitale, C. and Muto, M. and Reginelli, A. and Cappabianca, S. and Guida, C.}, title = {Choosing the optimal gated window for defining target volume in lung stereotactic ablative radiotherapy}, abstract ={Background: This study aims to compare retrospectively generated gated internal target volumes (ITVs) and to evaluate whether gated ITVs can reduce planned target volumes (PTVs) compared with standard ITV expansions. Materials and Methods: In this study, we retrospectively generated respiratory-gated ITVs and PTVs for our cohort of patients who underwent four-dimensional computed tomography for thoracic radiotherapy in our department between August 2018 and February 2019. We calculated the standard ITVs and two gated ITVs to analyze the volumetric reduction. Further, we considered a PTV reduction of >10% to be significant, and we analyzed the role of the localization and the size of the gross tumor volumes. Results: We included 38 patients with a median age of 70 years (mean = 68, SD ± 13,4, range =43–89), of whom 18 (47%) were females and 20 (52%) were males. The two gated PTVs (PTV 30%–70% and PTV 80%–20%) were significantly smaller than the standard PTVs (p-value < 0,001 for both PTVs). Considering the volume of the gross target volume (GTV), we found a significant correlation between GTV30cc and ITV30%–70% (chi-square analysis, p:0,006) and between GTV5cc and ITV80%–20% (p:0,003). We also found a correlation between the localization of the target lesion (mediastinal/central/peripheral lesion) for both the gated ITVs (p: 0,030 for ITV 30%–70% and p:0,018 for ITV 80%–20%). Conclusion: Gated ITV plans could be useful for the sparing of normal tissues. Our results show that this approach could be useful for small lesions and for certain localizations (island tumors).}, Keywords = {Respiratory gating, SABR, radiotherapy, 4DCT}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {429-435}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.22}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3672-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3672-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mehnati, P. and Sabri, H. and MeynaghizadehZargar, R. and Rasoulzadeh, Y. and Mahmoudi, D. and Malekzadeh, R.}, title = {Assessment of solar ultraviolet radiation in Tabriz city, Iran}, abstract ={Background: The solar radiation consists of a vast spectrum of wavelengths such as visible light and ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The amount of UVR that reaches the Earth's surface is very important due to its role in vitamin D synthesis and causing skin cancers. The hourly and daily mean values of solar UV type A, B, and visible light radiation were measured for the first time during the year. Materials and Methods: The hourly and daily mean values of UVR and visible light intensity of solar radiation at Tabriz were measured and analyzed between the 2017 and 2018 years. The intensity of solar UVA and UVB radiation was measured by Hand-held Lux-UV meter device from sunrise to sunset for one hour. Results: The results showed that the highest values of UVA and UVB radiation, reaching the Earth were between 12 and 13 o’clock. The maximum and minimum values of UVR were recorded during the months of May and January, respectively. The maximum amounts of UVA and UVB during the whole year were 52.48 and 2.82 W/m2, respectively. Also, the lowest intensity of UVA and UVB radiation during the whole year was 22.19 and 0.79 W/m2, respectively. Conclusion: Comparison of maximum and minimum UV amounts of type A and B in May was about 2.36 and 3.56 times more than in January. The measurements showed that the intensity of UVA was significantly higher than UVB amounts.}, Keywords = {Solar ultraviolet radiation, UVA, UVB, visible light, Iran.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {437-441}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.23}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3673-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3673-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Nan, X.X. and Shi, X.J. and Hou, Y.J. and Zhang, H.M. and Zhang, J. and Li, X.F. and Gao, Y.Y.}, title = {Dosimetric comparison of lateral opposing fields in moderate-to-severe active TAO retro-orbital irradiation}, abstract ={Background: To evaluate and compare the dosimetric advantages of lateral opposing fields (LOF) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in moderate-to-severe active thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) retro-orbital irradiation. Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight TAO patients who underwent radiotherapy from 2012 to 2018 were chosen. LOF and IMRT plans were separately developed for each patient. The independent samples t-test was used to compare the differences among conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), dose received by the maximal 95% of the target (D95), and organs-at-risk (OAR) doses between the two groups. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between exophthalmos and OAR dose. Results: CI and HI in the IMRT group were better than those in the LOF group, but crystal, eyeball, and optic nerve dose were higher than those in the LOF group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in D95 (P=0.261). In the LOF group, exophthalmos was negatively correlated with crystal and eyeball dose (P= 0.000).  However,there was no correlation between these indicators in the IMRT group (P>0.05). In the LOF group, the median observation time was 26 months; the CT value of post-ball adipose tissue, exophthalmos, and clinical activity score was lower than those before treatment (P=0.000), and eyesight was better than that before treatment (P=0.000); 10% (2/20) had dry eyes and 5% (1/20) had decreased vision. Conclusions: LOF is safer than IMRT and can make full use of the high exophthalmos of TAO patients to reduce OAR dose.}, Keywords = {Tyroid associated ophthalmopathy, graves ophthalmopathy, retro-orbital irradiation,lateral opposing fields, safety evaluation.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {443-450}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.24}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3675-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3675-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mehnati, P. and Arash, M. and Zakerhamidi, M.S. and Ghavami, M.}, title = {Polyurethane compositions of Bismuth used for breast shields during chest CT}, abstract ={Background: Bismuth Polyurethane composite is a novel shield for breast protection while saving image quality in chest CT. Bismuth different concentrations used for constructing polymer composites breast shields in this study. Materials and Methods: Bismuth with particle size <150 micrometer used in bismuth polyurethane composite (BPC) with a ratio of 10%, 15% and 1.1, 2.2 mm thicknesses. The BPC was examined on the female chest phantom (skin and fourth layers), 120 kV and 80 mA selected as an exposure factors in chest CT. The dose reduction was recorded by TLD and the image quality was evaluated quantitatively and quantitatively. Results: Using BPC shields 10% and 15% (2.2 mm) induced to breast dose reduction to 69.1% and 77.5% for skin layer and 44.7% and 52.8% for fourth layer, respectively.  The image noise Increasing in BPC for breast and mediastinum areas were 9.43% (P=0.347) and 15.44% (P=0.386), respectively. Conclusion: Application of Bismuth with different weight ratios in polyurethane composite was useful shield for radiation dose reduction of the breast in chest CT.}, Keywords = {Breast shield, chest CT, bismuth polyurethane construction.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {451-456}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.25}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3676-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3676-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mozdarani, H. and Azadbakht, O. and GhorbainanKlachai, S. and Mozdarani, S. and Nosrati, H. and Mozdarani, S.}, title = {Modulating effects of famotidine and melatonin on high dose radiation induced cell lethality in normal human and cancer cell lines}, abstract ={Background: Radioprotective effects of melatonin and famotidine were reported in previous studies. In this study, modulating effects of these agents alone or in combination were tested on high dose radiation induced cell lethality in MRC5 and Hela cells. Materials and Methods: DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was used to measure antioxidant property of famotidine and melatonin at different concentrations. Famotidine at a concentration of 80 µg/ml and melatonin at a concentration of 80 µg/ml was added to culture flasks containing MRC5 and Hela cells two hr prior to gamma-irradiation. Treated and untreated cells were irradiated with doses of 4 and 8 Gy gamma-rays. MTT assay was used to measure cell viability 48 and 72 hours after irradiation. Data were analyzed using nonparametric one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: DPPH assay showed high antioxidant potential for melatonin. Presence of melatonin led to significant elevation of cell viability of both MRC5 and Hela cell lines after 4 and 8 Gy gamma-irradiation at both sampling times (p<0.01). However, for Hela cells exposed to 4 Gy, melatonin led to reduced cell viability (p<0.05). Famotidine, did not improve radiation induced cell lethality for both MRC5 and Hela cells exposed to 4 and 8 Gy. Conclusion: Except for 4 Gy irradiated Hela cells, presence of melatonin led to a significant radioprotection against radiation induced cell lethality of cells, Famotidine failed to improve cell viability in both cell lines. The mechanism of radioprotection of melatonin might be attributed to its radical scavenging potential.}, Keywords = {Radioprotection, melatonin, famotidine, MRC5 and Hela cells, cell viability.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {457-463}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.26}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3734-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3734-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Shi, W. and Liang, X. and Wang, X. and Qin, J. and Zhang, H. and Tan, Y.}, title = {Solitary fibrous tumor of the urinary bladder in an 85-year-old woman: Case report and review of literature}, abstract ={A solitary fibrous tumor of the urinary bladder is an extremely rare type of mesenchymal tumor. We present a case of an 85-year-old woman with a large (14.5×10.7×10.1 cm) protruding intravesical mass detected by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which was proven to be a solitary fibrous tumor through histopathological examination. The clinicopathologic and radiological features are here discussed, along with a review of the published literature on this topic. Solitary fibrous tumors of the urinary bladder are more common in men (76%), with a peak incidence in people 40–60 years old. Most such tumors show heterogeneous intensity with a complete capsule. A decrease in the T2WI signal with an increase in collagen tissue content and gradual enhancement on CT/MRI images are their main features. Most such tumors are positive for CD34 under immunohistochemistry (100% in 24 available cases). The majority of tumors (88%) studied have been non-malignant and most patients (95.5%) showed favorable prognosis after a long-term follow-up.}, Keywords = {Solitary fibrous tumor, urinary bladder, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, histopathological.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {465-471}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.27}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3686-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3686-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Huang, M. and Li, Y. and Li, H. and Liao, C. and Luo, X. and Guo, N.}, title = {Intramuscular hemangioma with immature ossification: a case report and literature review}, abstract ={Intramuscular hemangioma is a rare type of hemangioma. Ossification of an intramuscular hemangioma is even rarer. This study reports the case of a young man admitted to our hospital with complaints of pain and swelling in the right buttock. We were unable to confirm the type of tumor on evaluation of X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and needle biopsy examination. The mass was excised and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of an ossified intramuscular hemangioma with immature ossification. This case report demonstrates that the diagnosis of an immature ossified intramuscular hemangioma should be considered as differential diagnosis in patients presenting with a soft tissue tumor.}, Keywords = {Intramuscular hemangioma, ossification, magnetic resonance imaging.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {473-477}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.28}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3687-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3687-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Nardone, V. and Reginelli, A. and Vitale, C. and Calvanese, M.G. and Correale, P. and Grassi, R. and Falivene, S. and Sangiovanni, A. and Cappabianca, S. and Guida, C.}, title = {Feasibility of stereotactic ablative reirradiation in breast cancer patient undergoing palbociclib: a case report}, abstract ={Background: We report a case of a metastatic breast cancer woman undergoing therapy with fulvestrant and palbociclib that was successfully treated with thoracic stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) for a hilar lymph node metastasis. Case Description: The patient began the radiation treatment in the week off of the palbociclib and reported no acute toxicity. The CT scan showed acute pneumonia 60 days after RT although the patient reported no symptomatology. In addition, the subsequent PET/TC scan performed six months after RT exhibited a complete response of the irradiated lesion. Conclusion: The use of SABR in patients undergoing cyclin inhibitors appears to be potentially effective although the association must be further studied to investigate the toxicities.}, Keywords = {Cycline inhibitors, breast cancer, SABR, stereotactic radiation therapy, reirradiation.}, volume = {19}, Number = {2}, pages = {479-482}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.2.29}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3688-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3688-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zhao, X. and Dong, G. and Wang, C.}, title = {The non-thermal biological effects and mechanisms of microwave exposure}, abstract ={The purpose of this article was to present a brief review of pertinent information regarding the effects of microwave radiation on biological systems. Researchers have been intrigued by the interaction of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and various life processes since the 18th century. Microwaves refer to the oscillation of an EMF with a wavelength of 1 mm to 1 m, which penetrates matter to varying degrees. With the widespread and ever-increasing use of microwaves, such as cellular telephones and other wireless technologies, great attention and research has been paid to the potential adverse biological effects. It is well recognized that microwaves affect the biological functions of living organisms at both the cellular and molecular levels, and can lead to the appearance of toxicity, genotoxicity and transformation. However, until now no satisfactory mechanism has been proposed to explain the biological effects of these fields. Therefore, increasing attention should be focused on the biological effects of microwaves in the future, especially since microwaves have extensive applications in various fields.}, Keywords = {Microwaves, biological effects, mechanism, thermal, non-thermal.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {483-494}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.483}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3716-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3716-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Xie, M. and Zhao, M. and Wang, J.S. and Zhao, Y.W. and Jiang, Z.X. and Wang, R.Y.}, title = {Targeting platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 enhances cisplatin sensitivity of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells exposed to ionizing radiation}, abstract ={Background: Cancer cells develop multidrug resistance after receiving fractionated ionizing radiation. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), which was induced by ionizing radiation, in overcoming cisplatin resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Materials and Methods: Human NPC cell line CNE1 was subjected to fractionated ionizing radiation to obtain a subline with the phenotype of multidrug resistance (designated as CNE1/R). PECAM-1 gene expression in CNE1/R cells was knocked down by stable transfection of pSilencer plasmid carrying specific small hairpin RNA. The transcripts of PECAM-1 and multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) were analyzed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, and their encoding proteins were detected by Western blot analysis. The in-vitro viability of tumor cells was examined with MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis. The tumor growth in xenograft mice was determined by measuring tumor weights. Results: The transcript and protein levels of PECAM-1 and MDR1 were concomitantly upregulated in CNE1 cells subjected to ionizing radiation. The inhibition of PECAM-1 expression with small hairpin RNA reduced the levels of MDR1 transcript and its encoding protein, P- glycoprotein. Furthermore, targeting PECAM-1 not only enhanced the sensitivity of irradiated CNE1 cells to cisplatin-mediated cell cytotoxicity in-vitro but also resulted in tumor regression in-vivo. Conclusions: An increased PECAM-1 level in CNE1 cancer cells subjected to ionizing radiation contributed to cisplatin resistance via the upregulation of MDR1 expression. Thus, targeting PECAM-1 might help overcome drug resistance induced by ionizing radiation in CNE1 NPC cells.}, Keywords = {Drug resistance, ionizing radiation, MDR1, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, PECAM-1.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {495-503}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.495}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3757-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3757-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Xing, F. and Wu, G.}, title = {Histogram analysis of intravoxel incoherent motion and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with the two-compartment exchange model in glioma}, abstract ={Background: Since different grades of gliomas have different treatment programs, prognosis, and survival rates, it’s important to differentiate them effectively. Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) with the two-compartment exchange model (2CXM) have showed great potential for identifying the brain tumors. Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine patients with glioma underwent IVIM and DCE imaging at 3.0T. Quantitative parameters (mean, median, 10th, 25th, 75th and 90th percentiles) from IVIM (apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), D, D*, f, and their product fD*) and DCE (vp, ve, PS, and Fp) were analyzed. The independent Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to assess whether these parameters could distinguish low- from high-grade glioma. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and Delong test were performed to determine and compare the diagnostic efficiency of IVIM and DCE parameters in differentiating low- and high-grade gliomas, respectively. Results: Various histogram statistics of IVIM and DCE parameters could differentiate different grades of glioma. ve and vp generally yielded higher area under the curve (AUC) values than IVIM parameters, and the differences in AUC values of ve_mean and IVIM parameters had a statistical significance. Although DCE had higher AUC values than IVIM, they didn’t reach statistical significance. Conclusions: ve was the best parameter in differential diagnosis of gliomas. IVIM had the similar diagnosis performance with DCE, and both IVIM and DCE-MRI parameters can be used for preoperative grading of gliomas.}, Keywords = {Apparent diffusion coefficient, Dynamic contrast-enhanced, Glioma, Intravoxel incoherent motion, D value.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {505-514}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.505}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3758-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3758-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Cao, X. and Liu, M. and Zhai, F. and Li, N. and Bao, C. and Liu, Y. and Chen, G.}, title = {The effects of set-up errors on dose distribution in radiotherapy treatment for lung cancer}, abstract ={Background: Our aim was to analyze the effects of set-up errors on dose distribution in radiotherapy treatment for lung cancer by using kilovoltage cone-beam CT (CBCT). Materials and Methods: In this study, we used a Varian IX linear accelerator system to perform CBCT scans of 30 lung cancer patients before radiotherapy. Subsequently, the image was matched with the planned CT, and the left and right (LR), top and bottom (SI), and front and back (AP) directions were set incorrectly. And in the CMS planning system, the center of the plan has been moved to the center of the actual scan. Finally, the dose distribution before the bed-moving is simulated. We want to explore the impact of the planned target volume setting error (PTV), the total tumor volume (GTV), and radiation of normal tissues. Results: The set-up errors of the LR, SI and AP directions were (-0.20±2.84), (-1.09±5.40), and (-2.61±2.08) mm, respectively. The 5mm error accounted for 97.8%, 73% and 92.6% in the three directions. Statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of 95%PTV dose, the average dose of PTV, 95% GTV dose and the average dose of GTV without bed-moving, compared with the original plan. Conclusions: In clinical lung cancer radiotherapy, the commonly used setting error is usually less than 5mm, most of which are along the AP direction. In this study, we found that the setting error is related to the patient's inherent characteristics and can significantly change the radiation treatment dose in the target area.}, Keywords = {Tomography, X-ray computer, cone-beam, set-up error, lung tumor/radiation therapy, dosimetry.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {515-520}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.515}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3760-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3760-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Hao, X. and Zhang, C. and Lv, X.}, title = {Structural evaluation of Parotid gland in post radiotherapy oral cancer patients: A prospective study}, abstract ={Background: To evaluate structural variation of the parotid gland in post-radiotherapy oral carcinoma patients. Material and Methods: 52 patients (33 males, 19 females) with histologically confirmed cancer of head and neck region were enrolled. All the patients underwent intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with linear accelerator. A quantitative analysis was conducted with the help of contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan regarding the changes in the volume and density of the parotid glands (PGs) along with the assessment of their interrelationship in relation to the mean dose applied to the glands. The evaluations were done immediately after radiotherapy, and after 2 and 3 years. Results: Parotid size reduction was observed in 77.77 % of cases immediately after radiotherapy with a mean dose of 26.66 Gy applied to the parotid glands. Parotid shrinkage reduced to 61.5 % cases three years post radiotherapy. High density changes were revealed by 69.2 % cases immediately after radiotherapy with a mean dose of 34.53 Gy applied to these parotid glands. Low density changes were revealed by 48.1 % cases after 2 years follow up which further reduced to 25 % at three years follow up. Conclusion: There was evidence of structural variation in the PGs during the course of IMRT which was significantly related with the mean dose applied to them. There were high density changes and low density changes immediately after radiotherapy and 2-3 years post-radiotherapy respectively. Further there was volumetric shrinkage post-radiotherapy which shows recovery 2 and 3 years post-radiotherapy.}, Keywords = {Radiotherapy, oral cancer, IMRT, parotid gland density, parotid gland size, xerostomia.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {521-529}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.521}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3761-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3761-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Goksel, E.O. and Tezcanli, E. and Okutan, M. and Bilge, H. and YildizYarar, Y.}, title = {Evaluation of volumetric modulated arc therapy technique for cranio-spinal irradiation: A rando - phantom based dosimetric study}, abstract ={Background: In this study, clinical advantages and the dosimetric accuracy of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) technique for cranio-spinal irradiation (CSI) were investigated and compared with field in field (FinF) and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques. Materials and Methods: The organs at risk (OARs) and planning target volume (PTV) were generated on the RANDO phantom computerized tomography (CT) image series. The dose–volume parameters for PTVs and OARs were compared for three techniques. Furthermore, the dose distribution inside the RANDO phantom was measured with thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) for all three techniques. Comparisons were done between measured and calculated doses of field junctions, targets and OARs. Results: FinF failed to obtain an adequate dose distribution for the upper spine (US), while VMAT and IMRT provided good dose coverage for all parts of the PTV. The most homogeneous dose distribution at the field junctions was obtained with the VMAT. Although heart, thyroid, intestine, lung, liver and testicular maximum doses were lower for the VMAT, the mean doses were higher except for the heart and thyroid. The absolute volume receiving prescription dose was significantly lower for the VMAT. The median differences between the TLD measurements and TPS calculations were 0.27% (7.8, -9.7; p=0.394), -0.28% (8.1, -10.7; p=0.322) and -0.33% (8.4, -12; p=0.338) for the FinF, IMRT and VMAT, respectively.  These differences were not found statistically significant for the VMAT technique, as were the other two techniques. Conclusion: We conclude that the VMAT technique is the optimal Linac based CSI treatment in regards to dose coverage, dose homogeneity in field junctions and OAR sparing for higher doses. In addition, the VMAT showed dose distribution accuracy as good as the two other techniques in measurements simulating real clinical situations.  }, Keywords = {Cranio-spinal irradiation, VMAT, TLD, RANDO phantom.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {531-541}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.531}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3762-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3762-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Takai, D. and Abe, A. and Miura, H. and Tanaka, I.B. and Saito, M. and Komura, J.I.}, title = {Adverse effects of chronic low dose-rate gamma-ray exposure ameliorated by environmental enrichment in mice}, abstract ={Background: Chronic long-term irradiation of mice with low dose-rate (20 mGy/day) gamma rays significantly shortened their life spans due to neoplasms and significant suppression of their ability to eliminate transplanted tumors. Materials and Methods: Mice exposed to chronic 20 mGy/day gamma rays for 400 days and housed in an enriched environment (EE) were compared with those housed in a standard environment. Results: We demonstrate that an EE significantly ameliorates the suppression of transplanted tumors in mice exposed to chronic low dose-rate gamma rays. Peripheral blood analysis revealed that the proportions of some immune cells were increased by EE housing. Additionally, the number and activity of natural killer (NK) cells in the peripheral blood increased with EE housing, indicating that NK cells may be involved in enhancing the ability to reject transplanted tumors. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that the adverse effects, such as the suppression of tumor rejection activity of chronic low dose-rate irradiation exposure, may be alleviated by EE housing, which suggests the possibility that the adverse effects of irradiation may be mitigated by changes in lifestyle.  }, Keywords = {Environmental enrichment, low dose-rate irradiation, mouse, transplanted tumor.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {543-550}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.543}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3763-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3763-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Masoudi, M. and Faghihi, R. and Sina, S.}, title = {Analysis of size-specific dose profiles beyond the scan range in water phantoms undergoing computed tomography examinations}, abstract ={Background: The purpose of this study is to analyze the cumulative dose profile tail beyond the scan lengths of 10-90 cm in CT examinations on central and peripheral axes of water phantoms (10-50 cm diameter). The analysis includes extension, trend, and dependency of the tails on the scan length and phantom diameter. Materials and Methods: A validated Monte Carlo model of a GE LightSpeed 16-slice CT scanner was used to obtain a dose profile from narrow beam collimation (1µm). The cumulative dose profile tail was developed by applying the well-known "convolution method", i.e. convolving a dose profile with a RECT function. The tails were analyzed according to the phantom diameter and scan length statistically. Results: For all phantoms, the statistical analysis shows no significant differences between tails of scan lengths of 10-90 cm for peripheral axis and those of scan lengths > 30 cm for the central axis. The tails have an exponential falloff from the scan edge modeled by D(z)=Ae-Bz. The A and B are related to the falloff speed and amplitude of the tails. By increasing the phantom diameter, the amplitude and falloff speed decrease 82% and 59% on the central axis and 65% and 31% on the peripheral axis respectively. Conclusion: A simple equation was suggested for dose calculation at any point beyond the scan range on the central and peripheral axes of water phantoms. The equation is independent of scan length and is useful for evaluating the dose of organs located at the edge or outside of the scan region.}, Keywords = {Computed tomography, dose profile, GATE simulation, cumulative dose.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {551-557}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.551}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3766-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3766-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Simo, C.R.T. and Samba, O. N. and Talla, P.K. and Fai, L.C.}, title = {Radiation dose from three-phase X-ray machines: A comparison between different models}, abstract ={Background: The assessment of radiation dose is of great importance in the optimization process. It is crucial to develop strategies for dose estimation in developing countries in lack of dosimeters. Material and Method: The Entrance Skin Dose (ESD) of 731 patients was calculated using the Davies model. Eight radiological procedures: Chest PA and LAT, lumbar spine AP and LAT, pelvis AP and LAT, skull PA and LAT and three-phase X-ray machines were considered. Based on the mathematical estimation of the radiation output of X-ray machines, a modified Davies model was proposed. The model was compared to others (Edmonds, Tung and Tsai) using their Mean Relative Errors (MRE) with respect to the reference Davies model and the Student’s test of comparison of means. The 3rd quartile values were also compared to those found in Cameroon, Nigeria, Iran, France and UK. Results:  The MRE of the proposed model in this work (1.9%) was significantly less than the MRE of the Tung and Tsai model (7.1%), which was in turn significantly less than the MRE of the Edmonds model (55.0%). Results also show that, the 3rd quartile values were mostly higher than reference level in UK. High values of doses are attributable to short Focus to Skin Distance (FSD) and high values of charges. Conclusion: The model proposed in this study is a better alternative to the Davies model in the case of absence of dosimeter. An adjustment of technical parameters (FSD and charge) could help reduce high doses.}, Keywords = {Three-phase X-ray machines, modified Davies model, dose optimization.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {559-567}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.559}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3767-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3767-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Elmtalab, S. and Abedi, I.}, title = {Investigating the out-of-field doses and estimating the risk of secondary thyroid cancer in high-grade gliomas radiation therapy with modulated intensity and 3D-conformal: a phantom study}, abstract ={Background: This study aimed to compare high-grade gliomas radiation therapy methods (high energy three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy [3D-CRT] vs. low energy intensity-modulated radiation therapy [IMRT]). Materials and Methods: Out-of-field photons resulting from 15- and 18-MV 3D-CRT and 6-MV IMRT techniques were measured with thermo-luminescent dosimeters in a head and neck homogeneous phantom. Moreover, the dose to the left and right eye lenses, parotid glands, the thyroid gland, and the tongue was determined for each of the treatment techniques. Additionally, the risk of secondary thyroid cancer was estimated according to the biological effects of ionizing radiation BEIR VII model. Results: Errors in the treatment planning system (TPS) increased with increasing distance from the field edge and varied in different treatment techniques. The 6-MV IMRT technique increased the photon dose to all of the organs. Further, the excess relative risk for thyroid cancer was obtained higher in the 6-MV IMRT technique than in the 15- and 18-MV 3D-CRT techniques, as the photon dose to the thyroid gland was higher. Conclusion: Although 6-MV IMRT better improves local control and dose distribution than 3D-CRT, it increases the total dose equivalent in out-of-field organs independently of beam energy and exacerbates the risk of secondary thyroid cancer more significantly.}, Keywords = {Brain tumor, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, 3D-conformal radiotherapy, out-of-field dose, secondary cancer risk.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {569-574}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.569}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3770-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3770-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Hosseinzadeh, V. and Ghaffari, H. and Rezaeyan, A. and Deilami, S.}, title = {Estimating organ dose in computed tomography using tube current modulation: A Monte Carlo simulation}, abstract ={Background: The computed tomography (CT) scan delivers a relatively high radiation dose to the patient. One of the critical factors that affects the absorbed dose is the intensity of tube current. The aim of this study is to measure and compare the radiation dose of three radiation-sensitive organs in constant current mode and tube current modulation (TCM) modes. Materials and Methods: CT-scans from the chest and abdomen-pelvis regions of adults in three different current modes were obtained. The absorbed doses of thyroid, lungs, and ovaries were measured using the thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips embedded in the RANDO phantom. Furthermore, the confirmation of the organ doses was simulated using the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The measured doses were evaluated and confirmed by comparison with the simulated doses. Results: The relative differences between the measured and simulated doses for thyroid, lung, and ovary were -4.7%, -1.3%, and -11.7% for constant current mode, -2.2%, -11.2%, and -6.3% for longitudinal modulation mode, and 0.0%, -14.6%, and -9.9% for angular modulation mode, respectively. With longitudinal modulation mode, thyroid, lung, and ovary doses were reduced by 34.0%, 19.0%, and 19.0% for the measured doses and 32.0%, 26.0%, and 13.0% for the simulated doses, respectively. The longitudinal modulation mode resulted in a greater dose reduction compared to the angular modulation for both measured and simulated doses. Conclusion: Using TCM resulted in reducing does received by the organs in both measured and simulated doses. The TCM reduces organ dose, which is more evident in the longitudinal modulation.}, Keywords = {Computed tomography, tube current modulation, organ dose, thermoluminsent dosimeter, Monte Carlo simulation.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {575-581}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.575}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3771-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3771-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Gyuleva, I. and Djounova, J. and Rupova, I.}, title = {A pilot survey for circulatory diseases risk assessment in nuclear power plant workers}, abstract ={Background: There are data suggesting that low dose radiation induced inflammatory reactions and changes of the immune system could be responsible for late circulatory and other chronic diseases. Chronic low dose radiation of occupationally exposed persons requires careful examination of their immune status. The purpose of this survey was to study some immunological parameters and serum proteins as suitable markers for screening cardiovascular diseases and chronic inflammatory state in NPP personnel. Materials and Methods: Lymphocyte populations were determined using four parameters by flow cytometer. Plasma levels of interleukin IL6, CRP and INFγ were determined by ELISA. Results: The main T lymphocyte populations did not show any differences to controls but there were trends of increasing activated CD3 HLA, CD4+25+ and CD8+38+ T lymphocytes and  CRP and IL6 markers. Higher, but not significant averages were recorded for regulatory T lymphocytes probably due to their role in preventing of atherosclerosis. No dependence was established of the studied parameters to cardiovascular or other chronic diseases, a weak correlation was only recorded for IL6 with autoimmune ones (p=0.042). The results show that the age, obesity, and other lifestyle factors, particularly cigarette smoking could be considered as cofounder for circulatory diseases. Conclusion: It could be assume that radiation induced aging of T cells and activation of inflammatory response are partly involved in the development of inflammatory chronic diseases as the more pronounced deviations in the parameters are observed with increasing age and cumulative dose.}, Keywords = {lymphocyte populations, serum proteins, occupational radiation exposure, nuclear power plant workers.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {583-590}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.583}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3772-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3772-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Olagbaju, P.O. and Okeyode, I.C. and Alatise, O.O. and Bada, B.S.}, title = {Background radiation level measurement using hand held dosimeter and gamma spectrometry in Ijebu-Ife, Ogun State Nigeria}, abstract ={Background: The knowledge of distribution of radionuclides and background radiation levels in the environment is important for assessing the effects of radiation exposure due to both terrestrial and extra-terrestrial sources. Materials and Method: In-situ gamma dose survey and gamma spectrometry was employed to investigate background radiation levels in Ijebu-Ife. Results: In-situ gamma dose rates vary from 0.02 to 0.10 µSv/hr with mean value of 0.05 µSv/hr which is less than 0.133 μSv/hr, recommended by the ICRP. The resulting annual effective dose was below 1 mSv/yr maximum permissible limit for the general public set by the UNSCEAR, 2000. The activity concentrations of the three naturally occurring radionuclides in soils ranged from Below Detection Level (BDL) to 320.11 ± 28.53, 9.11 ± 1.65 and 8.55 ± 0.95 Bq/kg with mean values of 119.05 ± 11.24 Bq/kg, 4.44 ± 1.01 Bq/kg and 4.55 ± 0.62 Bq/kg respectively which are lower than the average values of 400, 35, and 30 Bq/kg recommended by the UNSCEAR, 2000 for 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th respectively. The mean computed values for absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose and radium equivalent are 10.03 nGy/hr, 0.03 mSv/yr, 20.11 Bq/kg respectively, which fall within UNSCEAR, 2000 threshold. Conclusion: A significant positive relationship exists between the in-situ and evaluated effective dose equivalents (r = 0.89, p < 0.05). Radiation dose results indicate insignificant radiological risk, making the study area safe for living and agriculture purposes.}, Keywords = {Radionuclides, in-situ dose rate, gamma spectrometry}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {591-598}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.591}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3774-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3774-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sambo, I. and Ekong, G.B.}, title = {Radiological assessment on Caesium-137 (137Cs) radionuclide contamination from metal recycling facility and its surrounding environment, South - South Nigeria}, abstract ={Background: Radioactive material through scrap metal dealers, is often sold to steel processing facilities, which contaminate products with associated waste ends up in the environment. This study was to conduct radiological assessment of 137Cs contaminated at metal processing facility and surrounding environment at Southern Nigeria as a function of time. Materials and Method: Samples were randomly collected within the facility and at surrounding environment, and analyzed using HpGe detector. Results: The 137Cs concentration ranged (1.61±0.25- 2619.35±133.80) Bq/g, with mean of 417.17±23 Bq/g. The 137Cs concentration at 500 meters from the facility ranged (0.21±0.02- 3.63±0.25) Bq/g with the mean of 1.30±0.16 Bq/g. The 137Cs concentration in the facility was above admissible limit of 100 Bq/g except that recorded at 500 meters away. The radiological hazards within the first year were estimations, which showed Dose through Inhalation Pathways was 6.89x10-3 mSv/yr. Dose through Soil Ingestion Pathways was 0.91 mSv/yr, and Sum External Dose from all the Pathways to be 1.44 x103 mSv/yr. The sum of evaluated radiological risk was found to be higher than the 0.25 mSv/yr or 1 mSv/yr admissible limits. An evaluated Excess Life Cancer Risk was found to be 2.5 quite above admissible limit of (029x10-3). Conclusion: It is inferred from the assessment that, there is a likelihood of radiological health risk due 137Cs contaminated to workers, public and other biota. Therefore, immediate remediation is recommended and as well as restrictions of the public using materials from the area for soil stabilization and farming purpose.}, Keywords = {Cesium-137, radioactive contamination, metal recycling.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {599-606}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.599}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3775-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3775-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Hassanpour, N. and Changizi, V. and Gholami, M.}, title = {Measuring track density of alpha particles emitted from human teeth and assess of the resulting cancer risk}, abstract ={Background: Since the radionuclides concentration in teeth is a good indicator of the human body’s radioactive contamination, the purpose of this study was to measure the track density of alpha particles emitted from the human teeth and to assess the resulting cancer risk. Material and Methods: In this cross-section study, 93 permanent and unfilled tooth samples were collected from the patients residing in Khorramabad, Iran, and visiting dental clinics in this city. The alpha track density for the tooth samples was measured using CR-39 nuclear track detector. Annual effective dose (AED) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were estimated based on the recommendations made by ICRP and UNSCEAR. Results: The mean alpha track density from 222Rn in patients’ teeth was410.15 tracks cm-2, whereas the mean for women and men equaled 441.42 and 378.20, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (P=0.22), but there was a statistically significant difference between the track densities in different age groups (P˂0.001).In this study, the average radon activity concentration was 40.62 Bq m-3. Also, the mean annual effective dose and the mean ELCR were calculated as 1.02 mSvy-1 and 3.59 ×10-3, respectively. Conclusion: The AED value was higher than the permissible dose limit and also the mean ELCR was higher than the global average. Based on the results, it is necessary to perform periodical monitoring to detect pollution sources.}, Keywords = {Human tooth, alpha particle, cancer risk, CR-39 detector.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {607-613}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.607}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3776-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3776-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ali, M.M.M. and Zhao, H. and Rawashdeh, A. and Mohammed, Y.A. and AlHassan, M.}, title = {Assessment of radiation hazard indices for sand samples from Ma\'rib in Yemen}, abstract ={Background: This study aimed to investigate the radiation hazard indices from sand samples of  Ma’rib Governorate in Yemen, where the majority of oil and gas facilities are installed. Methods and Materials: Thirty five samples of desert sand from Ma’rib Governorate in Yemen were collected and tested their radiation hazard indices by using High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. Results: Based on the measurement of the concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K, the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the activity concentration index (Iγ), the external hazard index (Hex) and the internal hazard index (Hin) were all calculated.  Also, the absorbed dose rate in Air (ADR) and the annual effective dose (AED) are calculated. Conclusions: Comparing the practically attained results with internationally permissible values, it was found that most of the radiological parameters, including the radiation hazard indices of the studied samples, fall within the world's permissible limits and don't expose risks to the human beings and environments.}, Keywords = {Natural radioactivity, sand samples, HPGe detector, annual effective dose.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {615-623}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.615}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3777-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3777-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Gul, O.V. and Inan, G.}, title = {The impacts of dose rate in sliding window intensity modulated radiation therapy quality assurance}, abstract ={Background: The present study aims to compare the impacts of dose rate in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan delivery by using the gamma agreement between the calculated and measured doses by pretreatment quality assurance (QA). Materials and Methods: Ten nasopharynx cancer patients who underwent IMRT treatment were included in this study. The treatment plans were performed using Varian DHX eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) version 15.1. and the QA plans were generated for the dose rates of 300, 400, 500 and 600 MU/min. All measurements were performed by aS1000 Electronic Portal Imaging Device (Epid) integrated into Varian DHX linear accelerator and 2D array detector. The dose distribution was evaluated with gamma area histograms (GAHs) generated using different γ criteria (2%/2 mm and 3%/3 mm) for dose agreement and distance to agreement parameters. Statistical analyses were evaluated by using Mann-Whitney Test and a p-value of p <0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: There was a significant decrease in the percentage gamma pass rate when the dose rate was increased from 300 MU/min to 600 MU/min (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between Epid and Epiqa for all dose rates (p<0.05). The total number of MU was correlated to the dose rate. When comparing MU from 300 MU/min to 600 MU/min dose rate, it was observed that the MU of IMRT plans increaed as the dose rate was increased. Conclusion: In this study, we have demonstrated that IMRT delivery using sliding window method is affected by the dose rate.}, Keywords = {Dose rate, epid, epiqa, 2D array, IMRT.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {625-632}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.625}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3778-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3778-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Khalil, A. and Omran, H. and Habeel, S. and Alsheikh, F.}, title = {Fractionated whole body gamma irradiation potentiate high fat diet- induced intestinal inflammation in Wistar rats}, abstract ={Background: In this work, a low-dose rate (100mGy/min of whole body gamma irradiation fractionated (0.5, 1, and 2Gy) was used to study the effects of cumulative doses on the expression of target genes implicated in the intestinal inflammatory process in high fat diet (HFD) wistar rats. Material and Methods: Total RNA was extracted and the expression of target genes was measured in the four intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon) of HFD Wistar rats. Results: Our in-vivo results in the four intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon) demonstrated that gamma irradiation exposure in HFD rats amplified the low-grade inflammatory state already induced by HFD. This phenomenon occurs through the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines mainly the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) or via overexpression/increasing of anti-inflammatory response involved interleukin 10 (IL-10) and the growth factor β (TGFβ) overall the bowel segments. Results suggested that whole body gamma irradiation might have dual roles, first, engraving the inflammatory state already initiated by HFD, and second, an over expressed anti-inflammatory response via anti-inflammatory cytokines mainly IL-10 and TGFβ. Conclusion: The current study clearly demonstrated the important role of the gut in HFD rats during fractionated whole body irradiation (FWBGI) and indicated that TGFβ and IL-10 may be the target in whole body radiotherapy as a mechanism to recompense for the ‎imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.}, Keywords = {Fractionated whole body gamma irradiation (FWBGI), HFD, IL-10, TGFβ, inflammation, intestine.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {633-643}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.633}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3779-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3779-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Soleymanifard, Sh. and Rostamyari, M. and Jaberi, N. and Rassouli, F.B. and Hashemy, S.I. and Mehdizadeh, A.R.}, title = {Effects of radiation dose on the stemness-related genes expression in colorectal cancer cell line}, abstract ={Background: Accumulating reports suggest that radiation may change gene expression in cancer cells and promote cell migration and invasion, as well as inducing cancer stem cell (CSC). However, the correlation between these processes and radiation dose has not been shown yet. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of low, medium, and high doses of X-ray on expressing three genes involved in CSC induction in colon cancer cell line (HT-29). Materials and Methods: The cells cultured in flasks were irradiated with X- rays in different doses including 0.1, 2.5, 5, and 10 Gy. Then, the expression of Oct4, CD44, and ALDH1 genes was measured using real-time PCR. PCR efficiency was evaluated for each gene using Linreg PCR software, and relative changes for mRNA were calculated based on the ∆∆Ct method. Results: CD44 gene expression increased equally at all doses. Oct4 and ALDH1 gene expression were not affected by 10 Gy, but low and moderate doses increased them equally. Conclusion: The effects of low and moderate doses on increasing the expression of stem-related genes are equal. In addition, the effect of the high dose on increasing CD44 gene expression was equal to the low and moderate doses.}, Keywords = {Radiation, colorectal cancer, gene expression, real-time PCR.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {645-651}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.645}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3784-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3784-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Lavdas, E. and Papaioannou, M. and Tsikrika, A. and Pappas, E. and Sakkas, G.K. and Roka, V. and Kostopoulos, S. and Mavroidis, P.}, title = {Thorax artifacts in CT – air embolism or other causes?}, abstract ={Background: The existence of air in hollow organs in the thoracic cavity constitutes a life-threatening situation most of the times. However, sometimes in thoracic Computed Tomography (CT) there are artifacts from different sources that could mimic air densities, disorientating the diagnosis. Materials and Methods: 100 patients (46 females and 54 males, mean age: 60 years, range: 20-90 years), who had been routinely scanned in the area of thorax using three different imaging protocols (follow up, aorta, pulmonary vessels) were retrospectively studied. In 67 cases, contrast agent was used during the examination. Every case was studied by two specialists. Results: Artifacts in pulmonary veins were observed in 38 of the cases. Of these artifacts 27 stemmed from contrast agent, calcifications in the vessels, metallic implants, movement of the patient, malfunction of a detector due to the size of field of view (FOV) or due to the existence of contrast agent on the examination table of the CT scanner. In 11 cases, small amounts of air had been inserted into blood circulation during contrast injection. Conclusions: This study characterized and classified many artifacts related to thorax CT in order to separate them from other serious thoracic pathologies (e.g. aortic dissection, ulcer of veins or arteries). The knowledge and identification of the different types of artifacts is very important in order to avoid the risk of misdiagnosis.}, Keywords = {Streak artifacts, CT, air embolism, Air bubble, contrast agent.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {653-659}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.653}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3785-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3785-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Hajiloo, N. and Akbari, M. and Malekie, S.}, title = {Evaluation of water equivalent ratio (WER) values for polyethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, lead, tungsten and aluminum at helium ion energies ranging from 25-250 MeV/u through Monte Carlo simulation}, abstract ={Background: There is no data concerning water equivalent ratio (WER) values for helium ion beams in an extensive range of energies as well as relevant dosimetric materials. Materials and Methods: In this work, quantities related to depth-dose profiles and WER values were evaluated in water, Polyethylene (PE), Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), Polystyrene (PS), Lead (Pb), Tungsten (W) and Aluminum (Al) for helium ion energies ranging from 25-250 MeV/u using MCNPX 2.4.0 Monte Carlo code. Results: For all the studied energy range, the mean values of WER for PMMA, PE, PS, Pb, W and Al were 1.161, 0.995, 1.049, 5.421, 9.512 and 2.091, respectively. Among the studied materials, PE and W showed the least and most difference to water, respectively. Also the WER values of some of the studied materials for helium ion beams were compared with the same materials for proton beam. Conclusion: The evaluated WER values were in acceptable accordance with the data reported in the literature by less than 2.6 % difference. Also, WER values of the mentioned materials for helium ions and protons have been compared and it was concluded that dose characteristics of PE are the most similar to water in the field of both helium ions and proton beams.}, Keywords = {Helium ion beam, dosimetry materials, water equivalent ratio.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {661-668}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.661}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3786-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3786-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Kaviarasu, K. and ArunaiNambiRaj, N. and KrishnaMurthy, K.}, title = {Dosimetric evaluation of intensity modulated radiation therapy for different duty cycles of the gated beam delivery}, abstract ={Background: Aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of the error that the gating system incorporates into an intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) delivery for the different duty cycles of beam gated treatments (beam-interruption) by comparing the gamma between the dose planes. Materials and Methods: Respiratory motion patterns was recorded in the real-time position management (RPM) software, which controls the triggering of the linear accelerator for the beam ON/OFF based on the predefined gating window. 10 IMRT plans consisting of 60 IMRT fields were delivered for three different duty cycles (20%DC, 30%DC and 40%DC) of gated and non-gated delivery. Planar dose measurements of IMRT delivery were performed with the commercially available two-dimensional ion chamber array and portal dosimetry. Gamma evaluation was carried out for the three different duty cycles of gated delivery with that of the reference of non-gated delivery, and the measured dose planes of gated and non-gated delivery were gamma analyzed with the treatment planning system (TPS) dose planes. Multileaf collimator (MLC) dynalog files were acquired and analyzed for the different duty cycles of gated and non-gated IMRT deliveries. Results: Gamma between the gated and non-gated dose planes were found within the 3% deviation.  Area gamma for the gated and non-gated delivery to the reference of TPS dose planes were found within the deviation of 6%. Conclusion: Gamma comparison of the gated delivery with the reference of non-gated delivery results demonstrated that increasing the duty cycle reduced the deviation between the gated and non-gated delivery.}, Keywords = {Duty cycle, gating techniques, gamma evaluation, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, respiratory motion management.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {669-683}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.669}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3789-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3789-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Bahrami, F. and Abtahi, S.M.M. and Sardari, D. and Bakhshandeh, M.}, title = {Readout temperature effect on the response of the genipin gel dosimeter}, abstract ={Background: The present study aimed to investigate the dependence of the response of the genipin gel dosimeter on readout temperatures. Materials and Methods: To this aim, after the gel preparation, they were exposed by a Varian Medical Linac accelerator with a dose range of 0-10 Gy. Then the irradiated samples were readout by a spectrophotometer device at 5°C, 10°C, 15°C and 20 °C temperatures. Results: Results revealed that the response of the genipin gel dosimeter is extremely temperature-dependent. For the mentioned readout temperatures, the maximum dose sensitivity was related to 10°C and its value was 35×10-3cm-1Gy-1. Investigation of the AUS (area under spectra) depicted that the maximum dose sensitivity was also related to 10°C. Furthermore, investigation of the dose resolution of this gel dosimeter showed that the minimum detectable dose was related to 10°C, and its amount was 0.24 Gy. Conclusion: The results confirmed a noticeable change in the response of the genipin gel dosimeter due to variations of the readout temperature. It can be concluded that the response sensitivity of this radiochromic gel dosimeter increased by readout temperature decreasing.}, Keywords = {Genipin gel dosimeter, dose sensitivity, readout temperature, dose resolution.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {685-694}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.685}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3791-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3791-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Jiang, D. and Wang, D. and Shen, J. and Zhang, J. and Chen, C. and Bao, Z. and Zhao, H. and Chen, J. and Liu, H.}, title = {Analyzing the performance of the URT treatment planning system and URT-Linac 506C for flattening filter (FF) and flattening filter free (FFF) photon beams of Monte Carlo algorithm by use of AAPM TG 119 test cases}, abstract ={Background: The objective in this study was to create AAPM TG 119 test plans for Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), burst mode and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in convolution study in order to investigate accuracy of the United Imaging Healthcare's URT treatment planning system (URT-TPS). Materials and Methods: The plans were delivered to the phantom using the United Imaging Healthcare's URT-Linac 506C. For there treatment mode as IMRT, Burst Mode and VMAT, with two kind of beams as flattening filter (FF) photon beam and flattening filter free (FFF) photon beam, calculated by uRT-TPS Monte Carlo algorithm, the overall accuracy was measured, and analyzed with five test geometries provided in TG 119. The point measurements were measured by a Farmer type ion chamber and fluence measurements were done with film respectively. Results: For the FF photon beams, the difference between measured point doses and planned doses of static multi-leaf collimator (MLC), dynamic MLC, Burst Mode and VMAT were within±3.92%,±3.26%, ±4.11%and±3.31% respectively. Gamma passing rates of Static IMRT, Dynamic IMRT Burst Mode and VMAT were >93.08%, 90.93%, 90.40% and> 92.00% respectively. For the FFF photon beams, the deviation between measured point doses and planed dose of static MLC, dynamic MLC, Burst Mode and VMAT were within 1.84%, 3.36%, 2.65%and 3.11% respectively. Gamma passing rates of Static IMRT, Dynamic IMRT Burst Mode and VMAT were>92.60%, 94.07%, 93.54% and 94.39% respectively and all confidence limits of the TG 119 report were matched. Conclusion: Based on this analysis which were performed in accordance with the TG 119 recommendations, it is evident that the URT treatment planning system and URT-Linac 506C have commissioned IMRT and VMAT techniques with adequate accuracy.}, Keywords = {TG 119, dosimetric validation, linac 506C, URT_TPS, flattening filter, flattening filter free}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {695-702}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.695}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3793-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3793-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Yassin, A. and Elshahat, K. M. and Attlah, E. M. and Khaled, H. and Kany, A.}, title = {Dose verification and plan conformity with three different dosimeters for intensity-modulated radiation therapy plans}, abstract ={Background: The intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) enables personalized treatment; the complexity of this technique increased the need for patient-specific quality assurance (QA). Objective: Comparing three dosimeters that common for patient-specific QA of IMRT. Material and Method: cases were planned at Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) to receive radiotherapy at Unique VARIAN linear accelerator LINAC; Patient-specific QA was performed with three independent dosimeters: Gafchromic films EPT2, Electronic Portal Image Device (EPID), and PTW 2D array. The absolute dose was measured and analysis of 2D gamma index was performed, then compared with the plan calculated in TPS. Results: Analysis of absolute dose measured have highest difference from dose in Gafchromic film (89.1±4) % while EPID had a lower range (96.6 ± 1.2) and 2Darray showed an agreement up to (99±1.2) for patient specific QA both EBT2 and EPID enable to compare the measured map with TPS calculations, for plan conformity the gafchromic film enable measurement with lower accuracy even with localized brain tumor, the heterogeneity in lung case slightly affect the EPID measurement, this found also with irregular surface of head and neck and increased depth within pelvic case examine. Measurement with 2D array found to be the optimum dosimeter within different conditions. Conclusion: different parameters might affect the accuracy of gafchromic film including film scanning, storing, and calibration curve. EPID has an average deviation appears in beam fluence and 2D array as a 2D ion chamber found to have the most accurate dosimeter, but still time consuming when compared to EPID.}, Keywords = {IMRT, patient-specific QA, 2D array, EBT2 Gafchromic film and EPID.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {703-710}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.703}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3796-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3796-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mozdarani, H. and Pakniyat, F. and Mozdarani, S. and Nosrati, H. and Mozdarani, S.}, title = {Effects of saffron extract on the frequency of radiation induced chromosomal aberration in G-2-lymphocytes of normal individuals and breast cancer patients}, abstract ={Background: Inherent radiosensitivity associated with elevated chromosomal aberrations (CA) was shown in breast cancer (BC) patients at cellular level. Different agents were used to protect cells against adverse effects of ionizing radiation (IR), mainly antioxidants such as vitamins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modulating effect of saffron extract on radiation induced CA in lymphocytes of normal individuals and BC patients. Materials and Methods: G2 assay was applied on whole peripheral blood lymphocytes received from 5 normal controls and 10 BC patients with luminal A subtype. Blood culture was initiated in complete culture medium, 4h prior to harvesting cells were irradiated with 1 and 2 Gy X-rays. Pretreatment of samples with saffron was done 2 h before irradiation. After metaphase preparation and slide making, slides were stained in Giemsa. Hundred well spread metaphases were scored for presence of chromatid type aberrations with a microscope at a magnification of 1000×. Result: Results indicated a high and significant frequency of CA both in lymphocytes of normal and BC patient after irradiation. Pretreatment of samples with saffron led to a significant increase in the frequency of breaks in lymphocytes of both normal individuals and BC patients. Conclusion: Results indicate that despite its antioxidant property, pretreatment of lymphocytes of normal individuals and BC patients with saffron before X-irradiation led to radiosentisizing effect. The way saffron sensitize lymphocytes to X-rays is not known, but it might be possible to inhibit repair of radiation induced DNA strand breaks.}, Keywords = {Saffron, breast cancer, luminal A, chromatid aberration, radiotherapy, G2 assay.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {711-717}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.711}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3806-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3806-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {EL-Araby, E.H. and Shabaan, D.H. and Yousef, Z.}, title = {Evaluation of radon concentration and natural radioactivity exposure from the soil of Wadi Hodein region, Egypt}, abstract ={Background: The presence of radon and radioactive nuclei emitted from uranium could result in a radiological hazard. Humans are exposed to natural radiation, which arises from cosmic radiation, radon gas, and radiation from radioactive nuclei of each thorium, uranium, and thorium. Methods and Methods: This research cares to study the concentration of the natural radioactivity (238-U, 232-Th and 40-K) and radon for fourteen samples of soil from different fourteen location in Wadi Hodein region in Egypt (Southern Eastern Desert). The radon gas was measured using CR-39 detector, while the activity concentration for natural radioactivity measured by HPGD system. Results: The results of the gamma ray spectroscopy show that main activity concentration of 238-U, 232-Th and 40-K are 13.04±1.15, 12.33±1.54 and 445.33±23.54 Bq/Kg respectively. The 43% form concentration value for K-40 are higher than the exemption level 412 Bq/Kg proposed by the UNSCEAR 2008. Moreover, the 15% of values for absorbed dose Dab were higher than public average 57 nGy/h. But annul effective dose values AED were less than recommended limits for the radiation which reported by UNSCEAR 2000 and 2008. The mean value concentration of radon was 265.96± 25.45 Bq/m3. The results of samples show that 28.27% of the radon gas concentrations and annul effective dose from radon (AEDR) in soil is higher than allowed limit recommended from International Commission on Radiological Protection agency (ICRP 2007). Conclusions: Radium, shows good relationship with radon exhalation rate in soil. Good correlation observed between lung cancer per year per million people and radon concentrations for all soil samples.}, Keywords = {Radiological hazard, natural radioactivity, SSNTDs, HPGD.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {719-727}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.719}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3807-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3807-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Özkan, G. and SessizAk, R. and Akkaya, N. and Öztürk, H.}, title = {Awareness level of dentists and dental students about radiation doses of dental imaging methods}, abstract ={Background: To measure the knowledge levels of dentists and dental students about radiation doses of dental imaging techniques. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire containing 13 questions was conducted to 251 participants (168 dentists and 83 dental students). The first 6 questions were related to their personal and professional information, and the remaining 7 questions were about the participants’ radiation education and knowledge about radiation doses. Chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between categorical variables, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The data from 144 (57.4%) women and 107 (42.6%) men were obtained. Gender was not effective on knowledge about radiation doses during dental imaging (p = 0.222). The knowledge of dentists working at the university was statistically higher than those working in the state hospital or private dental offices (p < 0.001). Of the participants, 43.4% (n = 109) stated that the craniofacial mode of cone beam computerized tomography radiates less radiation than the actual dose range, while 32.7% (n = 82) said they had no idea. Conclusion: Most of the dentists and dental students underestimated the actual radiation doses of dental imaging techniques. The dental curriculum should be revised to emphasize radiation protection during imaging. In addition, compulsory vocational postgraduate courses should be organized.}, Keywords = {Awareness, dental imaging, radiation dose, questionnaire.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {729-736}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.729}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3808-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3808-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zhang, J. and Zhang, D. and Li, Y. and Zhang, C. and Yuan, S. and Zhu, B.}, title = {Observation of the clinical outcomes in Temozolomide and radiotherapy Combination against the metastatic brain tumors}, abstract ={Background: To observe the efficacy of temozolomide in combination with radiotherapy against metastatic brain tumors. Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective, observational, open-label study, conducted in clinical practice implanted for metastatic brain tumor patients. A total of 106 patients with metastatic brain tumors were enrolled in this study, and according to the sequence of admission, they were randomized into the experiment group (temozolomide + radiotherapy) and the control group (radiotherapy). During the 24 months of follow-up, we compared the clinical efficacy, recurrence time, survival time and quality, and the adverse reactions of the patients between two groups. Results: Short-term remission after treatment was higher in the experimental group compared to control (P<0.05). During the 24-month follow-up, we found that patients in the experiment group had longer recurrence time and survival time than their counterparts in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the scores of the life quality of patients in the experiment group were better than those in the control group (P<0.05). Also, there was a lower rate of the incidence of the adverse reactions in the experiment group (P<0.05). Conclusion: For metastatic brain tumors, temozolomide in combination with radiotherapy works better as a safe and reliable strategy in prolonging the survival time, increasing life quality while reducing the adverse reactions. The strength of this study was evaluating the quality of life as an important outcome of the chemotherapy+radiotherapy regimen.}, Keywords = {Metastatic brain tumors, temozolomide, radiotherapy, clinical efficacy.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {737-741}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.737}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3815-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3815-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ugwuanyi, D.C. and Nzotta, O.N. and Ogolodom, M.P. and Sibeudu, T.F. and Ibekwe, A.M. and Ezeaku, N.O.}, title = {Background radiation levels in selected dumpsites in Nnewi community setting Southeast Nigeria}, abstract ={Background: Nnewi town has undergone a marked increase in industrialization over the years. Considering the continuous disposal of automotive and hospital wastes in dumpsites within the town there is a need to ascertain the background radiation level of some of its dumpsites. Objective: To evaluate the level of background radiation in some selected dumpsites in Nnewi and compare the background radiation dose levels with the worldwide recommended average natural dose of 2.4mSv/yr to humans. Methods: The levels of background radiation in these dumpsites were estimated using a well-calibrated International Medicom CRM-100 Digital Radiation Monitor (survey meter). A cross-sectional survey was adopted for this study. Following the standard procedure, the radiation monitor was held at a distance of 1.0 meters above the ground and three readings are taken at each location and the mean recorded. The Annual Absorbed Dose Rate (ADR), Absorbed Dose Rate (AD) and the Annual Equivalent Dose Rate (AEDR) were calculated. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 20. Results: The mean of the calculated Annual Absorbed Dose Rates recorded at 21 and 24 meters was marginally greater than the accepted exposure rate for the public with the values of 1.5 mSv/year respectively. At 12 and 27 meters, the values were 1.5 mSv/year for Bank Road dumpsite respectively. Other distances were below the limit of 1mSv/year for the public and also below the dose limit of 20mSv/year for radiation workers as recommended by the ICRP. Conclusion: The radiation levels emitted from the study area were within permissible limits for the general population. Therefore there is little risk of instantaneous radiation hazard with an estimated safety zone at 6 meters from the dumpsites.}, Keywords = {Absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, annual absorbed dose rate, annual equivalent dose rate.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {743-747}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.743}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3810-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3810-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zhou, L. and Chen, Z.}, title = {Successful treatment of a patient with an EGFR-mutated pulmonary adenocarcinoma and a history of uremia with erlotinib after gefitinib-induced kidney dysfunction: a case report}, abstract ={A 48-year-old male patient with a history of uremia was diagnosed with pulmonary adenocarcinoma based on a computed tomography (CT) scan and biopsy. In addition, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletion was identified by gene detection. Surgical treatment was not acceptable because of his poor physical condition, so he was treated with gefitinib. Kidney function deteriorated and the serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were increased. Two weeks after discontinuing treatment with gefitinib, kidney function gradually returned to normal and was treated with erlotinib. This is an unusual case involving a patient with EGFR-mutated pulmonary adenocarcinoma and a history of uremia who was successfully treated with erlotinib after gefitinib-induced kidney dysfunction.}, Keywords = {Epidermal growth factor receptor, pulmonary adenocarcinoma, Erlotinib, gefitinib, kidney function.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {749-753}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.749}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3811-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3811-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Chuang, Y.W. and Lin, C.Y. and Hsu, C.C. and Huang, Y.F. and Chang, C.C. and Ho, S.Y. and Tyan, Y.C.}, title = {The evaluation of SPECT/CT bone scintigraphy in metastatic fibrous dysplasia}, abstract ={Background: Fibrous dysplasia is a rare benign bone disorder characterized by the fibrous tissue containing trabeculae of non-lamellar bone (woven bone) and occupying normal medullary spaces. The uptake of the radiotracer in the affected bone is variable, and specificity is too low to diagnose fibrous dysplasia in the bone scan. Materials and Methods: We are presenting four cases with monostotic fibrous dysplasia which were detected incidentally on the routine planar bone scan while being investigated for a metastatic cancer work-up. During a cancer work-up at our institution, we find lesions of fibrous dysplasia showing significantly increased uptake on the bone scan which may mimic metastatic bone lesions. Results: The SPECT/CT increases diagnostic confidence and improves accuracy and specificity of a planar bone scan. These cases were all asymptomatic at the one-year follow-up The subsequent bone scan and radiography studies have revealed no progression of these bone lesions. Conclusion: The SPECT/CT images increase the diagnostic accuracy of the bone scan, which may avoid unnecessary surgery or overtreatment of fibrous dysplasia as bone metastasis. Abbreviation: SPECT/CT = single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography.}, Keywords = {Bone scan, bone metastasis, fibrous dysplasia, SPECT/CT.}, volume = {19}, Number = {3}, pages = {755-758}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.3.755}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3812-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3812-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Gao, H.Q. and Wan, Y.Z. and Bu, X.M. and Fan, X.Y. and Xie, X.X. and Ji, X.N. and Song, W.}, title = {How to deal with the relationship between hypoxia and radiotherapy in the hypofractionated radiotherapy era?}, abstract ={Hypoxia, a common phenomenon in solid tumors can promote dysfunctional vascular growth and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, leading to cell mobility and metastasis. The decreased sensitivity of hypoxic tumor cells to ionizing radiation is one of the main factors affecting the effect of conventional radiotherapy. It is well known that conventional radiotherapy mainly reduces the effect of hypoxic radiation resistance by reoxygenation between fractions. With the improvement of radiation treatment planning and delivery, more and more cancer patients have been treated with hypofractionated radiotherapy (HFRT), which have achieved a much higher effect than conventional radiotherapy. Given that HFRT is delivered within one or a few fractions, does tumor hypoxia affect its efficacy? Is there any way to further improve the effect of HFRT? In this review, we focus on the interaction between HFRT and hypoxia, and how to optimize the regimen of HFRT to decrease the effect of hypoxia and improve the efficacy is discussed in detail.}, Keywords = {Hypoxia, hypofractionated radiotherapy, radiobiology, fractionation schedules.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {759-769}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.1}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3937-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3937-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zhao, R. and Xin, J. and Xiao, H. and Li3, P. and Zhu, X.}, title = {Metformin plus radiotherapy effect on diabetic patients with Non-small-cell lung carcinoma: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis}, abstract ={Background: Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) as the most common type of lung cancer has the most leading mortality rate among other cancers. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common comorbidities of this disease. Metformin is a conventional anti-diabetic drug that is evaluated in various studies as an anti-cancer agent. This study was an updated systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the effect of metformin on NSCLC. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted through PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases and all retrospective studies with the title the effect of metformin on the non-small cell lung cancer were collected. Statistical analyses were carried out using either random-effects or fixed-effects models according to the heterogeneity examined by I2 statistics and assessing Hazard Ratio of overall survival (OS) using Revman version 5 software. Result: Fourteen studies involving 3164 patients were included in the current meta-analysis. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) of comparison of overall survival (OS) between metformin user diabetic patients and diabetic patients without a history of using metformin was 0.87 (95 % CI 0.74–1.02; P = 0.08). Sub-group analysis showed that when studies were divided by region the HR of OS for Asia was 0.77 (95 % CI 0.65–0.90; P = 0.001), 1.11 (95 % CI 0.72–1.71; P = 0.64) for USA, and 0.86 (95 % CI 0.57–1.30; P = 0.47) for Europe. Conclusion: The use of metformin beside radiotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes may be associated with a good prognosis. While this impact was just significantly seen in Asian studies.}, Keywords = {Metformin, diabetes mellitus, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {771-778}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.2}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3939-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3939-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Wang, Y.G. and Xu, H.C. and Feng, J. and Xu, C.Y. and Dou, Y.Q.}, title = {Liangxue Guyuan decoction alleviates radiation enteritis through PI3K/AKT pathway in rats}, abstract ={Background: Liangxue Guyuan decoction (LGD) has been used to alleviate symptoms of radiation enteritis (RE) in the clinic. This study aimed to investigate the effects and anti-apoptosis and proliferative mechanisms of LGD in rats with RE. Materials and Methods: A total of 115 male Sprague Dawley rats were used. The control group consisted of 15 rats, and the remaining 100 rats were irradiated with 60Co γ rays at a dose of 11 Gy and randomly divided into four groups of 25 each: the model group, the dexamethasone (DXM) group, the low-dose LGD (LGDl) group, and the high-dose LGD (LGDh) group. The treatment was administered intragastrically for 7 days, and the number of rats that died was recorded daily. On days 3 and 7 after irradiation, five rats were randomly chosen and sacrificed from each group, and ileum samples were taken for pathological observation, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, and PCR experiments. Results: Compared with the model group, the mean survival time, villus length (V), and the ratio of V to crypt depth C (V/C), the number of Ki67-positive cells was increased, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells was reduced in the LGDh group. In addition, LGDh showed some effects on upregulating p-PI3K, p-AKT, and Bcl-2 and downregulating caspase-3 and Bax. The effect of LGD was better than that of DXM. Conclusions: LGDh prolonged the survival time of irradiated rats, inhibited intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, and promoted intestinal repair. This mechanism may be related to the regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.}, Keywords = {Liangxue Guyuan decoction, radiation enteritis, PI3K/AKT pathway.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {779-789}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.3}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3955-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3955-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Li, G. and Hu, L. and Wang, Y. and Wang, X. and Zeng, Q. and Xu, Z. and Yang, X. and Li, T. and Sun, H. and Shi, H.}, title = {Prediction of histologic differentiation grade of hepatocellular carcinoma by magnetic resonance imaging with hepatospecific contrast agent}, abstract ={Background: To evaluate the predictive value at the hepatobiliary phase (HBP) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA) injection for histologic grades of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods: HCC patients who underwent Gd-BOPTA-enhanced MRI were analyzed and divided into four histologic grades of differentiation based on Edmonson-Steiner grade. Besides, HCC tumor differentiations grade I, II and III, IVwere defined as well-differentiated (WD), moderately-differentiated (MD), poorly-differentiated (PD), respectively. The clinical, pathological and imaging features of patients were assessed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was to evaluate the significance between WD/MD HCC and PD HCC using the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), relative intensity ratio (RIR) of T1WI and T2WI (T1RIR, T2RIR), contrast-enhancement ratio in arterial phase (CERA) and contrast-noise-ratio (CNR) in HBP (CNRhbp). Results: A total of 102 HCC patients were analyzed (grade I,  n=19; grade II, n=30; grade III, n=30; grade IV, n=23). There was no statistical difference regarding to the pathological and clinical features among four grades. There were significant differences in CERA, CNRhbp, T1RIR, T2RIR and ADC values among the four HCC grades (all P<0.05). Based on ROC curve, comparison of the five quantitative MRI parameters indicated ADC (sensitivity 84.8%, specificity 82.6%, AUC 0.862) and CNRhbp value (sensitivity 78.5%, specificity 91.3%, AUC 0.916) could significantly distinguish the HCC histological grade. Conclusions: The ADC and/or CNRhbp value in HBP-MRI after GD-BOPTA injection might be as the significant quantitative parameters to distinguish HCC histological grade.}, Keywords = {Hepatocellular carcinoma, gadobenate dimeglumine, magnetic resonance imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient, contrast noise ratio.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {791-799}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.4}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3956-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3956-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Samson, D.O. and Shukri, A. and MatJafri, M.Z. and Hashim, R. and Aziz, M.Z.A. and Yusof, M.F.M.}, title = {Development of radiation dosimetric phantoms made from SPC/NaOH/IA-PAE/Rhizophora spp. particleboards}, abstract ={Background: The present study aims to investigate and characterize radiation dosimetric phantom that is made from Rhizophora spp. particleboards using SPC/NaOH/IA-PAE adhesive. Materials and Methods: Modification of soy protein concentrate (SPC) bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboard phantoms were carried out using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with different amount of bio-based cross-linking agent (IA-PAE) with three different categories of particle size. The radiation attenuation parameters were evaluated with photons energies between 16.59 and 25.26 keV derived from X-ray fluorescence. SPC-based plug phantoms were scanned together with the CT density phantom 062M at 80, 120, and 135 kVp, and 250 mAs. Results: The physical and mechanical properties were found to be improved, while the dimensional stability was decreased through the addition of 15 wt% IA-PAE with decreasing particle size. The lowest HVL and MFP, and the highest μm with their corresponding values of Zeƒƒ  (p-values of 0.054, 0.055, 0.060, and 0.075), and the relatively low X2 values are the characteristics of samples labeled as A15, B15, C10, and C15. Sample C15 gave the closest values of CT number, ED, and DDPs to water for all tested tube voltages. Conclusion: The results point to the possibility of employing C15 as a promising TEPM.}, Keywords = {Computed tomography system, RAPs, SPC, rhizophora spp., phantom material.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {801-811}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.5}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3957-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3957-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {FallahMohammadi, Gh.R. and Hesamnezhad, L. and Mahdavi, M.}, title = {Scatter radiation dose profile evaluation in computed tomography using Monte Carlo simulation}, abstract ={Background: Conventional radiation dosimetry methods in computed tomography (CT) are not able to measure the dose distribution along the patient’s longitudinal axis. To calculate the dose index on a CT scan, the dose distribution from the center of the radiation field must be calculated. In this study, the most appropriate integral interval for calculating the CT dose index in the axial mode was determined using the Monte Carlo (MC) method based on X-ray photon energy and slice thickness. Materials and Methods: The computed tomography dose index (CTDI) phantom was simulated in the EGSnrc/BEAMnrcMC system and was irradiated with several X-ray energies and several slice thicknesses and dose profiles in phantom were investigated. The area under the dose profile and the scatter to primary radiation dose ratio (SPR) were calculated. Results: The range of scattered beams from the center of the radiation field reaches 450 mm in 140 kV and a 40 mm slice thickness. The SPR value for all levels of X-ray photon energy (between 80 and 140 kV) significantly decreases as slice thickness increases. CT scan imaging technical factors greater than 310 mm from the center of the slice thickness have no effect on the behavior of the scattered radiation. Conclusion: The primary beams are more affected by the energy of the photons, and the scatter beams are more strongly affected by the slice thickness. For 64-slice scanners, the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom length should be between 700 mm and 900 mm to yield accurate CTDI estimations.}, Keywords = {Dose profile, CT scan, scatter radiation, CTDI phantom, MC simulation.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {813-818}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.6}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3958-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3958-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zhang, Z. and He, W. and Yang, L. and Li, D. and Zhong, L. and Shi, X. and Tan, L. and Wen, Q.  and Pang, H.}, title = {Dosimetric comparison between the use of insertion needles and Fletcher applicator in brachytherapy for cervical cancer}, abstract ={Background: To investigate the difference between CT-guided three‑dimensional brachytherapy using insertion needles and Fletcher applicator brachytherapy. Methods and Materials: Ninety-three patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma were included. Insertion needle or Fletcher applicators were used depending on tumor conditions. The target volume, target and organs at risk (OAR) dose, and treatment-related complications, in patients receiving the different brachytherapy techniques were compared. Results: The mean volume of the high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV) and intermediate-risk clinical target volume (IR-CTV) in the Fletcher applicator group were smaller compared with the insertion needle group (P<0.05). The mean values of D90 per fraction of the HR-CTV and IR-CTV in the Fletcher applicator group were 101 cGy and 60 cGy lower, respectively, compared with the insertion needle group (P<0.05). The mean bladder and rectum D0.1cm3 per fraction, the mean sigmoid and small intestine D2cm3 per fraction were statistically different between two groups( all P<0.05), the remaining dosimetric parameters were no significant differences (P>0.05). Following dose normalization, with the exception of the mean normalized sigmoid D0.1cm3 per fraction for the received by the OAR in the Fletcher applicator group and the insertion needle group were significantly different (P<0.05). There was no serious complication in the brachytherapy of two types applicators. Conclusions: Brachytherapy using insertion needles enables the treatment of larger target volumes with higher target doses when compared with conventional Fletcher applicator brachytherapy. In addition, the doses received by the OAR are lower, indicating that it is a safe and effective technique that warrants wide adoption.}, Keywords = {Insertion needles, Fletcher applicators, cervical cancer,brachytherapy, physical dosimetry.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {819-827}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.7}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3959-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3959-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Han, H.J. and Jang, H.}, title = {The risk of ischemic stroke in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy: a nationwide population-based ecological study}, abstract ={Background: The whole neck is often included in the radiation therapy (RT) field of head and neck cancer (HNC), and carotid vessels of the neck may be affected by radiation in a manner that increases the risk of ischemic stroke (IS). In the present study, we analyzed the relationship between RT for HNC and subsequent IS using a database managed by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. Materials and Methods: A public insurance system was used to identify a nationwide cohort of patients diagnosed with HNC that underwent RT. The incidence of IS after RT was determined up to the end of December 2018, and associated risks were analyzed. In addition, patients that underwent frequent elective neck irradiation as determined by disease classification or less frequent elective neck irradiation were allocated to groups A and B, respectively. Results: 12,079 HNC patients that received RT between 2010 and 2014 were identified. 472 (3.9%) of the subjects experienced IS and incidence rates were > 5% for hypopharyngeal cancer and supraglottic cancer. The incidence of IS was 5.4% in patients > 60 years and 2.2% in patients < 60 years (relative risk (RR) 2.59). In addition, the incidence of IS was greater in group A than in group B (RR 1.29), and in men than in women (RR 1.33). Conclusion: When performing extensive RT involving the whole neck in older men, close follow-up and prophylactic medication should be considered to prevent IS.}, Keywords = {Radiotherapy, head and neck cancer, ischemic stroke}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {829-834}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.8}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3960-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3960-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Yani, S. and Budiansah, I. and Pratama, S.H. and Rhani, M.F. and Anam, C. and Haryanto, F.}, title = {Evaluation of the dosimetric characteristics of 10 MV flattened and unflattened photon beams in a heterogeneous phantom}, abstract ={Background: The free flattening filter (FFF) beam can affect the characteristics of the linac output such as the maximum dose depth, surface dose, dose in the fall-off area, and doses outside the field because the beam hardening effect does not occur in the FFF linac head. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the influence of the FFF beam on the dose distribution in an inhomogeneous phantom using the EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc Monte Carlo package. Materials and Methods: In the present study, an Elekta Infinity 10 MV photon beam equipped with a multileaf collimator Agility linear accelerator was used. Two types of virtual inhomogeneous phantoms were built for percent depth doses (PDDs) and dose profiles measurement. The first phantom comprised four layers: water (4 cm thickness), bone (2 cm thickness), lung tissue (5 cm thickness), and water (19 cm thickness). The second phantom had a half-lung tissue slab and a half-bone slab (10 cm thickness) on the left side of the water. Results: The PDD curves in the inhomogeneous phantom considerably decreased in the lung area for small exposure fields because the charged particle equilibrium was not achieved. The dose in the lung was higher than the dose in the water when the charged particle equilibrium was reached. Meanwhile, the dose in the bone is always lower than the dose in the water. Conclusions: The dose distribution of flattening filter (FF) and FFF beams in the inhomogeneous phantom was the same in the small field of exposure. However, differences in dose distribution are increasingly apparent for larger field sizes.}, Keywords = {Elekta Infinity, flattening filter free, EGSnrc, heterogeneous phantom.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {835-841}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.9}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3961-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3961-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Rezaeijo, S.M. and Hashemi, B. and Mofid, B. and Bakhshandeh, M. and Rostami, A. and Molana, S.H.}, title = {Comparison of various common whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT) and local radiotherapy (LRT) procedures to treat prostate cancer based on dosimetric parameters and radiobiological models}, abstract ={Background: Comparing three whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT) procedures as well as two local radiotherapy (LRT) procedures with each other for the treatment of prostate cancer patients using dosimetric parameters and radiobiological models: tumor control probability (TCP), normal tissue complication probability (NTCP), and equivalent uniform dose (EUD). Materials and Methods: Two groups of prostate cancer patients underwent WPRT (n=16) and LRT (n=16) procedures. In the WPRT group, the patients treated with two intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT+IMRT) procedures at two consecutive phases. Then, two other techniques including a three dimensional (3D) conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) phase followed by an IMRT phase (3DCRT+IMRT) and also two consecutive 3DCRT procedures (3DCRT+3DCRT) were carried out on the patients' data. In the LRT group, the patients treated with just an IMRT technique. Then a 3DCRT technique was also performed on the patients' data. All the WPRT and LRT procedures compared with each other based on the dosimetric parameters and radiobiological models. Results: The mean of dosimetric parameters did not exceed the specified dose constraints for the bladder and femoral heads in the 3DCRT+ IMRT, and for the bladder in the 3DCRT technique. In the WPRT and LRT procedures, the TCP values for the prostate did not reveal any significant differences (P>0.05). The NTCP results in accordance with the dosimetric results for the organs at risk (OARs) showed a significant decrease in the IMRT+IMRT (WPRT) and the IMRT (LRT) techniques (P<0.05). However, the EUD results were dependent on the type of the procedure and OARs. Conclusion: For selecting the appropriate treatment technique for each prostate cancer patient, a compromise between the dosimetric and radiobiological evaluation of the WPRT and LRT procedures should be considered.}, Keywords = {Prostate cancer, whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT), local radiotherapy (LRT), dosimetric parameters, radiobiological models.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {843-852}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.10}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3962-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3962-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Tai, D.T. and Tuan, H.D. and Oanh, L.T. and Naeem, H. and Loan, T.T.H. and Yani, S.}, title = {A comparison of the JO-IMRT dose distribution calculated by the SOURCE 8 and 20 in the DOSXYZnrc for head-and-neck cancer}, abstract ={Background: The purpose of this study is to compare SOURCE 8 and 20 in the EGSnrc-based DOSXYZnrc Monte Carlo code for Jaws-only intensity-modulated radiation therapy (JO-IMRT) dose distribution, and demonstrate the advantage of SOURCE 20 to SOURCE 8 to treat head-and-neck cancer. Materials and Methods: The clinical photon beams of the HPD Siemens Primus linear accelerator simulated using the BEAMnrc code and then verified by measurement. The phase-space files generated by the BEAMnrc code were used as an input for the DOSXYZnrc to calculate the JO-IMRT dose distributions of patients (in form of CT images) using the SOURCES 8 and 20. The isodose distribution on slices, DVH and gamma index (3%/3 mm, 2%/2 mm, and 1%/1 mm) were compared with Monte Carlo and treatment planning system (TPS) results. Furthermore, the efficient computation of dose distributions such as time running, working load and uncertainty error calculation also considered for evaluation. Results: JO-IMRT dose distributions calculated by SOURCE 8 and 20 compared with the Prowess Panther TPS. The time running, working load based on SOURCE 20 were significantly less than SOURCE 8. Futhermore, the uncertainty calculation based on SOURCE 20 was also significantly less than SOURCE 8.Conclusion: The JO-IMRT dose distributions calculated by SOURCE 20 are more efficient than SOURCE 8.}, Keywords = {JO – IMRT plan, Monte Carlo simulation, SOURCE 8, SOURCE 20, EGSnrc.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {853-860}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.11}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3963-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3963-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Farid, A. and El-Dewak, M. and Diab, A.}, title = {Anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects of melatonin protect spleen of whole body γ-irradiated male Sprague-dawley rats}, abstract ={Background: Spleen is the largest lymphatic organ that is seriously affected during irradiation. Radiation exposure reduces both of spleen size and weight; that in turn decreases the numbers of immune cells. Melatonin is an effective free radicals scavenger. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin on both blood and spleen of whole body γ-irradiated male Sprague dawley rats. Materials and methods: Animals were intraperitoneally injected with 100 mg/kg melatonin prior to radiation exposure by 30 minutes. Experimental groups were group I: control rats, group II: irradiated rats, group III: melatonin administrated unirradiated rats and group IV: melatonin administrated irradiated rats. Blood and spleen samples were collected 24 hours post irradiation for biochemical, immunological and blastogenesis measurements. Apoptosis, pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins of spleen cells were measured by flow cytometry techniques. Results: Melatonin significantly upregulated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT); and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA). It down regulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (p53, Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-8) and up regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in spleen cells; that in turn reduced the radiation-induced apoptosis. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-1β) were significantly reduced in group IV. Blastogenesis assay showed that melatonin protects PBMC and spleen B lymphocytes and stabilized their proliferation. Conclusion: Melatonin administration prior to whole body γ-radiation successfully protected rat's spleen from the consequences of radiation exposure. This was due to its free radicle scavenger nature, its reduction of lipid peroxidation and its anti-apoptotic effects.}, Keywords = {γ-radiation, melatonin, apoptosis, P53, Bcl-2.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {861-872}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.12}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3964-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3964-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ceylan, C. and Öztürk, A. and Güngör, G. and Karabey, A.U. and Şahin, S. and Duruksu, G. and Yazır, Y. and Aksu, G. and Gündoğdu, Ö.}, title = {Efficiency of modulated and dose rate altered flattening filter free beams in high dose per fraction radiotherapy applications on the survival of prostate cancer cell lines}, abstract ={Background: The radiobiological effect of high dose rate FFF beams on the DU-145 cells was investigated with SBRT plans which have >10 Gy. Methods and Materials: To compare the radiobiological effect on DU-145 cell line four experiments designed: (1) the constant dose rate of 6 MV and 6 MV FFF with increased dose per pulse (2) the effect of dose per pulse while increasing instantaneous dose rate for 6 MV and 6 MV FFF, (3) the effect of increased average dose rate for 6 MV FFF and (4) the effect of protracted treatment time and modulation of 6 MV FFF beams. The survival fraction was counted with WST. Results: FF and FFF for 6 MV with same dose rate and treatment time has no effect on cell survival. Significant differences was observed on survival which were irradiated with 6 MV 600 MU/min and 6 MV FFF 1400 MU/min (p=0.024). There was no difference between 6 MV FFF 600 MU/min and 6 MV FFF 1400 MU/min for 10 Gy. The significant survival difference obtained for 20 Gy. The survival percentages for both 10 Gy and 20 Gy with Cyberknife were obtained higher than FFF. Conclusion: Our in-vitro study presented here show that higher dose rate and reduced treatment time might become a crucial factor for SBRT especially which has >10 Gy fraction dose.}, Keywords = {Flattening filter free, Cell survival, Radiosurgery, Radiobiology}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {879-889}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.13}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3966-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3966-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Fu, L. and Li, Y. and Guo, X. and Chen, S. and Chen, G.}, title = {Ultrasonography-integrated risk profile for determining the need for radiotherapy after phase I surgery}, abstract ={Background: To explore the efficiency of transvaginal ultrasonography in determining muscular infiltration of phase I endometrial cancer prognosis for radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: A total of 96 phase I endometrial cancer patients who were admitted between March 2018 and March 2020 were enrolled and transvaginal ultrasonography was applied for the diagnosis of muscular infiltration. Demographic variables and radiotherapy outcomes were recorded. We hypnotized that only patients with unfavorable profile of sonography receive pelvic radiotherapy. Results: Patients with muscular infiltration > 1/2 had much thicker endometrium than those with muscular infiltration ≤ 1/2. the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of transvaginal ultrasonography in diagnosis of muscular infiltration of phase I endometrial cancer versus surgery results were 84.9%, 88.9%, 87.5%, 80.0% and 91.8%, while the consistency and Kappa value between the transvaginal ultrasonography and pathological test was 72.2% and 0.580. Positive Likelihood ratio of muscular infiltration more than 1/2 was 2.10 (CI95%: 1.22 to 3.61), meaning that approximately 10 patients of 17 patients with muscular infiltration more than ½ would experience radiotherapy later. Negative Likelihood ratio was 0.63 (CI95%: 0.44 to 0.91), meaning that approximately 10 patients of 15 patients with muscular infiltration less or equal than ½ would not experience radiotherapy later. Conclusion: Muscular infiltration of endometrial cancer in transvaginal ultrasonography could be a reliable, simple, convenient and low-cost method predicting the need for the external beam pelvic radiotherapy as an unfavorable progression in endometrial cancer. }, Keywords = {Transvaginal ultrasonography, endometrial cancer, phase I, muscular infiltration.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {891-898}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.15}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3967-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3967-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Guo, J.M. and Yang, Y.B.}, title = {Synuclein-γ Polymorphisms and radiotherapy for breast cancer: a retrospective study}, abstract ={Background: Synuclein γ (SNCG), a member of the brain protein synuclein family, is highly expressed in pervasive human breast carcinoma and was associated with poor outcomes in radiotherapy treatment. So, the present study was conducted to assess the C243G and A377T polymorphisms of this gene in relationship with the success of radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 114 patients who had undergone a radical modified mastectomy and referred for radiation therapy were studied. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood cells. Genotyping was done for C243G and A377T polymorphisms. Differences in allele or genotype frequencies were evaluated. Results: The median overall Survival (OS) Rate of all patients was 44 months (IQR: 5.09). Genotyping the patients, there were 25 (%) GG, 34 (%) CG, and 55 (%) CC patients for exon 3 polymorphism (C243G). Comparison of three genotypes effect on OS was not significant (X2(2) =2.25, P=0.323). Hazard Ratio of CC vs. GG was 1.042 (95%CI:0.5360- 2.027), which was not statistically significant. There were 60 (%) AA, 37 (%) AT, and 17 (%) TT patients for exon 4 polymorphism (A377T). Comparison of three genotypes effect on OS was not significant (X2(2) =0.441, P=0.802). Comparing only patients with AA and TT genotypes, Hazard Ratio of AA vs. TT was 1.26 (95%CI:0.5123-3.118), which was not statistically significant. Conclusion: There is a possibility of the role of GG and TT genotypes as a genetic risk factor in breast cancer which should be evaluated in a study with higher sample size.}, Keywords = {Synuclein γ, overall survival, breast cancer, radiotherapy.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {891-898}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.14}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3965-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3965-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Panahi, F. and Mohammadi, M. and Naserpour, F. and Hassanpour, N. and Gholami, M.}, title = {Entrance dose determination and effective dose calculation in chest and skull radiographies: an experimental and computational study}, abstract ={Background: This study aimed to determine entrance surface                             dose (ESD), calculate effective dose (ED), organ dose, and local dose                    levels in three general hospitals of Khorramabad in common diagnostic radiographic examinations, including Chest and Skull. Materials and Methods: Exposure parameters and data of 110 patients were collected during 6 months. In this study, three radiological devices including Shimadzu R-20, Mehran Teb DMT II and Varian Rad-8, were evaluated. Four radiographic views, including Chest posterior-anterior and lateral projections (PA/LAT), and Skull PA/LAT were also assessed. The index used for comparison and measurement of radiation dose was ESD measured using thermo luminescent dosimeter (TLD). In this study, a pc program for X-ray Monte Carlo (PCXMC) software was used to calculate the organs’ dose and effective dose. Results: The results obtained show that there is a significant relationship between mAs and kVp changes with ED and ESD values. ESD range in Chest PA, Chest LAT, Skull PA, and Skull LAT examinations were 0.1075-0.8844, 0.2059-2.2997, 0.0729-1.44, and 0.03478-1.15 mGy, respectively. In this study, the mean ESD estimated was lower than the diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) recommended by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), the Commission of Europian Communities (CEC), and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), but the ED calculated was relatively higher than other studies. Conclusion: A combination of experimental and simulation methods usually makes the accuracy of the dose estimates more reliable. The mean ESD estimated in this study is lower than the DRL published by NRPB, CEC, and IAEA. Also the published ED is almost more than other studies. The results of this study are used to optimize the dose level of patients.}, Keywords = {Patient radiation dose, radiography, effective dose, entrance surface dose.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {899-906}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.16}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3968-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3968-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zhang, R. and Cao, S. and Yu, X. and Zhang, D. and Cui, S. and Liu, C. and Cheng, X. and Wang, J.}, title = {Observation of efficacy and prognosis of chemoradiotherapy with apatinib in combination with oxaliplatin + 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin in the gastric cancer in advanced stage}, abstract ={Background: To investigate the clinical efficacy of apatinib in combination with oxaliplatin + 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin in clinical chemotherapy for the advanced gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: Between June 2016 and December 2018, we enrolled a total of 92 patients with advanced gastric cancer who were receiving 4500 cGy of radiation through the 5 weeks after resection of adenocarcinoma, and divided them into two groups as per the treatment strategies, with 46 patients in each group. Patients in the control group underwent the regular chemotherapy (oxaliplatin + 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin), while those in the observation group would additionally receive the medication of apatinib. We compared the efficacy, changes in the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in serum, prognosis and adverse reactions between two groups, or before and after treatment. Results: In the observation group, the total effectiveness rate was higher than that in the control group. Also, after treatment, significant decreases were found in levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and TNF-α in serum of patients in the observation group, more evident than those in the control group. Moreover, progression-free survival and total survival durations of patients were significantly longer than those in the control group, while the incidence rate of adverse reaction was reduced sharply (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: our study showed that apatinib combination with oxaliplatin + 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin seems to have promising efficacy, and is worthy of being studied as a new regimen of gastric cancer treatment.}, Keywords = {Apatinib, oxaliplatin + 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin, chemotherapy, advanced gastric cancer, efficacy, prognosis.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {907-912}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.17}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3969-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3969-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Moghimi, Y. and Banaei, A. and Majdaeen, M. and Zamani, H. and Abedi-Firouzjah, R.}, title = {Radiation protection and cytotoxicity effects of different concentrations of cerium oxide nanoparticles in aqueous solution combined with sodium dodecyl sulphate in Vero cells irradiated with 18 MV beams}, abstract ={Background: This study aimed to assess and compare the radioprotective and cytotoxic effects of various concentrations of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) in aqueous solution combined with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) against high energy X-ray beams in Vero cells. Materials and Methods: The scanner electron microscopy (SEM) method was used to analyze the properties of CONPs. The cells were incubated with different concentrations of CONPs in aqueous solution combined with SDS. The non-toxic CONPs concentrations in Vero normal cells were determined using MTT assay. The cell’s uptake was measured by an UV/VIS absorption spectrophotometry. The cells were irradiated with different doses of 18 MV photon (1, 2, and 3 Gy), and their viabilities at various concentrations were measured to evaluate the radiation protection effects of CONPs. Results: The CONPs concentrations lower than 600 μg/ml were referred as non-toxic effects regarding MTT results. The 600 μg/ml was regarded as the highest radioprotection effect among the non-toxic concentrations (P-value˂0.05). The average percentage of cell viability improvement was estimated as 17, 23.61, and 27.21% for 1, 2, and 3 Gy doses, respectively, compared to the control group (with no CONPs). Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the CONPs concentration and cell viability were obtained as 0.96, 0.99, and 0.99 for 1, 2, and 3 Gy doses, respectively; showing that the increased concentration leads to an increase in higher radioprotection. Conclusion: The 600 μg/ml of CONPs aqueous solution combined with SDS, as a stable non-toxic concentration, has the highest radiation protection effect when exposed to high-energy photon beams. So, this concentration can be considered as an appropriate candidate of radioprotection for further research.}, Keywords = {Cerium oxide nanoparticles, sodium dodecyl sulphate, radiation protection, high photon energy, MTT test.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {913-920}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.18}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3970-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3970-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Jang, H. and Baek, J.G. and Kim, W. and Sohn, J.H.}, title = {Assessment of intensity modulated radiation therapy in left breast cancer including regional nodes without the internal mammary node: secondary cancer risks on thyroid and stomach}, abstract ={Background: There is no clear guideline regarding the optimum intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) technique for patients with breast cancer (BC) requiring radiotherapy (RT) treatment of the regional node area but not of the internal mammary node (IMN). We evaluated the IMRT technique with a focus on secondary cancers of stomach and thyroid. Materials and Methods: Eight patients with left BC treated with RT after breast conserving surgery at a single institution in 2017 were enrolled. Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) consisting of two opposed half tangential breast fields and IMRT plans was performed. Normal organ dosimetric parameters were compared. Excess absolute risks, excess relative risks, and lifetime attributable risks (LAR) were calculated. Results: Stomach V30 values were 10.27 and 1.31 for tangential 3D-CRT and IMRT, respectively, and corresponding V40 values were 7.46 and 0.2, whereas V5 values were 21.15 and 49.62, respectively. Thyroid values were similar; V30 26.53 and 7.93, V40 22.37 and 2.63, and V5 40.93 and 88.86, respectively. LAR values of stomach were 1.76 (per 100 persons) and 2.31 and for thyroid were 5.3 and 9.5, respectively. LAR values of contralateral breasts were 0.35 and 0.99, of ipsilateral lungs were 1.68 and 2.39, and of contralateral lungs were 0.58 and 1.73. All values were​significantly different (p<0.05). Conclusion: LAR values of stomach and thyroid were higher for IMRT than 3D-CRT in left BC patients requiring regional node treatment without including IMN. Consensus on the priority ​​among disease control rate, secondary cancer risk, and toxicity is required.}, Keywords = {Radiotherapy, Breast cancer, Second cancer, Intensity modulated radiation therapy}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {921-928}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.19}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3971-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3971-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saeed, M.K.}, title = {Radiation doses and potential cancer risks during mammography procedures at southern Saudi Arabia}, abstract ={Background: This study aimed at estimating the mean glandular dose (MGD) and cancer risks during mammography examinations. Materials and Methods: The patients underwent three projections per breast: using craniocaudal (CC), mediolateral oblique (MLO) and mediolateral (ML) projections in a calibrated digital mammography unit at Najran University Hospital, Najran, Saudi Arabia. A total of 510 mammograms were performed, using the three views per breast. The MGD values were estimated indirectly from the entrance surface air Kerma (ESAK) and half-value layer (HVL) based on the conversion factors reported in the literature. The breast cancer risks were estimated based on the data available in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) publication 103. Results: Mean breast thickness of 4.4, 5.3 and 5.0 cm and MGD of 1.01±0.3, 1.09±0.2 and 1.09±0.2 mGy were noted for CC, MLO, and ML views, respectively. A significant correlation has been observed between breast thickness and MGD as well as applied exposure factors. Moreover, the results indicated that the cancer risk per projection was estimated to be 178 x106, which can be significant during repeated exposure to these examinations. Conclusion: The comparison with the published data of the countries reported in this study revealed that the mean MGD is comparable or less compared to previous studies. However, young patients required a precise justification. The results are useful for national and professional organisations. Moreover, the results of MGD in Najran could be a helpful guide to the local authorities.}, Keywords = {MGD, ESAK, mammography, cancer risks. }, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {929-936}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.20}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3972-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3972-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Peiro, A. and Danyaei, A. and Chegeni, N. and Tahmasbi, M. and Fatahiasl, J.}, title = {Evaluation of entrance surface dose and scattered dose to the pelvis for common radiological examinations in analog and digital radiography: A phantom study}, abstract ={Background: Development of digital radiography revolutionized the field of medical imaging and increased the diagnostic accuracy. Despite its advantages, such as wide dynamic range and post-processing capacity, patient dosage has increased. The present study aimed to evaluate the entrance surface doses (ESDs) of primary beams to organs and the scatter dose received by pelvis in digital and analog systems with an emphasis on the radiation field size. Materials and Methods: A whole body phantom PBU-50, and TLD GR-200 chips, were used to measure ESDs. Radiation techniques used in analog and digital systems were implemented, using a Pars Pad radiography unit. Exposure factors in digital radiography were applied for both standard and clinically used radiation field sizes. Radiography was performed in the extremities, skull, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and lumbar spine. In each view, three dosimeters were placed on the phantom body to measure primary dose. Three others were also placed on pubic symphysis to measure scattered dose. Results: In digital and analog techniques, the difference in primary doses was significant for limbs, unlike large organs (P=0.00). However, scattered dose to the pelvis was not significantly different (P=0.7417). Comparison of standard digital and clinically used field sizes showed significant differences in the scattered dose received by pelvis (P=0.014), while the primary dose differences were not significant (P=0.468). Conclusion: Inadequate radiation protection, especially the use of an improper radiation field size and misuse of digital system capabilities, can result in increased patient dosage.}, Keywords = {Analog radiography, digital radiography, ESDs, field size, radiation protection.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {937-945}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.21}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3973-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3973-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Peng, Z.H. and Shi, W.Y. and Xiong, Z. and Zhao, B.S. and Zhang, D.Z. and Wang, M.Q. and Song, W. and Wang, K. and Liu, B.}, title = {Efficacy and complications of different drainage tube fixing methods on percutaneous biliary drainage}, abstract ={Background: Percutaneous biliary drainage (PTBD) is a palliative treatment for malignant biliary obstruction. The present study adopted different methods of fixing the drainage tube, aiming to evaluate the efficacy and complications for patients. Materials and Methods: Total 68 patients with malignant biliary obstruction, enrolled from 2015 May to 2018 March, were randomly divided into two groups to perform PTBD. 34 patients in group A were fixed the drainage tube by using the traditional way and 34 patients in group B by using an ameliorated approach. The clinical success rate, level of direct/indirect bilirubin, complications and quality of life of patients were recorded. Results: PTBD was successfully performed on all 68 patients. The direct and indirect bilirubin levels of all patients were significantly decreased at 1-week and 1-month post-surgery (P<0.001). Compared with group A, the level of direct bilirubin in group B decreased more significantly at 1-month after the operation (P<0.05). The quality of life of patients was improved in the two groups at 1-month after the operation (P<0.001). In addition, the rate of early postoperative complications was 38.24% in group B, which was not significantly different from the rate in group A (41.18%) (P>0.05). However, the complication rate of late postoperative in group B (6/34) was significantly less than complication rate in group A (16/34) (P<0.05). Conclusion: PTBD is an effective method of treating malignant biliary stricture. The ameliorated fixing method for the drainage tube in PTBD effectively decreases the incidence of late complications, further improving patient quality of life.}, Keywords = {percutaneous biliary drainage, malignant biliary obstruction, complications}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {947-953}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.22}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3974-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3974-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Heidarieh, M. and Akbari, M. and Unger, H.}, title = {Differential MHC-П, IL-8 and IgM genes expression in the liver, head Kidney and gill tissues of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immunized by inactive trophonts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis}, abstract ={Background: The current study was designed to compare the genes expression levels of MHC-П, IL-8 and IgM in the head kidney and liver (central organs), as well as gill tissue (mucosal surface) of juvenile rainbow trout. Materials and Methods: Juvenile rainbow trout were immunized with gamma-irradiated and formalin inactive trophonts with/without alginate nanoparticles against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. On day 20 after bath-immunization, fish in all the treatments, except negative control, were exposed to live trophonts. On the 30th day, fish tissues were analyzed by real-time PCR. Results: The IL-8 expression up-regulated in the kidney, hepatic and gill of immunized fish with irradiated and formalin inactive trophonts plus alginate nanoparticles and non-immunized fish challenged with live trophonts (P<0.05). The MHC-II showed up-regulation in gill and kidney of immunized fish and non-immunized fish challenged with live trophonts while hepatic MHC-П was up-regulated in immunized fish with formalin inactive trophonts plus alginate nanoparticles (P<0.05). A significant increase in the IgM expression was detected in gills of immunized fish with irradiated trophonts with/without alginate nanoparticles and formalin inactive trophonts plus alginate nanoparticles (P<0.05). The renal IgM showed up-regulation in all of treatments (P<0.05). A significant increase in the hepatic IgM expression was in immunized fish via irradiated trophonts with/without alginate nanoparticles (P<0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicated that the higher expression of IgM, MHC-II and IL-8 at the gill, kidney and liver could prove the potential of the entire treatments to enhance both mucosal and systemic immune responses in immunized fish with gamma irradiated trophonts against I. multifiliis.  }, Keywords = {Rainbow trout, gamma- irradiated Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, alginate nanoparticles, systemic immune response.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {955-962}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.23}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3976-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3976-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zamani, H. and Parach, A.A. and Razavi, S.H. and Shabani, M. and Ataei, Gh. and Zare, M.H.}, title = {Estimating the radiation surface dose and measuring the dose area product to provide the diagnostic reference level in panoramic radiography}, abstract ={Background: Panoramic radiography is one of the common dental imaging procedures using ionizing radiation. It is necessary to control the level of exposure and use the optimized levels. So, the current work aimed to estimate the surface absorbed doses of critical organ regions, namely thyroid and parotid glands. Moreover, dose area product (DAP) values were measured and a local DRL was then established for panoramic radiography. Materials and Methods: The data from 201 patients including 141 adults and 60 children (5-10 years) were used for this cross-sectional study. Seven panoramic radiography systems were selected from 6 radiology clinics in Yazd province. For each patient, 12 thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD GR-200) were used to obtain the surface absorbed dose in both the thyroid and parotid gland regions. The DRL values were calculated using DAP values in terms of the ICRP recommendation. Results: The mean and standard deviation (SD) of thyroid and parotid glands’ surface absorbed doses were equal to 60.6±3.7 and 290±12.4 µGy in the adult group, respectively. In the children group, these values were 40.7±2 and 189.3±11.5 µGy, respectively. Moreover, the local DRL values were obtained as 99.7 and 73.4 mGy.cm2 for the adults and children groups, respectively. Conclusion: The higher surface absorbed dose values in the adult group can be related to the use of higher radiation parameters. The local DRL proposed for the adult and pediatric groups in the current study was relatively lower than those established by other reports, which seemed acceptable for panoramic radiography in Yazd, Iran.}, Keywords = {Panoramic radiography, surface dose, dose area aroduct, diagnostic reference level.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {963-970}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.24}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3977-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3977-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zadehrafi, M.}, title = {The influence of breast skin thickness variation with aging on the mammographic X-ray spectra: A Monte Carlo study}, abstract ={Background: To approach the mammographic X-ray investigations in a metrological manner, any potential improvement needs to be considered. In this study, the influence of skin thickness variation on the mammographic X-ray spectra was investigated. Additionally, some attenuation parameters such as linear and mass attenuation coefficients, mean free path, and half-value layer thickness were assessed for exposure of the skin to the mammographic X-rays. Materials and Methods: A theoretical experiment was performed using MCNP6.2 by simulation of two collimators, a detection area, a skin sample, and a point monoenergetic X-ray source. Carrying out this experiment, the above-mentioned parameters were estimated. As a validation process, the mass attenuation coefficients obtained by MCNP were compared with the results of XCOM. Results: The good agreement between the results of MCNP and XCOM reveals that the geometrical setup was modeled correctly by MCNP. It also implies the reliability of the Monte Carlo technique for attenuation calculations of low-energy X-rays through the skin. Upon increasing the breast skin thickness, its transmission factor against mammographic X-rays decreases linearly, and it increases by increasing the photon energy. The older the patient, the more transmission factor of the breast skin against the low energy X-ray. Conclusion: Increasing the X-ray energy leads to less sensitivity of the transmission factor to the skin thickness. Thus, to have the best possible quality of X-ray mammography images, the patient’s age may also be considered as well as the other factors, when selecting the proper energies and for fine-tuning the used X-ray generators.  }, Keywords = {X-ray, mammography, breast skin, attenuation coefficients, transmission factor, Monte Carlo, MCNP.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {971-978}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.25}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3978-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3978-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mpumelelo, N.}, title = {Estimation of effective dose using the dose length product in chest computed tomography procedures}, abstract ={Background: Approximation of radiation risks in computed tomography (CT) requires knowledge of specific organ doses. A Rando phantom and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) provide a proxy for in-vivo measurements. In this study, measured chest CT doses were used to calculate dose length product (DLP), a dosimetric needed for estimation of effective dose (E). Method and Materials: Ninety-five calibrated TLDs embedded at peripheral and central positions of Rando phantom chest slice measured chest CT dose during imaging using Phillips Brilliance 64-slice CT scanner. Three measurements were conducted each with new TLDs. Irradiated TLDs were read with a Harshaw TLD reader (Model 3500). One-way ANOVA test verified statistical significance of TLD measurements. TLD doses were used to calculate chest CT dose given as dose length product (DLP), a product of chest slice CT dose measured by volumetric CT dose index (CTDIv) multiplied by scan length. Consequently, E was calculated as the product of DLP and k, an adult chest conversion factor published by International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 103. Results:  Differences in mean TLDs measurements were statistically significant (p=0.032). The mean chest slice peripheral and center doses were 3.61 ± 0.6 and 4.60 ± 0.31 mGy respectively. Adult chest CT dose was 178.8 ± 15 mGy. E was estimated as 2.5 ± 0.21 mSv. It is than the range (5.6 – 9.3 mSv) found in literature. Conclusion: E relates radiation exposure to stochastic effects. The estimated value (E = 2.5±0.21 mSv), reveals that chest CT protocol used was optimized.}, Keywords = {Computed tomography, dose length product, thermoluminescent dosimeters, effective dose, optimization.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {979-986}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.26}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3979-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3979-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {El-Rouby, D.H. and El-Batouti, A.A.}, title = {The protective role of l-Carintine and vitamin E on gamma irradiated rat’s tongue mucosa}, abstract ={Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of L-carnitine (LC) against gamma-irradiation-induced oxidative damage in tongue of albino rats after total body irradiation with a single dose of 6 Gy. Materials and Methods: 48 adult rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 16 animals each. Group I was irradiated with a single dose of 6 Gy. Group II received a daily i.p. injection of LC (250 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 consecutive days and 1 h after the last dose, rats were irradiated with a single dose (6 Gy). Group III received a daily i.p. injection of LC (250 mg/kg, i.p.) and Vitamin E 40 mg/kg intramuscular daily  for 5 consecutive days and 1 h after the last dose, rats were irradiated with a single dose (6 Gy). At day 7 and day 14 after treatment exposure, 8 rats from each group were sacrificed. Results: Administration of LC resulted in attenuation of the histological changes noticed in irradiated rats. The number of p53 positive nuclei significantly decreased in rats receiving LC alone or in combination with VE. Conclusion: LC and VE has shown positive effect in minimizing the epithelial atrophy of tongue mucosa after radiotherapy, which was emphasized by decreasing apoptotic activity in these tissues.}, Keywords = {Gamma irradiation, tongue mucosa, L-carintine, vitamin E.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {987-922}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.27}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3980-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3980-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Shahi, A. and Shahnazar, F. and Nematolahi, S. and Dehghan, A. and Shojaeifard, M.B.}, title = {Does exposure to radiation emitted from mobile jammers influence the spatial memory?}, abstract ={Background: The central nervous system is sensitive to radiation exposure as environmental pollution. This project aimed to evaluate the influence of jammer exposure radiation on spatial learning and memory. Materials and Methods: 50 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups. The experimental groups were exposed to jammer radiation for 2h/day once or 2h/day for two weeks. Sham groups were similar to the experimental groups which were exposed to switch-off. The distance from the jammer router to the animals’ cages was 30 cm. In the second phase, using Morris Water Maze, the effect of jammer exposure radiation on spatial learning and memory was studied. Results: Data showed that radiation exposure once a day for 2h caused a significant increase in the learning procedure in the experimental group1, but we observed an increase in the parameters of distance and escape latency in finding the platform for two weeks' exposure in the experimental group 2. Conclusion: Results indicated that probably the motivation of escape and use of the different cues led to learning in the animals, while disrupting mobile performance through jammer router from animal environment caused a better brain performance in the spatial learning and memory in short term jammer radiation-treated animals group. However, with the same test conditions, in long term jammer the radiation-treated animals’ motivation reduced, which affected the responses and performance and reduced the learning. Moreover, environmental conflicts such as radiofrequency waves lead to behavioral alternations.}, Keywords = {Jammer router, Morris Water Maze, spatial learning and memory.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {993-1000}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.28}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3981-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3981-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Xiong, Q. and Zhang, T. and Su, S.}, title = {Efficacy of the inducing chemotherapy combined with synchronized chemotherapy and radiotherapy on the local advanced cervical cancer}, abstract ={Background: To explore the efficacy of inducing chemotherapy in combination with the synchronized chemotherapy and radiotherapy on the local advanced cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 212 patients with moderate or advanced cervical cancer who underwent their chemoradiotherapy were assessed. These patients were divided into the Group A, B and Group C. At 3 months, 1, 3, and 5 years after radiotherapy, efficacy and adverse effects evaluation were conducted. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Among Group A, B, and C, comparison over their short-term efficacy showed that the differences had no statistical significance (P > 0.05). The overall survival of patients in the Group A, B, and C was 90.12%, 85.29%, and 91.75% in the 1st year, 85.19%, 79.41%, and 88.66% in the 3rd year, and 82.72%, 73.53% and 84.54% in the 5th year; differences among these OS showed no statistical significance (P > 0.05). While the dose modification factor (DMF) rate in Group C was higher than those in Group A and B (P < 0.05), showing its radioprotective effect. The incidence of the blood responses at Grade 3 or 4 in Group A was significantly lower than those in Group B and C (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed a radioprotective effect of inducing chemotherapy in combination with the synchronized chemotherapy and radiotherapy, while the possibility of risk of blood responses was relatively high. So further studies assessing blood reactions are recommended in the long term.}, Keywords = {Cervical cancer, inducing chemotherapy, synchronized chemotherapy and radiotherapy, efficacy.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {1001-1007}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.29}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3982-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3982-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zincircioglu, S.B. and Dogan, M.H. and Kaya, M.A. and Teke, F.}, title = {Dosimetric comparison of prostate radiotherapy between pelvic node-positive and node-negative patients}, abstract ={Background: The importance of dose in prostate radiotherapy is well known, and the dosimetric effects of radiotherapy in node-positive or node-negative patients with prostate cancer have become an important issue. Materials and Methods: Helical tomotherapy (TH) plans of 19 pelvic node-positive [THpn(+) plan] or node-negative [THpn(-) plan] patients with prostate cancer were retrospectively created in our clinic. In these plans, the beam angle was set to cover the planning target volume (PTV) of prostate cancer and minimize the dose to the organs at risk, including the bladder, rectum, femoral head, and bowel. Results: There were no differences in the conformity index, Dmax, Dmean, and homogeneity index of PTV between the THpn (+) and THpn (-) plans (p>0.05). However, V95 in the THpn (+) plan was lower than that in the THpn (-) plan (p=0.017). Moreover, Dmax, V75, V70, V65, V60, V50, V40, V30, and V20 for the rectum were not significantly different between the two plans (p>0.05), whereas Dmean was significantly different (p=0.025). Dmax, V70, V65, and V60 for the bladder were not significantly different between the two plans (p>0.05), whereas V55, V50, V40, and V30 were significantly different (p<0.05). Finally, Dmax and V50 for the femoral head and bowel were significantly different between the two plans (p<0.05). Conclusion: The THpn (+)] and [THpn(-) plans achieved acceptable target dose coverage in prostate radiotherapy.}, Keywords = {Prostate cancer, TomoHelical, irradiation.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {1009-1014}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.30}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3989-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3989-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {HasanBasri, I.K. and Barnard, S. and Suvivan, V.A. and Rahardjo, T. and Nurhayati, S. and Rahajeng, N. and Lusiyanti, Y. and Tetriana, D. and Syukri, M. and Purnami, S. and Hiswara, E.}, title = {Correlation between γ -H2AX, micronucleus and annual occupational dose in medical radiation workers}, abstract ={Background: Medical workers are exposed to long-term low levels of ionizing radiation, which makes them vulnerable to DNA damage. There are potential occupational health hazards from radiation exposure in a large occupational segment of the population. Matherials and Methods: During this study, 69 blood samples were taken from 45 medical workers (including diagnostic radiologists, radiographers, and cathlab nurses) and 24 nonmedical workers as controls from three hospitals across Indonesia, and were analyzed for the presence of DNA damage. Detection of γ-H2AX expression as a biomarker of DNA DSB damage and the micronucleus assay were carried out by immunofluorescence microscopy and Giemsa staining, respectively. Results: The mean γ-H2AX foci index in workers was 0.02(0.00-0.24) and in control was 0.02(0.00-0.12), micronucleus frequency of workers (5-30 per 1000 cells) and control (12-29 per 1000 cells). The annual occupational dose of workers was recorded as (0.01-1.12 mSv). There was no statistical difference in the mean number of γ-H2AX foci and the micronuclei frequency between workers and controls, but there was a small tendency toward correlation between γ-H2AX foci and micronuclei frequency and the annual occupational dose of workers. Conclusions: γ-H2AX foci have the potential to be used as a biomarker to detect radiation-induced DNA DSB damage in workers caused by occupational dose exposure.}, Keywords = {γ-H2AX, micronucleus, occupational dose exposure, medical radiation workers.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {1015-1023}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.31}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3990-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3990-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Islam, S. and Ragab, E. and Eliwa, N.}, title = {Effect of UV rays on the Nerium oleander genome and assessment by the inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers}, abstract ={Background: Nerium oleander L. plant comprises a large number of components that are beneficial to human health The DNA polymorphism is a useful molecular genetics marker assessment to describe and recognize new germplasm for employing in the crop breeding programs. This study aims at determining the best time durations used to expose Nerium oleander cell suspensions cultures to UV-A rays, for studying differences in the DNA to create new cell lines. Material and Methods: In this study, ISSR was used for the identification of markers associated with the seven treatments exposed to UV-A rays of N. oleander cell suspensions cultures using 10 primers. Results: In the ISSR marker assay, all the primers amplified gave bands, but three primers (UBC810, UBC819 and UBC814) generated low polymorphism, two of them (UBC810 and UBC819) had given low polymorphism percentages (43%) and (19%) respectively and the third primer UBC814 had given a medium polymorphism percentage (57%). The highest value of similarity was 0.950, while the lowest similarity indexed was 0.012. The present study revealed that the Inter-simple sequence repeats   (ISSR) would be a useful assay to identify the genetic variations of the Nerium oleander genome under UV rays stress. Conclusion: This study revealed that the use of ultraviolet rays induces changes in the DNA of N. oleander cell suspensions cultures that produce new genotypes for use in cell lines programs.}, Keywords = {Nerium oleander, cell suspensions cultures, ISSR marker and UV rays.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {1025-1033}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.32}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3992-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3992-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Alasadi, L.A. and Alaboodi, A.S. and Alasadi, A.H. and Al-Taweel, M.H. and Abbas, F.S.}, title = {Measurements of natural radioactivity in soil samples around Kufa cement factory sites in Najaf governorate, Iraq}, abstract ={Background: This research focuses on the study of 40K, 238U, and 232Th in a specific area at Kufa Cement Factory Sites in Najaf Governorate, Iraq using the γ-ray spectrometry scintillation detector NaI(Tl). Materials and Methods: Samples of soil were collected from locations around the Kufa cement factory in Najaf city of Iraq that are about 10 km2  away from the center of Najaf city. They were analyzed to set the concentrations of natural radioactivity samples of 40K,238U and 232Th. Results: The specific activity values of 40k, 238U and 232Th varied from (378.54±11.39 to 2404.27±26.13)Bq/kg, (15.51±5.88 to 106.08±7.35) Bq/kg and (1.80±3.41 to78.19±3.05) Bq/kg continually. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that the convergences of radiation and doses due to radionuclides in the overviewed area are higher than the safety field of the worldwide average (UNSCAR 2000). Almost all of the radiological parameters are inconsequential to cause any dangerous health problems to people living in the area.}, Keywords = {Radioactivity in soil samples around Kufa}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {1035-1040}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.33}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3993-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3993-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Vafapour, H. and Dashtian, K. and Salehi, Z.}, title = {A study to analyze local dose reference level values in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad as a deprived area}, abstract ={Background: Local Dose Reference Level (LDRL) values as the standard radiation dose of all radiography examinations are used in medical imaging to reveal the patient dose level or administered activity for a specified imaging procedure. Materials and Methods: The incident air kerma (Ki) was measured for five radiographic examinations (Skull AP/Lat, Chest AP/Lat, Lumbar AP/Lat, Thoracic AP/Lat and Pelvic AP) throughout the province of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-ahmad (as a deprived area). The founding DRLs results were sort; the third quartile was selected as the average DRL and compared with the other DRLs provinces of Iran as well as the standard data of developed countries. Results: The radiographic LDRL were found to be 0.72, 1.62, 3.06, 2.96, 7.21, 9.99, 7.1, 8.42 and 5.56 mGy for Chest PA, Chest Lat, Skull AP, Skull Lat, Lumbar AP, Lumbar Lat, Thoracic AP, Thoracic Lat and Pelvic AP, respectively. Conclusion: The founding revealed that if the applied radiation protocols are as same as developed countries the DRL values in some projections such as the lumbar vertebrae could be close to international references.}, Keywords = {LDRL, radiography, deprived area}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {1041-1044}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.34}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3994-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3994-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Yavari, S. and Geramifar, P. and Fallahpoor, M. and Changizi, V. and Gholami, M. and Meysamie, A. and Farzanehfar, S. and Abbasi, M.}, title = {The effect of lithium on radioiodine thyroid tissue ablation}, abstract ={Background: Pretreatment with lithium in thyroid cancer patients before radioiodine therapy (RIT) has been suggested to improve the results of therapy in terms of higher radiation to thyroid tissue and limiting extra-thyroid irradiation. Materials and Methods: The beta and gamma radiation to the thyroid gland and lungs in 8 female New Zealand rabbits weighing 2.7 to 3.6 kg were simulated employing GATE Monte Carlo code. The study design was before-after and crossover; rabbits were orally treated with 165 to 288 µCi 131I with or without pretreatment with 60 mg per day lithium. SPECT/CT imaging was done 20 to 24 hours after RIT providing the distribution and attenuation maps for simulation. The S-values were calculated and compared between the rabbits prepared with and without lithium before RIT by analysis of covariance. Results: For beta radiation, the thyroid to lung S-value ratios (TLR) was 10.5 ± 1.6 with lithium pretreatment and 15.9 ± 12.5 without it. For gamma rays, TLR was 4.8 ± 1.8 vs. 6.7 ± 3.1 in rabbits with and without lithium pretreatment. The values of TLR were higher without lithium pretreatment but statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Lithium demonstrated no improvement in radioiodine uptake in thyroid tissue. Pretreatment of differentiated thyroid cancer patients with lithium before RIT, which is backed by old literature, should be reconsidered.}, Keywords = {Monte Carlo simulation, lithium, 131I, specific dosimetry.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {1045-1048}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.35}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3995-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3995-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Hafezi, L. and Divband, D. and Deevband, M.R.}, title = {New method to organ dose assessment in cone-beam computed tomography using ImPACT software}, abstract ={Background: This study sought to assess the organ absorbed dose using ImPACT software and evaluate the effect of small and large fields of view (FOVs) for three cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) devices on the organ absorbed dose. Materials and Methods: The weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDIw) is measured using a pencil ionization chamber which was incorporated in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom for three CBCT devices with small and large FOVs. The calculated CTDIw was entered into the ImPACT software. Then the organ absorbed dose of the thyroid gland, salivary glands, oral mucosa, skin, brain, and red bone marrow and the whole-body effective dose were calculated by the software. Results: Irrespective of the type of CBCT device, the organ absorbed dose was obtained higher value in use of a larger FOV (P<0.01). The mean organ absorbed dose in use of large and small FOVs was 0.13 and 0.08 for New Tom GiANO, 0.49 and 0.13 for Vista Vox S and 0.69 and 0.38 for XMIND Trium, respectively. Salivary glands had the highest organ absorbed dose among all of the organs within the field. Larger FOVs yielded higher whole-body effective and organ absorbed doses compared with smaller FOVs.  Conclusion: The results showed that using the ImPACT software to estimate the organ absorbed dose can serve as a suitable alternative to other costly and time-consuming methods available for this dose assessment in CBCT.}, Keywords = {Absorbed dose, organ absorbed dose, field of view, cone-beam computed tomography.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {1049-1053}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.36}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3996-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3996-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {LaForgia, D. and Armenio, A. and Cutrignelli, D. and DeSantis, V. and Fanizzi, A. and Maiorella, A. and Scattone, A. and Ressa, C.M.}, title = {MRI role in the periprosthetic lymphoma screening: a case report}, abstract ={Anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (BI-ALCL) is a rare primitive lymphoma found particularly in women with textured breast implant prostheses, which has been arousing interest in recent years due to its potentially high social impact. The difficult diagnosis together with the increasingly high number of prosthetic implants worldwide has led to a hypothesize of an underestimation of its real impact in prosthesis-bearing women. The clinical onset usually occurs with a cold seroma and disease confined to the prosthetic capsule while the more advanced stages may involve 1 or more lymph nodes or, rarely, distant metastases. Early diagnosis is essential as the disease has a favorable prognosis in over 90% of cases when detected in the early stages while it often has a poor prognosis in the advanced ones: despite this, the radiological signs of early disease are still non-specific. This report describes a case of BI-ALCL confined to the capsule which was studied using all diagnostic techniques in order to highlight its early radiological signs.}, Keywords = {Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, breast magnetic resonance, breast cancer, radiomic analysis, computer-aided diagnosis.}, volume = {19}, Number = {4}, pages = {1055-1058}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, doi = {10.52547/ijrr.19.4.37}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3997-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-3997-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2021} }