@article{ author = {M.Rezvani, and G.A.Ross, and K.Lamb, and J.H.Wilkinson,}, title = {Effects of Pentoxifylline on the healing of irradiated wounds in pig skin}, abstract ={Background: This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of Pentoxifylline (PTX) in the treatment of irradiated wounds. Materials and Methods: Ten female pigs of the Large White strain were used in these investigations. Six skin fields, 4 * 4 cm and separated from each other by 4 cm, were marked out on each flank and those on left flank were irradiated with 18Gy single dose of 250 kV X-rays. The animals were then randomly allocated to one of three groups. Ten weeks after irradiation a 2 * 2 cm surgical wound was produced, by removing the skin up to facia level, at the centre of the original skin fields. This was done on both irradiated (left flank) and unirradiated control (right flank) fields. Two groups of animals were treated by daily oral gavaging, with 13.3mg/kg/day PTX dissolved in 10 ml water while a group of control animals received only 10 ml water by oral gavage as placebo. PTX treatment started either two weeks prior to wounding or at the day of wounding. The progression of the healing of excision wounds were evaluated periodically by assessment of wound contraction. Results and Conclusion: Overall, irradiated wounds healed much slower than unirradiated wounds. While PTX treatment had no effect on the healing rate of unirradiated wounds it appeared that treating the animals with PTX delayed the healing of irradiated wounds. This was true whether PTX treatment started two weeks prior to or at the time of wounding. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (1): 1-7}, Keywords = {, wound healing, Pentoxifylline, pig skin}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-35-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-35-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {K.Firouznia, and H.Ghanaati, and H.Hashemi, and N.Ahmadinezhad, and H.Soroush, and M.Shakiba,}, title = {Percutaneous laser photocoagulation of osteoid osteoma: Assessment of treatment in nine cases}, abstract ={ABSTRACT Background: Osteoid osteoma is a benign bony neoplasm and its classic treatment is surgery. In the r ecent decades percutaneous laser therapy was suggested to be replaced by surgery. In this study we have reviewed the results of the first applications of interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) for treatment of osteoid osteoma in Iranian patients. Materials and Methods: In this case series study, we evaluated 9 known cases of osteoid osteoma that were referred for ILP from orthopedic section of Imam Khomeini hospital during 2001 and 2002. Diagnosis was confirmed by plain X-ray, CT, isotope & MR scan. ILP was done by interventional radiologists of medical imaging center. Percutaneous ILP was performed by Nd-Yag laser, using 400-1000 joules energy (according to nidus size) and adjusting on 2 watts power. Results: The procedure was successful in all patients. We had pain relief in 24 hours. Follow up from 5 months to one year showed no recurrence. Conclusion: The procedure is a safe and effective method for patients and could be applied for proper cases.}, Keywords = {, interstitial laser photocoagulation, CT scan, bone tumors, interventional radiology}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-14}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-42-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-42-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {S.Hosseini, and H.Mozdarani,}, title = {Induction of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) by calyculin A for biodosimetry}, abstract ={Background: Premature chromosome condensation (PCC) is a method for interphase chromosome analysis in biodosimetry. This study was performed to verify the usefulness of PCC induced by calyculin A in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) for biological dosimetry and possible construction of dose-response curve. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood was obtained from a healthy donor and exposed to various doses (0.25–4 Gy) of γ -rays. The frequency of simple breaks and dicentrics were scored in G2/M chromosomes of Giemsa stained cells. Results: Results show that the frequency of simple chromosome breaks appears to increase linearly with dose while the frequency of dicentrics apparently increases linear-quadratically with the dose. Conclusion: Induction of chromosome condensation by calyculin A is a powerful biodisimetric method, which provides a high number of spreads for analysis. With the use of this method, it is possible to overcome problems related to low mitotic index or cell-cycle alterations in routine metaphase analysis and low fusion rate in conventional PCC technique. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (1): 15-20}, Keywords = {, PCC, calyculin A, human lymphocytes}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {15-20}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-36-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-36-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {S.M.J.Mortazavi, and M.Ghiassi-Nejad, and M.Bakhshi, and M.Jafari-Zadeh, and A.Kavousi, and J.Ahmadi, and A.Shareghi,}, title = {Entrance surface dose measurement on the thyroid gland in orthopantomography: The need for optimization}, abstract ={Background: The anatomic position and proven radiosensitivity of the thyroid make it an organ of concern in dental X-ray examinations. A National Radiation Protection Department (NRPD)-sponsored pilot study carried out in the Dental Radiology Department of RUMS., to assess if the radiation dose in panoramic radiographies could be reduced without significant impairment of the subjective image quality. Materials and Methods: Thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) is widely acknowledged to be the recommended method for measuring entrance surface doses (ESD). In this study, ESD was measured using LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD-100) on the thyroid of 40 patients who had referred to the School of Dentistry , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Patients were not exposed to any additional radiation and the radiographs were used for diagnostic purposes. TLDs were calibrated with radiation energies similar to those commonly used in orthopantomography. Results: The overall mean ESD on the thyroid in orthopantomography was 0.071 ± 0.012 mGy (ranged from 0.01 to 0.40 mGy). The mean ESD for radiographies performed with 66 kVp (20 patients) and 68 kVp (20 patients) were 0.072 ± 0.019, and 0.070 ± 0.016 respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between these means. Conclusions: The measured surface doses in our study are inconsistent with the only one already reported about the same experiment. However, due to lack of national diagnostic reference levels for orthopantomography, it is not clear whether in case of the PM 2002 CC unit used in this experiment, reducing the radiation dose to a level that still keeps a diagnostically acceptable image quality is necessary. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (1): 21-26}, Keywords = {, OPG, panoramic radiography, entrance surface dose, thyroid}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {21-26}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-37-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-37-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {P.Abdolmaleki, and M.MokhtariDizaji, and M.R.Vahead, and M.Gity,}, title = {Logistic discriminant analysis of breast cancer using ultrasound measurements}, abstract ={Background: Logistic discriminant method was applied to differentiate malignant from benign in a group of patients with proved breast lesions on the basis of ultrasonic parameters. Materials and Methods: Our database include 273 patients' ultrasonographic pictures consisting of 14 quantitative variables. The measured variables were ultrasound propagation velocity, acoustic impedence and attenuation coefficient at 10 MHz in breast lesions at 20, 25, 30 and 35 º C temperature, physicsl density and age. This database was randomly divided into the estimation of 201 and validation of 72 samples. The estimation samples were used to build the logistic discriminant model, and validation samples were used to validate the performance. Finally, important criteria such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were evaluated. Results: Our results showed that the logistic discriminant method was able to classify correctly 67 out of 72 cases presented in the validation sample. The results indicate a remarkable diagnostic accuracy of 93%. Conclusion: A logistic discriminantor approach is capable of predicting the probability of malignancy of breast cancer. Features extracted from ultrasonic measurement on ultrasound imaging is used in this approach. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (1): 27-34}, Keywords = {, ultrasonic tissue characterization, ultrasonic imaging, logistic discriminant analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC)}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {27-34}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-38-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-38-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {F.Abbasisiar, and T.Hosseini, and A.Fathivand, and Gh.Heravi,}, title = {Determination of uranium isotopes (234U, 238U) and natural uranium (U-nat) in water samples by alpha spectrometry}, abstract ={Background: Due to the potential public health effects of releases of uranium to the environment, isotopic determination and measurement of this radionuclide in environmental samples is very important. Achieving this goal, monitoring programs for this radionuclide seems necessary to be applied in many countries. Materials and Methods: The uranium was separated from the water samples using anion exchange resin (Dowex 1×8 Cl- form) and then purified by electrodeposition or co-precipitation method with Lanthanide fluorides such as Lanthanum fluoride (LaF3) and finally the prepared source it is counted by Alpha spectrometry. Results: The activity of 234U, 238U and natural uranium (U-nat) in 4 water samples, sent by Analytical Quality Control Services (AQCS) center of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), were determined and the results were compared with the AQCS laboratories data. The ranges of measured activities for low and high activity samples were from 3.217×10-3 to 597 Bq/kg respectively. Conclusion: Since the results were relatively close to the AQCS data, the applied procedure seems to be proper for isotopic uranium determination. It was observed that in case of low activity level samples, preparing source by co-precipitation method showed more accurate results. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (1): 35-40}, Keywords = {, activity, anion exchange resin, electrodeposition, co-precipitation, alpha spectrometry}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {35-40}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-39-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-39-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {T.Hosseini, and A.A.Fathivand,}, title = {Measurement of radium micro-precipitates using alpha spectrometry and total alpha counting methods}, abstract ={Background: This study consists of two parts. The first part deals with both qualitative and quantitative analysis of 226Ra using alpha spectrometry measurement method. In the second part, the percentage of radioactive equilibrium between 226 Ra and its daughter products were determined by alpha spectrometry and total alpha measurement system after elapsed time of 15 days from precipitation. Materials and Methods: Twelve 226Ra samples as barium-radium sulfate in form of micro-precipitate on millipore and Whatman #42 filters were prepared. An alpha spectrometer with surface barrier detector and a total alpha measurement system consists of scintillation crystal assembly ZnS (Ag) were used for counting. Results: The minimum detection limit of alpha spectrometry and total alpha counting for 226Ra measurements in samples for counting time equal to 10000 seconds, were found to be 3.7 mBq and 15.8 mBq respectively. Results from total alpha counting showed that radioactive equilibrium between 226Ra and its daughter products reached to about 92%±3.5, where as, in the case of alpha spectrometry radioactive equilibrium, it was destroyed due to vacuum during counting the sample. Also in case of alpha spectrometry, the optimum sample to detector distance, was found to be 0.5 centimeter. Conclusion: From this study it was concluded that micro-precipitation can be used as a proper method for sample preparation and alpha spectrometry due to its lower detection limit to measure low concenteration of 224Ra and 226Ra in these precipitates, prepared from different samples. Besides it is not time consuming and sources can be measured immediately after sample preparation. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (1): 41-44}, Keywords = {, micro-precipitate, millipore and Whatman filters, alpha spectrometry, total alpha counter}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {41-44}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-40-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-40-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {P.Rowshanfarzad, and A.R.Jalilian, and M.Sabet,}, title = {Simultaneous production and quality control of 73Se and 75Se radioisotopes in a 30 MeV cyclotron}, abstract ={Background : Selenium-73 (T 1/2 =7.1h) and Selenium-75 (T 1/2 =119.8d) are useful radioisotopes in many research fields. The wide ranges of applications of these radioisotopes arose great interest for their production. Simultaneous production of 73 Se and 75 Se is more cost-effective and less time-consuming. Materials and Methods : 73 As (p, 3n) 73 Se and 75 As (p,n) 75 Se reactions were determined as the best choices for the production of 73 Se and 75 Se radioisotopes, according to the present facilities and conditions. The bombardment was performed by 30 MeV protons in Cyclone 30-IBA accelerator. ALICE and SRIM nuclear codes were used to determine the best energy and target thicknesses. Targets were specifically designed for simultaneous production of the radioisotopes as two consecutive pellets. Chemical processing was performed by no carrier added solvent extraction method. Radio-TLC was performed on polymer backed silica gel. A colorimetricmethod was used for chemical quality control. Radionuclidic quality control of the inal products was carried out by gamma spectroscopy with HPGe detector. Results: The production yield was 5.3 mCi/µAh for 73 Se and 50 µCi/µAh and 678 µCi/µAh for 75 Se in the first and second pellets respectively. The specific activity of 73 Se was 1.06 mCi/ml and that of 75 Se was 135.6 µCi/ml after one hour of proton bombardment with a current of 5µA. The isotopic purity of 73 Se was 99% in the first pellet and that of 75 Se was 100% in the second, just after the end of bombardment. A 0.04 ppm colorimetric method showed no traces of arsenic in the final product. Conclusion : The quick and inexpensive procedure used in this research, resulted in high yields,high chemical and high isotopic purity for both radioisotopes. It can be considered as the method of choice for simultaneous production of 73 Se and 75 Se. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (1): 45-51}, Keywords = {, Selenium-73, cyclotron, simultaneous production, quality control}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {45-51}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-41-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-41-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {M.HajizadehSaffar, and M.R.Ghavamnasiri, and H.Gholamhosseinian,}, title = {Assessment of variation of wedge factor with depth, field size and SSD for Neptun 10PC Linac in Mashhad Imam Reza Hospital}, abstract ={Background: In radiotherapy, wedge filters are used for optimizing the tumor dose distribution in patients. The attenuation in beam intensity due to the presence of wedge filter is compensated by means of a wedge factor measured at the central axis of the beam. The field size, depth and SSD dependence of wedge factor have been assessed for 9MV radiations of Neptun PC linear accelerator. Materials and Methods: Wedge factors (WF) at different SSD, field size (FS) and depth (d) in water were measured for 8 steel wedges with different sizes and angles of 15, 30, 45, and 60 degree. Experimental data were obtained using Neptun 10PC, Linac 9MV X-ray machine, a 3D water phantom, dosimeters and an electrometer. To study the effect of field size on WF, the wedge factor was measured for square field sizes from 5 ´ 5 to 20 ´ 20 cm, with 1 cm increment intervals for all wedges and, at the depth of 10 cm, SSD of 100 cm with monitor unit (MU) of 80. Effects of depth on WF were studied by measurement in various depths from 3-19cm for all wedge angles at SSD of 100cm, field size of 10 ´ 10cm and 80 MU irradiation. Effects of SSD on WF were investigated by a variation of SSD from 90-110cm with 5cm increment intervals while the dosimeter was set at depth of 10cm and field size of 10 ´ 10cm were irradiated for 80MU. Results: Linear dependence of WF with field size and depth of measurements were confirmed with 95% certainty. Shapiro-Wilk test, showed that the residual data of the regression tests have normal distributions (P>0.05). There was also found no linear relationship between WF and SSD (P>0.05). Conclusion: WF has linear dependence with field size and depth of measurements, but the rate of variations are less than 2.2% per 10cm variation in field size and less than 1.3% per 10 cm variation in depth of measurements, therefore, correction of WF for field size and depth of treatments in clinical trials is negligible. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (2): 53-58}, Keywords = {,linear accelerator,wedge filter,Wedge factor}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {53-58}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-56-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-56-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {A.Sattari, and S.Dadashzadeh, and G.Nasiroghli, and H.Firoozabadi,}, title = {Radiation dose to the nuclear medicine nurses}, abstract ={Background: People who have been administrated radiopharmaceuticals could be a source of radiation to their relatives, medical nurses, and people who are in contact with them. The aim of this work was to estimate radiation dose received by nuclear medicine nurses. Materials and Methods: In this study, the dose rates at various distances of 5 – 100 cm from 70 patients, who were administered diagnostic amounts of 201Tl-Chloride and 99mTc-MIBI, were measured using an ionization chamber. For determination of external radiation dose to the nurses, three different time intervals were used for measurements. Results: The maximum values of external dose rates of 201Tl and 99mTc-MIBI were 11.2 µSv/h ±2.3 and 43.1µSv/h ±11.9 respectively, at 5cm from the patients. Significant exposure from patients after injection of 99mTc-MIBI was limited to the day of administration. Departure dose rate of 201Tl fell gradually so, it became significant by 3 days after administration. Maximum and average absorbed dose of nuclear medicine staff from 201Tl, was 4.6 and 2.7 µSv/h, and for 99mTc-MIBI was 18.1 and 9.8 µSv/h in each scan. Conclusion: Significant exposure from the patients is limited to the few hours after administratio n, therefore patients should be recommended to urinate frequently before leaving the nuclear medicine department. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (2): 59-62}, Keywords = {,External radiation,absorbed dose,radioactive patients}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {59-62}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-57-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-57-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {F.Tabeie, and I.NeshandarAsli, and S.M.Aghamiri, and K.Arbabi,}, title = {Staff and patient absorbed doses due to diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures}, abstract ={Background: Annual patient effective dose equivalent can be considered as a quantitative physical parameter describing the activities performed in each nuclear medicine department. Annual staff dose equivalent could be also considered as a parameter describing the amount of radiation risk for performing the activities. We calculated the staff to patient dose equivalent ratio to be used as a physical parameter for quantification of ALARA law in nuclear medicine departments. Materials and Methods: As a part of nationwide study, this paper reports the staff and patient absorbed dose equivalents from diagnostic nuclear medicine examinations performed in four nuclear medicine departments during 1999-2002. The type and frequency of examinations in each department were determined directly from hospital medical reports. Staff absorbed dose equivalents were calculated from regular personal dosimeter reports. Results: The total number of examinations increased by 16.7% during these years. Annual patient collective dose equivalent ( EDE ) increased about 13.0% and the mean effective dose equivalent per exam was 3.61±0.07 mSv. Annual total staff absorbed dose equivalent (total of 24 radiation workers) in four departments increased from 40.45 mSv to 47.81 mSv during four years that indicates an increase of about 20.6%. The average of annual ratios of staff to patient effective dose equivalents in four departments were 1.83×10-3, 1.04×10-3, 3.28×10-3 and 3.24×10-3, respectively, within a range of 0.9×10-3 – 4.17×10-3 . The mean value of ratios in four years was about 2.24×10-3 ± 1.09×10-3 that indicates the staff dose of about two 1000th of patient dose. Conclusion: The mean value of ratios in four years was about 1.89×10-3 ± 0.95×10-3 indicating the staff dose of about one 1000th of the patient dose. The staff to patient absorbed dose equivalent ratio could be used as a quantitative parameter for describing ALARA law in radiation protection and risk-benefit assessments. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (2): 63-68}, Keywords = {,staff and patient effective dose equivalent,Diagnostic nuclear medicine}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {63-68}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-58-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-58-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {A.S.Monfared, and M.Amiri, and H.Mozdarani, and Z.Moazzezi,}, title = {Can previous thyroid scan induce cytogenetic radioadaptive response in patients treated by radioiodine for hyperthyroidism?}, abstract ={Background: Induction of radioadaptive responses in cells pretreated with a low dose radiation before exposure to a high dose is well documented by many investigators. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of chromosomal aberration in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients treated by radioiodine (131I) for hyperthyroidism, with or without previous thyroid scan with 99mTc. Materials and Methods: Venous blood samples were obtained from 35 patients one month after radioiodine therapy and cytogenetically evaluated using analysis of metaphase in two groups. The first group (n = 15, 13 females and 2 males, mean age= 44.7 ±11.5 years and mean weight 74.4±7.9 Kg) received 5 mCi 99mTc for thyroid scanning 38.6±19.9 days before radioiodine therapy with 10.4 ± 3.4 mCi 131I. The second group (n = 20, 14 females and 6 males, mean age = 41.0 ± 10.8 years and mean weight = 68.1±9.2 Kg) didn't have history of thyroid scanning. We also studied a control group (n = 29, 11 Females and 8 males, mean age = 33.7±7.4 and mean weight = 70.0±8.8 Kg) who didn't have any history of diagnostic or therapeutic and also occupational exposure. Results: The mean frequency of total chromosomal aberrations in the first and second groups and controls were 1.46 ±1.55, 1.65 ± 1.62 and 0.93 ± 0.92 respectively. Results also showed that the mean frequency of total chromosome aberration in two groups were higher than controls and significantly higher in patients who had not received 99mTc compared those who had undertaken thyroid scan before radioiodine therapy (p=0.03). Conclusion: These findings may indicate the fact that the radiation dose received from 99mTc could induce resistance to subsequent higher radiation dose of 131I in peripheral blood lymphocytes and it might be due to cytogenetic radioadaptive response. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (2): 69-7 4}, Keywords = {,Radioadaptive response,thyroid scan,radioiodine therapy,chromosome aberrations}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {69-74}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-59-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-59-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {M.M.Ahasan,}, title = {Assessment of radiation dose in nuclear medicine hot lab}, abstract ={Background: Hot lab is a specially designed room in a nuclear medicine hospital where the radiopharmaceuticals are delivered, stored and prepared for dispensing. 99Mo/99mTc-generator is the major source in the hot lab used for various medical imaging. It is important to maintain a standard for hot lab procedures to optimize the patient care and minimize radiation exposure to all nuclear medicine personnel, patients, public, as well as environment. Materials and Methods: The radiation doses in the hot lab were measured by GM and NaI Detectors for about 12 months. Package surface doses and generator surface doses were also measured. An increase in the counted rate above background was considered for the study. A constant distance was made in every step. Results: At the receipt date, the 99Mo/99mTc-generator surface dose (450±150 μGy/hr) found to be nearly six times higher than the package surface dose (80±20 μGy/hr). The dose rate at the outer surface of the fume-hood glass found to be 80±15 μGy/hr in the 1st day of generator placement, whereas at the 2nd day it was 70±12 μGy/hr showing a gradual decline in dose rate during 3rd (50±10 μGy/hr), 4th (40±9 μGy/hr), 5th day (30±6 μGy/hr) and 6th day (25±4 μGy/hr). Conclusion: In the 1st day of a generator storing in the hot lab, the dose rate found to be 3-4 times higher than the 6th days. The dose rate at various places indicated poor performance of the fume-hood glass. The study emphasizes on the need of growing awareness among all the radiation workers and encouraging the safe working practices in nuclear medicine. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (2): 75-78}, Keywords = {,99Mo/99mTc-generators,, radiation survey meters,hot lab,radiation workers}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {75-78}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-60-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-60-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {M.T.BahreyniToossi, and A.R.KhoshbinKhoshnazar,}, title = {Measurement of stereotactic beam data of 9 MV X-rays using diode detector}, abstract ={Background: Radiosurgery is a focal brain irradiation technique that delivers, usually in a single session, high dose of ionizing radiation. The presence of lateral electronic disequilibrium and steep dose gradients in small fields demands special attention to the selection of a suitable detector with respect to its size, composition and response. Materials and Methods : Small circular fields were produced by home-made collimators attached to a 9MV Neptun 10 PC linac ranging from 12.5mm to 25 mm at isocenter level in 2.5 mm increment. Stereotactic beam data including percent depth dose, off axis ratio and output factor were measured using p-type silicon chip detector in a water phantom. Beam data were plotted for all available collimator sizes. Results: Percent depth dose values at depth of 100 cm show 10 percent increase with enlargement of the field sizes from 12.5 mm to 25mm. Small overestimation of output factor has been observed using diode detector. Conclusion: It is concluded for stereotactic radiosurgery with higher energy photon diode detector could be a good and reasonable choice to measure percent depth dose and off axis ratio. Regarding the output factor, it is better to compare the results with those obtained by other detectors. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (2): 79-84}, Keywords = {,Stereotactic radiosurgery,diode detector,beam data,auxiliary collimator}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {79-84}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-61-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-61-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {S.A.Haeri, and H.Mozdarani, and M.Foroghizadeh, and A.Mahmoudzadeh,}, title = {Determination of dose-response relationship in cultured human lymphocytes for biological dosimetry}, abstract ={Background: Lymphocyte-dicentric assay is the most generally accepted method for biological dosimetry of overexposed individuals. In this study, the frequency of unstable chromosome aberration in blood lymphocytes was used to estimate radiation dose received by individuals. Evaluation of dose using a calibration curve produced elsewhere may have a significant uncertainty therefore, experiments were performed to produce a dose-response curve using an established protocol of international atomic energy agency. Materials and Methods: Lymphocytes in whole peripheral blood obtained from healthy individuals, were exposed to various doses of gamma radiation (0.25 – 4 Gy). Then after 1 hour of incubation in 37 oC, were cultured in complete RPMI-1640 medium. 500 mitoses were analysed for the presence or absence of unstable chromosomal aberrations for each radiation dose after the standard metaphase preparation and staining slides. Results and Conclusion: Intercellular distribution of dicentric chromosomes at each radiation dose has been used to contrast a dose-response curve. It seems that dose-effect relationship follows with the linear-quadratic model. There is a good agreement between our dose-response curves with similar published studies by other laboratories. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (2): 85-8 8}, Keywords = {,Biological dosimetry,calibration curve,dicentric chromosome,human lymphocytes}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {85-88}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-62-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-62-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {H.Pourbeigi, and H.Ghafourian, and A.S.Meigooni, and M.Taghizadeh-asl, and A.R.Ghahremani,}, title = {Dosimetry of 188Re and 186Re sources based on Monte Carlo calculations for endovascular brachytherapy after balloon angioplasty}, abstract ={Background: Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies indicate that irradiation in the dose range of 15 to 30 Gy can reduce rate of restenosis in patients who have undergone an angioplasty. The use of filled balloon with radioactive solution was proposed as one of the possible intravascular irradiation techniques. Materials and Methods: The Monte Carlo N-particle Transport Code (MCNP4b) was used to calculate the dose rate distribution in the tissue equivalent material around the 188Re and 186Re liquid sources. Schematic of Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) for homogeneous distribution of radio-nuclide in a lesion was used for mean organ absorbed dose calculation due to the internal distribution. Results: Results indicate that 188Re liquid with 100 mCi/ml and 186Re liquid with 250 mCi/ml can deliver desired dose in the vessel wall to reduce restenosis. The dose ratio in depth of 0.5 mm to surface of vessel wall for 188Re and 186Re were 40% and 18%, respectively. Therefore in case of 186Re, there is a little non-uniformity with respect to the 188Re case. The delivery of form 186Re dose to normal tissue around target tissue is less than 188Re. Conclusion: Use of the Monte Carlo simulation with 188Re-DTPA and 186Re-DTPA for intra-vascular brachytherapy is a feasible method of delivering a desired dose to the vessel walls. Although188Re-DTPA delivers the desired dose to the target tissue with lower radioactive concentration (mCi/ml), but with the use of 186Re-DTPA, the delivery dose to normal tissue around the target tissue is less. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (2): 89-95}, Keywords = {,Dosimetry,Monte-Carlo,188Re,186Re,endovascular brachytherapy}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {89-95}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-63-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-63-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {A.S.Meigooni,}, title = {Recent developments in brachytherapy source dosimetry}, abstract ={Application of radioactive isotopes is the treatment of choice around the globe for many cancer sites. In this technique, the accuracy of the radiation delivery is highly dependent on the accuracy of radiation dosimetry around individual brachytherapy sources. Moreover, in order to have compatible clinical results, an identical method of source dosimetry must be employed across the world. This problem has been recently addressed by Task Group 43 (TG43) from the American Association of Medical Physics (AAPM) with a protocol for dosimetric characterizatio n of brachytherapy sources. This new protocol has been further updated using published data from international sources, by a new Task Group from the AAPM. This has resulted in an updated protocol known as TG43U1 that has been published in March 2004 issue of Medical Physics. The goal of this presentation is to review the original TG43 protocol and associated algorithms for brachytherapy source dosimetry. In addition, the shortcomings of the original protocol that has been resolved in the updated recommendation will be highlighted. I am sure that this is not the end of the line and more work is needed to complete this task. I invite the scientists to join this task and complete the project, with the hope of much better clinical results for cancer patients. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (3): 97-105}, Keywords = {,, radiation dosimetry,Brachytherapy}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {97-105}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-64-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-64-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {A.R.Jalilian, and P.Rowshanfarzad, and J.Moafian, and M.Kamali-dehghan, and M.Mirzaii,}, title = {Preparation of [64Cu] Pyruvaldehyde-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) complex as a PET and/or therapeutic radiopharmaceutical}, abstract ={Background: Copper-64 (T1/2=12.7 h) is an important radionuclide used both in PET imaging and therapy. [64Cu]-pyruvaldehyde-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) ([64Cu]-PTSM) is one of the most famous copper radiopharmaceuticals with unique specifications (suitable half life, stability, etc.). The wide range of 64Cu applications arouse great interest for its production. Materials and Methods: Cu-64 was produced via the 68Zn (p, α n) 64Cu nuclear reaction and isolated from the irradiated target by a two-step chemical method. [64Cu]-PTSM was prepared using in-house made PTSM ligand and [64Cu] cuprous acetate. The complex formation parameter s (time, temperature, concentration and elution methods) were determined carefully. Results: Copper-64 was prepared in chloride form (≈200 mCi, >95% chemical yield at 180 μA for 1.1 h irradiation, radionuclidic purity >96%, copper-67 as impurity). The solution of 64Cu-PTSM was prepared in >80% radiochemical yield and more than 98% radiochemical purity. Quality controls and stability tests were performed for the final solution. Conclusion: [64Cu]-PTSM was prepared at the radiopharmaceutical scales with high quality and potential to be used in therapeutic/imaging centers. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (3): 107-115}, Keywords = {,hypoxia imaging, cyclotron,targeted therapy, PTSM,Copper-64,PET}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {107-115}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-65-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-65-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Sh.Akhlaghpoor, and H.Khani, and F.Kossari, and M.H.Zahmatkesh,}, title = {MRI evaluation of rabbit bone marrow after acute irradiation}, abstract ={Background: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a safe modality and useful in characterizing normal and abnormal bone marrow (BM). MRI also presents a more global view of BM than biopsy therefore, it may provide a better understanding of hematologic disorders. The purpose of this study was to monitor radiation-induced alterations of BM in acute phase of irradiation (1-10 day after total body irradiation (TBI)) with conventional MRI. Materials and Methods: Twelve New Zealand adult male white rabbits (10 for TBI and 2 as controls) were irradiated to 6 Gy gamma rays. MRI was performed for each rabbit femoral marrow and marginal muscles around femur region (as internal control) using T1- weighted (W) and SPIR (TR/TE 631/15) techniques before and after (24h, 48h, 72h, 5d, 10d) post TBI. Results: The results were expressed as MR signal ratio (mean MR signal of femur/mean MR signal of muscle). The BM MR –signal intensity (SI) values were subsequently compared to the histologic values of BM cellularity, edema and hemorrhage. Values of T1-SI of BM for 1 to 5 days after irradiation was smaller than those the values for before irradiation data (P < 0.006). SPIR-SI values of BM in 3, 5 and 10 days were less than values for before irradiation (P < 0.001). Since SI depends to edema and hemorrhage the high correlation between cellularity and T1-SI (r = 0.725, P = 0.018) or SPIR-SI(r = 0.814, P = 0.004) was not found. Conclusion: This study indicated that radiation-induced modification of BM-SI is tightly linked to the parameters like decline of all hematopoietic cell lines, edema and hemorrhage. It was concluded that MRI can distinguish normal from irradiated BM so that radiation-induced alterations in BM could be assessed with MRI. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (3): 117-126}, Keywords = {,Acute irradiation,BM cellularity,BM edema & hemorrhage,MR -SI}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {117-126}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-66-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-66-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {S.M.J.Mortazavi, and A.Shareghi, and M.Ghiassi-Nejad, and A.Kavousi, and M.Jafari-Zadeh, and F.Nazeri, and H.Mozdarani,}, title = {The need for national diagnostic reference levels: Entrance surface dose measurement in intraoral radiography}, abstract ={Background: Intraoral radiographies are the most frequent X-ray examinations in humans. According to International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) recommendations, the selection of a diagnostic reference level (DRL) should be specific to a country or region. Critica l organs such as thyroid gland are exposed to X-rays in intraoral radiography and these exposures should be kept as low as reasonably achievable. To assist the development of DRLs for intraoral radiography, a National Radiation Protection Department-sponsored pilot study was carried out. Materials and Methods: Thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) is widely acknowledged to be the recommended method for measuring entrance surface doses (ESD). In this study, ESD was measured using LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD-100) on the skin (either mandibular or maxillary arcs) of 40 patients. Three TLD chips were placed on the skin of each patient. The doses were averaged for each radiography and mean ESD of all patients calculated. Results: The mean ± SD entrance surface dose at the center of the beam on the patients' skin in intraoral radiography was 1.173 ± 0.606 mGy (ranged from 0.01 to 0.40 mGy). The mean ESD for male and female patients were 1.380 ± 0.823, and 1.004 ± 0.258 respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between these means. Despite its necessity, in national level, there is no published data on the diagnostic reference levels for intraoral radiography. However, the results obtained in this study are lower than those reported by investigators in other countries. Conclusion: In IR Iran, due to lack of large scale studies, no diagnostic reference levels have been set for X-ray diagnostic procedures. Due to lack of national diagnostic reference levels, it is not possible to clarify whether in intraoral radiographies any dose reduction techniques are needed. We intend to perform similar nationwide studies to set the diagnostic reference level for intraoral radiography. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (3): 127-133}, Keywords = {,TLD,entrance surface dose,Intraoral radiography}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {127-133}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-67-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-67-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {M.T.BahreyniToossi, and A.R.KhoshbinKhoshnazar,}, title = {Development of a prototype stereotactic collimation assembly for Neptun 10 PC linac}, abstract ={Background: A set of hardware stereotactic radiosurgery is designed and constructed. The scope of this article is to describe how we have designed and developed stereotactic collimation assembly for a 9 MV Neptun 10 PC linac. Materials and methods: One collimator holder and six collimators were made, with their radiation field diameter between 12.5 mm to 25 mm at isocenter level. Beam data, such as depth dose percent, off axis ratio and output factor of the collimators were measured. Isocentric accuracy and dose delivery, accuracy tests were also performed using locally made isocentric alignment control device, target simulator and plexiglass phantom. Results: Average isocenter shifts resulting from gantry and couch motion were respectively 1.5 mm and 2 mm. Simulating a stereotactic radiosurgery with the help of a plexiglass phantom showed less than one percent radiation leakage to critical organs such as eyes and thyroid. Conclusion: Stereotactic collimation assembly in conjunction with the rest of constructed equipments can be employed to set up SRS treatment, provided safety and to compensate operations are taken into account. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (3): 135-140}, Keywords = {,isocenter,linear accelerator, auxiliary collimator,Stereotactic radiosurgery, phantom}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {135-140}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-68-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-68-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {G.H.Heravi, and H.Garshasbi, and J.KarimiDiba, and S.K.Asghari,}, title = {Monitoring of iodine-125 and iodine-131 in thyroid of individuals in nuclear medicine centers of North West provinces of Iran}, abstract ={Background: Due to volatility of radioactive iodine solutions, usually internal exposure would occur in personnel that are working in nuclear medicine centers. The activities in the thyroid of individual s who work in nuclear medicine centers of North West provinces of Iran were measured using NaI (Sodium Iodide) detectors. In every center, nearly 40 - 500 mCi of 131 I and 50 - 600 μ Ci of 125 I are used for diagnosis or treating patients, as well as monthly protein labeling. Materials and Methods: A portable measurement instrument was made for this purpose. A collimator with thickness of 10 mm lead thickness of copper alloy with 2 mm was made to focus the detector on thyroid gland and to reduce the background. Two NaI (Tl) detectors one with lower thickness for 125 I and one with higher thickness for 131I were used for measurement. The goal of these measurements was to determine the activity of radioiodines in the thyroid gland of individuals in medical centers, and to give some advice such as more care at their working place and increasing the power of their venting system for reducing radioiodines exposure. The detectors had been calibrated for 125I and 131I by a locally made ANSI/IAEA Plexiglass neck phantom (ANSI N44.3 1973). Results: There were not any contamination and thyroid activities of 125I in the thyroid glands of personnel. The activity of 131 I in the thyroid gland of individuals in all centers was lower than 0.4 kBq, and the activity of 131I in one center was as high as 3.4 kBq. The background of every place was determined and subtracted from each measurement. Conclusion: The results indicate that more measurements should have been carried out in all nuclear medicine centers to determine the activity of individuals' thyroid gland in Iran . In addition, the workers of those centers should try to reduce the intake and exposure to 131I and 125I using more care at their working place and more efficient ventilator. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (3): 141-147}, Keywords = {,NaI (Tl) detectors,neck phantom,nuclear medicine centers,Radioiodine,thyroid}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {141-147}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-69-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-69-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {P.Rowshanfarzad, and A.R.Jalilian, and M.Sabet2, and M.Akhlaghi,}, title = {Production and quality control of 66Ga as a PET radioisotope}, abstract ={Background: 66Ga (t1/2=9.49 h, β+: 4.153 MeV, γ: 511, 834, 1039, 2752 keV) has a wide range of applications in different fields of medical sciences. Production of 66Ga became one of our main interests, according to its increasing applications in nuclear medicine, particularly in PET imaging. Materials and Methods: 66 Zn (p,n)66Ga reaction was determined as the best choice for the production of 66Ga, according to the present facilities and conditions. The bombardment was performed by 15 MeV protons in Cyclone 30-IBA accelerator with a current intensity of 180 μA for 67 min. ALICE nuclear code and SRIM nuclear program were used to determine the optimum energy and target thickness. Targets were prepared by electroplating of 66Zn (>95%) on a copper backing. Chemical processing was performed by a no carrier added method consisting of ion exchange chromatography and liquid-liquid extraction. Anion exchange chromatography was used for the recovery of target material. Quality control of the product was carried out in two steps of chemical and radionuclidic purity control. Results: The activity of 66Ga was 2.41 Ci at the end of bombardment (E.O.B.) and the production yield was 12.04 mCi/μAh. The chemical separation yield was 93% and the yield of chemica l recovery of the target material was 97%. Quality control tests showed a radionuclidic purity of more than 97% and the amounts of chemical impurities were in accordance with standard levels. Discussion: Our production yield was comparable with previous reports given in the literature. The chemical separation method used in this research was simple and brought up acceptable results. So, this process can be considered as one of the best choices for the production of 66Ga. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (3): 149-158}, Keywords = {,chemical separation,cyclotron,66Zn production,66Ga,quality control}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {149-158}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-70-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-70-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {A.Kazemian, and H.R.DehghanManshadi, and M.SardariKermani,}, title = {Sinonasal Teratocarcinosarcoma Report of a case}, abstract ={Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma (SNTCS) is a rare tumor characterized by mixture architecture of epithelial and mesenchymal components. SNTCS is a highly malignant tumor displaying progressive and aggressive growth with poor prognosis. Only about 40% of all patients survive after five years. It seems the combination of surgery and radiotherapy currently is the most effective treatment. In this report we are presenting a 24-year-old Iranian male with SNTCS of right nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses who was referred to our radiotherapeutic Oncology department, Tehran cancer institute, for post operative radiation treatment. The patient is treated with combination of surgical excision, postoperative radiation therapy and then followed for 10 months. The clinical and pathologic features, as well as its clinical course are presented. SNTSC is a rare condition and rapid progressive tumor. So far, the most widely accepted therapeutic plan for its treatment has been surgical excision with postoperative radiation therapy. Iran . J. Radiat. Res., 2004 2 (3): 159-162}, Keywords = {,Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma,teratoid carcinosarcoma}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {159-162}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-71-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-71-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Sh.Akhlaghpoor,}, title = {Report of national training course on “Medical preparedness and response to radiation emergencies”, 2-6 Oct. 2004, Tehran, Iran}, abstract ={During the past years, special emphasis was put on medical preparedness in the event of radiological or nuclear emergencies. Novin Medical Radiation Institute (NMRI) encouraged and supported the national authorities to enhance their cooperation in improving medical response to radiation accident. NMRI in cooperation with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI), within the framework of the IAEA Regional Model Project RAW/09/009 “Development of Technical Capabilities for Sustainable Radiation Protection Program” in West Asia region, has organized this training course. It was a very well organized workshop about the Medical Preparedness and Medical Response to Radiation Accident which was held for the first time in Iran.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {163-164}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-72-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-72-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Prof.A.Niroomand-Rad,}, title = {In memory of Professor John R. Cameron (1922-2005)}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {165-166}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-81-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-81-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {A.S.Meigooni, and U.Malik, and H.Zhang, and S.A.Dini, and N.J.Meigooni, and K.Komanduri, and M.Mohiuddin,}, title = {Grid: A location dependent intensity modulated radiotherapy for bulky tumors}, abstract ={Background: An effective method for management of large and bulky malignant tumors. This treatment modality is also known as Specially Fractionated Radiation Therapy (SFRT). In this treatment technique a grid block converted the open radiation field into a series of pencil beams. Dosimetric characteristics of an external beam grid radiation field have been investigated using experimental and Monte Carlo simulation technique.Grid radiation therapy, using the megavoltage X-ray beam, has been proven to beMaterials and Methods: radiation field have been determined using experimental and Monte Carlo simulation technique, for 6- and 18 MV X-ray beams from a Varian Clinics 2100C/D. The measurements were performed using LiF TLD and film in Solid Water phantom Material. Moreover, the MCNP Monte Carlo code was utilized to calculate the dose distribution in the grid radiation field in the same phantom material. The results of the experimental data were compared to the theoretical values, to validate this technique. Upon the agreement between the two techniques, dose distributions can be calculated for the grid field with different patterns and sizes of holes, in order to find an optimal design of the grid block.Dose distributions (%DD as well as the beam profiles) of a grid Results: simulation technique was in good agreement with the measured data. In addition, the 3D dose distribution of the grid field generated by the Monte Carlo simulation gave more detailed information about the dose pattern of the grid.The results of dose profiles for 6 MV X-ray beams obtained with the Monte Carlo Conclusion: Carlo simulation technique can be utilized to optimize the pattern, size and spacing between the holes, for optimal clinical results. The grid block can be used as a boost for treatment of bulky tumors. The MonteIran. J. Radiat. Res., 2005 2 (4): 167-174}, Keywords = {,specially fractionated radiation therapy,bulky tumors,Grid}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {167-174}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-82-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-82-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {M.Mohammadi, and E.Bezak,}, title = {The physical characteristics of a SLIC-EPID for transmitted dosimetry}, abstract ={ABSTRACT Background: for treatment verification in radiation therapy. Several physical characteristics of ScanningLiquid filled Ionization Chamber EPID (SLIC-EPID) including: extra build-up layer,reproducibility and uniformity, and noise level were investigated.Electronic Portal Imaging Devices (EPIDs) have found an outstanding positionMaterials and Methods: equilibrium, 1-30 mm white water materials (RW3) were placed on the EPID cover and thevariation of pixel values were investigated. To assess the short term reproducibility, a series of10 consecutive Electronic Portal Images (EPIs) were acquired. The variation of pixel valueswere then determined in irradiated field using MATLAB software. For long term reproducibility,the described above experiment was then repeated seven times. To determine the noise levelin EPID images, 10 consecutive flood images were acquired. The measurement was repeatedafter two days during a fortnight.To determine the extra build-up layer to reach the electronicResults: No significant variation was observed between the maximum thickness of build-up layerrequired for the central axis and peripheral points. For reproducibility measurements, no systematicvariation was observed between mean, maximum and minimum acquired pixel values.Both the long-term and short term reproducibility was found to be less than 1%. The noise levelwas generally less than 1% and this can be referred as an acceptable dose level5 mm of RW3 material was found to increase the pixel values to the maximum possible..Conclusion:can be used for dosimetry. However, for a particular linac energy and EPID image acquisitionmode, the extra build-up layer thickness must be known for the EPID to be used for dosimetricpurposesThe physical characteristics, measured in this work, suggest that the SLIC-EPID. Iran. J. Radiat. Res., 2005 2 (4): 175-183}, Keywords = {,transmitted dosimetry,portal dosimetry,physical characteristics,SLIC-EPID}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {175-183}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-83-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-83-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {M.HajizadehSaffar, and S.Nekoee, and M.H.Bahrayni-Toosi, and A.Sedghi,}, title = {Estimation of the effective dose to the radiologists during fluoroscopy or angiography of abdominal viscera}, abstract ={ABSTRACTBackground: as fluoroscopy or different angiographies are usually evaluated using TL dosimeter. Thismethod is a time-consuming procedure therefore, radiologists are usually worried and unawareof their exact radiation dose received during each fluoroscopy or angiography. In this study, anew trend for quick estimation of effective dose based on measuring air-absorbed dose of thescattered radiations at body surface of the radiologists has been introduced.The radiation effective dose received by the radiologists during procedures suchMaterials and Methods: fluoroscopy unit (Shimatsu, model SF5010MD), and a water phantom (spherical plastic bag 27cm in diameter filled with water up to 22.5 cm height). Radiation field was 20 × 20 cm on thebed and X-ray tube had 1.5 and 2 mm of Aluminum as an internal and external filtrationrespectively. A calibrated survey meter model RDS-110 was used to measure the scatteredradiation horizontally and vertically around the phantom at different angles and distances, infront and behind of an apron.Scattered radiations of abdominal viscera were simulated by aResults: mA, was 451 µGy/h. This value reduced to 4.45 µGy/h by passing through lead ribbons ofserigraph and to 1.2 µSv/h behind an apron. The scattered dose rate at different angles above thebed was constant and varied by distance from the center of the radiation field. The effectivedose received by the radiologist is estimated to be about 174µGy/h, while wearing an apron andstaying 50 cm away from the patient during fluoroscopy or angiography of abdominal viscera.The scattered dose rate at 1 m from the phantom, during fluoroscopy at 83 kVp and 1.7 Conclusion: different angiographies of abdominal viscera, by determining scatter radiation dose at their bodysurface and applying factor 0.87 for shielding effect of the body. Equivalent organ dose can alsobe calculated from dose rate in air after applying factor 0.87 for deep organs or 1.1 (the massenergy absorption coefficient ratio of water/tissue to air) for organs near the surface. Radiat. Res., 2005 2 (4): 185-190The radiologist can estimate his/her effective dose following a fluoroscopy orIran. J.}, Keywords = {,angiography, fluoroscopy, radiologist,Effective dose, phantom}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {185-190}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-84-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-84-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {H.Nedaie, and M.Shariary, and H.Gharaati, and M.Allahverdi, and M.A.Mosleh-Shirazi,}, title = {Comparison of MCNP4C, 4B and 4A Monte Carlo codes when calculating electron therapy depth doses}, abstract ={ABSTRACT Background: accurate methods of radiation therapy dose calculation. There are different Monte Carlo codesfor simulation of photons, electrons and the coupled transport of electrons and photons. MCNPis a general purpose Monte Carlo code that can be used for electron, photon and coupledphoton-electron transport.Monte Carlo simulation of radiation transport is considered to be one of the mostMaterials and Methods: calculating electron beam doses in water. For simulating, the geometry and other parameterswere the same for three codes. By choosing two energy indexing algorithm (ITS & MCNP),absorbed doses were scored in water. 10In this study the MCNP4A, 4B and 4C have been compared when6 Particles were followed in these three cases.Results: used in 4B and 4C versions. There was a good agreement between versions 4B and 4C. For theenergy spectrum, there were significant differences between these three versions in two planes.MCNP4C and 4B gave different results compared to 4A when the ITS algorithm wasConclusion: for electron transport and also requires a shorter time than the two previous versions. Theseresults, in addition to the practical measurements acquired with MCNP4B by other investigators,suggest that in electron transport the user should use the ITS indexing energyalgorithm. Because of new improvements in electron transport in 4C, this version is reliableIran. J. Radiat. Res., 2005 2 (4): 191-195Keywords: Radiotherapy, electron therapy, Monte Carlo, absorbed dose, energy spe}, Keywords = {,absorbed dose,Monte Carlo, electron therapy, Radiotherapy,energy spectrum}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {191-195}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-85-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-85-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {K.Kant, and S.B.Upadhyay, and S.K.Chakarvarti,}, title = {Alpha activity in Indian thermal springs}, abstract ={ABSTRACT Background: and soils with which it comes in contact. There is dual exposure from radon in water i.e. due toinhalation of the radon released from the water into the ambient air and through ingestion whenwater is used for drinking. As radon contaminated water adversely affects the health, it istherefore fundamental from health and hygiene point of view to measure radium concentrationand radon exhalation rates in water.Dissolved radon is contained in natural water due to primordial uranium in rocksMaterials and Methodsradium concentration and radon exhalation rate in water samples collected from various thermalsprings. The alpha tracks registered were counted by optical microscope at suitable magnificationand converted into radium concentration and subsequently radon exhalation rates were measured.: LR-115, Type- II plastic track detectors were used to measure theResults: mvaried from 5.65 Bq lexhalation rates varied from 2.37 mBq kg± 0.36 mBq kgThe radon concentration emanated from water samples (air borne) varied from 84 Bq-3 to 827 Bq m-3 with an average of 429 ± 12.72 Bqm-3 and the dissolved radon concentration-1 to 55.66 Bq l-1 with an average of 28.88± 0.85 Bq l-1. The radon mass-1 hr-1 to 23.39 mBq kg-1 hr-1 with an average of 12.14-1 hr-1 and surface exhalation rates from 52.34 mBq m-2 hr-1 to 515.29 mBq m-2 hr-1with an average of 267.36 ± 7.93 from different thermal spring water samples.concentration varied from 0.30 Bq l The radium-1 to 2.93 Bq l-1 with an average of 1.52 ± 0.045 Bq l-1.Conclusion: drinking, is safe as far as radium concentration is concerned with the exception of a few isolatedthermal spring sources. Results indicate that the thermal spring water, which is also being used forIran. J. Radiat. Res., 2005 2 (4): 197-204}, Keywords = {,SSNTDs,health,thermal spring,radon,Radium}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {197-204}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-86-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-86-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {V.Changizi, and M.A.Oghabian, and S.Sarkar, and R.D.Speller, and A.ArabKheradmand,}, title = {Application of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for differentiation between normal and cancerous breast tissues}, abstract ={ABSTRACT Background: Coherent scattering leads to diffraction effects and especially constructive interferences. Theseinterferences carry some information about the molecular structure of the tissue. As breast cancer isthe most widespread cancer in women, this project evaluated the application of small angleX-ray scattering (SAXS) for differentiation between normal and cancerous breast tissues.Small angle X-ray scattering (to angles less than 10°) is predominantly coherent.Materials and Methods: primary collimator, sample holder, secondary collimator and HP Ge detector was used. The bestconstructive interference was found to be at 6.5at several angles of 4, 5, 6, 6.5 and 7.3 degrees. The total number of 99 breast tissue samples,including normal and tumor were studied at the 6.5transfer was obtained for each sample.The energy dispersive method with a set up including X-ray tube,° after doing experiments on adipose breast tissue°. The corrected intensity versus momentumResults: adipose tissue and mixed tissue (adipose & fibroglandular) from tumor in peak positions (eachcoherent scattering spectrum has a peak that its position is determined by momentum transfer).Furthermore adipose tissue has shown significantly higher peaks than other breast tissues. Benignand malignant breast tissues were differentiated by both peak positions and peak heights (eachpeak has a height in coherent scattering spectrum). Preservation of samples nitrogen tank had noeffects on molecular structure of the breast tissue.Adipose tissue shows a sharp peak in low momentum transfer region. It is easy to separateConclusion: between normal, benign and malignant breast tissues. By energy dispersive small angle X-ray scattering, it is possible to differentiateIran. J. Radiat. Res., 2005 2 (4): 205-210}, Keywords = {,cancerous,normal,breast tissues,Small angle X-ray scattering}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {205-210}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-87-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-87-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {F.Arkian, and J.Amidi,}, title = {Gross beta activities and Beryllium-7 concentrations in surface air}, abstract ={ABSTRACT Background: were made each week during year 2002 from samples of atmospheric aerosols filtered from theair at Tehran Nuclear Research Center.Measurement of gross beta activities and cosmogenic Beryllium-7 concentrationsMaterials and Methodssampler at the Nuclear Research Center meteorological station in Tehran (40contents of samples were determined with semiconductor gamma spectrometry. The long-livedbeta activity, i.e. total beta activity measured four days after the end of sampling (after decay of: The aerosol samples were collected weekly with high-volume airo 35. N). The 7Be220The long-lived beta activity consists mainly of amount of artificial radionuclides in the air is negligible.Rn progeny and short-lived 220Rn progeny), was assessed with an automatic beta analyzer.210Bi, the daughter nuclide of 210Pb, as theResults: lognormal distribution during the study period 2002. The arithmetic mean of annual concentrationsof The air concentrations of both the 7Be and the long-lived beta activity displayed a7Be and 210 Pb was 6.30 and 0.50 mBqm-3, respectively .Conclusion: beta activities are partially correlated. Both have maximum concentrations during warmmid-year months. Despite the different origins, the concentrations of both the 7Be and the long.livedIran. J. Radiat. Res., 2005 2 (4): 211-213}, Keywords = {,lead-210,gamma spectrometry,gross beta activity,Beryllium-7 concentrations}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {211-213}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-88-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-88-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {M.SardariKermani, and F.Razi, and E.Esmati,}, title = {Cardiac angiosarcoma Report of a case}, abstract ={ABSTRACT Sarcomas are the most malignant tumors in the myocardium. Most common sarcoma is theangiosarcoma, classically located in the right atrium. Surgical resection is the primary treatmentof choice for these patients. In July 2003, an 18 years old man with chest pain and dyspnea,referred to the Imam Khomeini Hospital. Chest X-ray showed cardiac enlargement andtransthoracic echocardiography demonstrated a large lobulated tumoral mass in right atrium.Cytologic examination of the pericardial effusion reported as no evidence of malignancy andchest CT scan showed cardiac dilatation with blood density and pericardial effusion. The patientunderwent operation and tumor bulk was resected. Based on histological examination andimmunohistochemistry, diagnosis of cardiac angiosarcoma was made and the patient receivedpostoperative radiotherapy through parallel-opposed AP-PA cobalt beam technique. Aftercombined modality treatment with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, symptoms weredisappeared and after 20 month follow up patient is symptom free. Despite of the ominousoutcome of this malignancy an multimodality approach is worthy of consideration. Radiat. Res., 2005 2 (4): 215-218Iran. J.}, Keywords = {,immunohistochemistry,adjuvant radiotherapy, Cardiac angiosarcoma}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {215-218}, publisher = {Dr. Hossein Mozdarani}, url = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-89-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrr.com/article-1-89-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Research}, issn = {2322-3243}, eissn = {2345-4229}, year = {2005} }