2024-03-29T13:50:22+03:30 http://ijrr.com/browse.php?mag_id=76&slc_lang=en&sid=1
76-4058 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Lycium barbarum polysaccharide inhibits the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells after radiation injury H. Huang Y. Wang L. Zhang F.Q. Hu J. Li H. Pang phua1973@163.com Background: Lycium barbarum is a traditional Chinese medicine. Its pharmacological effects mainly rely on a component called Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP). The present study aims to explore the mechanism by which LBP reduces radiation damage in X-ray-irradiated cultured mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNCs) and the potential involvement of apoptosis. Materials and Methods: Mouse BMNCs were cultured in vitro and exposed to radiation. After 24 hours of LBP treatment, BMNCs viability was detected by cck-8 method, apoptosis rate was examined by Flow cytometry (FCM), Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) fluorescence was detected by JC-1, and the expression of mitochondrial pathway-associated protein was measured by immunoblotting. Results: LBP significantly increased BMNCs viability and reduced the apoptosis rate of radiation-exposed BMNCs 24 h after treatment compared to the non-treated control group. In a mitochondrial membrane potential fluorescence assay, LBP reduced the radiation-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot analysis further proved this point, where LBP inhibited the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria and also inhibited the expression of caspase 9 and other mitochondrial-related proteins. Conclusions: The mechanism of LBP action in radiation-exposed mouse BMNCs cells seems to involve inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.   Lycium barbarum polysaccharide radiation apoptosis in vitro. 2022 1 01 1 7 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4058-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.1
76-4059 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Mitophagy in the A549 lung cancer cell line, radiation-induced damage, and the effect of ATM and PARKIN on the mitochondria C. Kurtman kurtman@medicine.ankara.edu.tr M. Öztatlıcı M. Üçöz Ö. Karakoyun Çelik I. Sokur M. Kemal Özbilgin Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer, and radiotherapy (RT) is used for the cancer therapy. RT affects DNA and causes DNA double-strand breaks which are repaired by DNA repair protein ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). RT also affects the mitochondria which is a key player in mediating the radiation response in tumors and removing damaged mitochondria through mitophagy. During mitophagy, PARKIN accumulates on defective mitochondria to mediate the clearance of damaged mitochondria. This study examines the effect of radiation on mitophagy using PARKIN and ATM antibodies on the human NSCLC A549 line. Materials and Methods: A549 cells were treated with 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy of radiation were analyzed on days 1 and 3 after a single dose of radiotherapy. PARKIN and ATM expressions of A549 cells were examined by using immunohistochemical technique. Results: In the control groups, weak immunoreactivity of ATM and PARKIN was observed on both days 1 and 3.  The most intense ATM expression was seen in the 6 and 8 Gy groups after day 1. The most intense PARKIN expression was seen after the days 1 and 3 in the 2 Gy groups. PARKIN immunoreactivity decreased due to increasing radiation dose. Conclusion: It must be considered that mitophagy mechanisms are activated in RT applications. It must be considered that the activation of mitophagy mechanisms in RT and A549 lung cancer cell lines may provide hemostasis in cancer cells. Molecules targeting mitophagy must be developed for use with radiotherapy.   Radiotherapy mitophagy PARKIN ATM. 2022 1 01 9 13 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4059-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.2
76-4060 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 LINC01204 Negatively Regulates the Effect of MiR-214 on Lung Cancer Cell Apoptosis, Migration, Invasion and Radio-sensitivity X.N. Yu M. Wang wangming99801@163.com Background: To investigate whether LncRNA LINC01204 affects lung cancer cell apoptosis, migration, invasion and radiosensitivity by regulating miR-214. Materials and Methods: Normal lung cells HBE and lung cancer cells A549 were cultured in-vitro, and pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1-LINC01204, pcDNA3.1-LINC01204 and miR-NC, pcDNA3.1-LINC01204 and miR-214 mimics were transfected into A549 cells, respectively. qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, scratch test, and Transwell chamber test, clone formation test, dual luciferase, and Western blot methods were used in this study. Results: Compared with HBE cells, A549 cells had significantly reduced LINC01204 expression level (P<0.05), and significantly increased miR-214 expression level (P<0.05); transfection of pcDNA3.1-LINC01204 could significantly increase apoptosis rate and Cleaved-caspase3, E-cadherin protein levels (P<0.05), reduce migration healing rate, N-cadherin protein levels and cell survival fraction (P<0.05) with sensitization enhancement ratio SER at 1.950, reduce the number of invasive cells (P<0.05). Dual luciferase report experiments confirmed that LINC01204 can bind to miR-214 in a targeted way; co-transfection of pcDNA3.1-LINC01204 and miR-214 mimics can significantly reduce the apoptosis rate and Cleaved-caspase3 and E-cadherin protein levels (P<0.05), improve the migration healing rate, N-cadherin protein level and cell survival fraction (P<0.05) with sensitization enhancement ratio SER at 0.728, increase the number of invasive cells (P<0.05). Conclusion: LINC01204 overexpression can negatively regulate miR-214 expression to promote lung cancer cell apoptosis and inhibit migration and invasion, thereby enhancing radiosensitivity.   LncRNA LINC01204 miR-214 lung cancer apoptosis migration invasion radiosensitivity. 2022 1 01 15 20 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4060-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.3
76-4062 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Rescue potency of Eucalyptus oil against gamma-rays induced gastric ulceration S. Tawfik samosoliman@gmail.com A. Elkady S. Salama Background: Eucalyptus oil often used for medicinal purposes. Aims: The Eucalyptus oil gastro protective impact investigated against gamma-rays-exposure-induced gastric ulceration in rats. Materials and  Methods: Thirty-two rats were divided equally into 4groups; control, Eucalyptus oil (100mg/ kg), gamma-rays (7Gy) and Eucalyptus oil plus gamma-rays treated groups. The stomach histopathology samples were examined. The levels of malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, tumour necrosis factor-α and the interleukin-1β were assessed. Results: The stomach histopathological examination revealed that pre-treatment with Eucalyptus oil enhanced regeneration of mucosal crypt cells. The results revealed a decreased level of stomach malondialdehyde, inflammatory markers, increased levels of stomach antioxidants markers in Eucalyptus oil plus gamma-rays treated group. Conclusion: Eucalyptus oil ameliorates gamma-rays-induced gastric ulceration that could attribute to its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and radioprotective activities.   Eucalyptus oil gastric ulceration gamma-rays rats radioprotector. 2022 1 01 21 27 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4062-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.4
76-4063 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Mitigation of 131-I induced oxidative stress by supplementation of turmeric and green cardamom in thyroid patients A. Rakha drarmalik45@gmail.com Kh. Rehman M. Babar Imran M. Shahid N. Jahan Background: The use of 131I in thyroid diseases is responsible for oxidative stress due to increased production of reactive oxygen species that may lead to multiple disorders in human. Purpose of this study was to mitigate the oxidative stress, generated by 131I therapy, by supplementation of phytoprotectants. Materials and Methods: After eliminating absconders, 97 volunteers of benign and malignant hyperthyroid diseases viz. control (n=42), standard (n=23), turmeric (n=19) and green cardamom (n=13) groups participated in this study. Vitamins were administered orally in standard group while turmeric (Curcuma longa) and green cardamom (Eletteria cardamomum) as phytoprotectants were given orally in the respective groups, 5 days before 131I therapy. The malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured in serum before (baseline), at 3-hours and after 2-weeks of 131I administration. Results: After radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT), there was a continuous decline of serum MDA in vitamin group (3.57 to 2.64 µmol/L) in contrast to the control, where there was a ceaseless rise (3.01 to 3.69 µmol/L) in the oxidative stress in terms of MDA. In akin to the standard group of vitamins, there was incessant decrease in both the treatment groups of green cardamom (3.55 to 2.89 µmol/L) and turmeric (3.45 to 2.06 µmol/L). The turmeric was proved as better phytoprotectant. Conclusion: The turmeric and green cardamom are good scavengers of free radicals and can be used as supplements along with 131I, in thyroid patients as radioprotective agents. The turmeric is more potent radioprotectant as compared to green cardamom.   Turmeric green cardamom radioprotectants malondialdehyde oxidative stress. 2022 1 01 29 36 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4063-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.5
76-4065 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Long-term outcome of whole pelvis radiotherapy and stereotactic body radiotherapy boost for intermediate and high risk prostate cancer H.J. Kim cancerovercome@gmail.com J.S. Lee W.C. Kim Background: We report our long-term outcomes with Cyberknife to deliver hypofractionated SBRT boost combined with EBRT to patients with intermediate to high risk prostate cancer. Materials And Methods: From March 2008 to July 2014, 42 patients with newly diagnosed, intermediate (73.8%, 31) and high risk (26.2%, 11) localized prostate cancer were treated with EBRT and SBRT boost. The whole pelvis dose was 45 Gy (25 fractions of 1.8 Gy) and the SBRT boost dose was 21 Gy (3 fractions of 7 Gy). Results: With a median follow-up duration of 84.2 months (range, 20-139.6), the median PSA decline rates were -0.605, -0.229, -0.166 and -0.094 ng/mL/month, respectively, for durations of 1, 2, 3 and 4 years after radiotherapy and has remained near plateau. Four BCFs were observed only in high risk group. The actuarial 8 year BCF free survival and overall survival were 90.3 % and 83.7 %, respectively. BCF-free survival at 8 years were 100 % and 77.8 % for intermediate and high risk group, respectively (p=0.014). No grade 3 or 4 acute and late genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities were observed. Acute grade 2 GU toxicities were seen in 23.8 % (n = 10) and acute grade 2 GI toxicities in 21.4 % (n = 9). Late grade 2 GU toxicities were observed in 11.9 % (n = 5) and grade 2 GI toxicities in 14.2 % (n = 6). Conclusions: We demonstrated that SBRT boost after EBRT in intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer had favorable outcomes with tolerable toxicities.   Cyberknife prostate cancer PSA radiotherapy stereotactic body radiotherapy. 2022 1 01 37 41 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4065-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.6
76-4066 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Palliative effects of bioresonance therapy with or without radiotherapy or chemotherapy on cancer patients E. Kirsever ekirsever@hotmail.com H.S. Kiziltan R. Yilmaz Background: The side effects of therapies such as chemotherapy (CT), radiotherapy (RT) and surgery in cancer patients are very high. For this reason, even when recovery is achieved in cancer, life is often shortened due to the side effects of treatments. Bioresonance treatment (BRT) on cancer is intended to reduce cancer-related complaints such as pain, nausea and weakness or treatment side effects. Materials and Methods: In this study, BRT effects have been evaluated according to the performance status, symptomatic recovery after the therapy in cancer patients treated with the BICOM BRT with or without RT or CT. We used to Ai programs, harmonious inverted and disharmonious inverted (Hi-Di) programs for the treatment of, pain, nosea, dispnea etc. complaints with using local electrods of BICOM machine. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between the treatment response averages of BRT application groups according to ECOG performance (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance) scale. It is understood that the BRT treatment response was obtained later sessions of the group wich have better scoring  (p = 0.005). Conclusion: The treatment response of with worse ECOG performance scoring of patients was better in early sessions than late sessions of BRT. Whereas the response time was shorter than the late responding patients. BRT method decreased to side effets of conventional cancer therapies also increased to the quality of life and palliation of patients.   Bioresonance oncology ECOG performance scale VAS ESAS palliative. 2022 1 01 43 48 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4066-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.7
76-4067 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Intensity-modulated radiotherapy planning for prostate cancer: The evaluation of inter-observer variability and treatment delivery efficiency E. Yirmibesoglu Erkal eyirmibesoglu@yahoo.com A. Karabey M.C. Sahin A. Karayel B. Tirpanci H.Ş. Erkal Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate inter-observer variability in terms of treatment planning (TP) quality and treatment delivery (TD) efficiency in the setting of IMRT plans and to identify potential optimization objectives that can be implemented in institutional optimization protocols. Materials and Methods: Four different observers generated IMRT plans for 15 patients with prostate cancer. Plans were evaluated in terms of inter-observer variability considering dosimetric objectives regarding TP quality (using planning target volume (PTV) coverage, conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), organs at risk (OAR) dose constraints and remaining volume at risk (RVR) doses) and regarding TD efficiency (using the mean number of segments, the mean values for total MUs, the mean values for maximum beam MUs and the mean TD time). Results: Regarding TP quality, there were no clinically significant differences among observers in terms of PTV coverage, CI, HI, OAR dose constraints and RVR doses. Regarding TD efficiency, there were statistically significant differences among observers in terms of the mean number of segments, the mean values for total MUs, the mean values for maximum beam MUs and the mean TD times. Conclusions: Even for IMRT plans generated according to standardized protocols, TD times significantly differ among planners. The limitation of the number of segments per beam and maximum beam MUs during optimization can lower TD times as well as total MUs and improve TD efficiency. Pre-determined optimization protocols can enable easier transfer of experiences, act as time-savers and result in a more efficient workflow in busy clinics.   IMRT prostate cancer inter-observer variability treatment plan quality treatment delivery efficiency optimization protocols 2022 1 01 49 43 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4067-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.8
76-4068 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and color doppler ultrasound as guidance for transhepatic artery chemoembolization following three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy G. Zhang Y. Jiang S. Zhou L. He M. Chen Z. Long H. Xing dr.n.j.academic@gmail.com Background: To explore the application of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasonography in the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) after Transhepatic Artery Chemoembolization (TACE). Materials and Methods: 49 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with TACE for 3-5 times. Before and after treatment, digital subtraction angiography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasound were performed. The lesions before and after contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and color Doppler ultrasonography were compared. The residual or recurrence and swelling of lesions before and after contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and color Doppler ultrasonography were analyzed. Detection of the capsule of the lesion. Results: The detection accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (95.77%) was significantly higher than that of color Doppler ultrasound (84.51%) (P<0.05). The detection rate of tumor envelope by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (22.54%) was significantly higher than that by color Doppler ultrasound (9.86%) (P < 0.05). The accuracy of detecting residual or recurrent lesions by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (91.67%) was significantly higher than that by color Doppler ultrasound (58.33%) (P<0.05). Conclusion: The rate of bone metabolism of perimenopausal women in Xuzhou is not optimistic. We need to pay close attention to the risk of bone metabolism disorder of perimenopausal women with older age, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis, so as to provide useful help for improving the quality of life of perimenopausal women in Xuzhou.  Contrast-enhanced ultrasound color doppler ultrasound primary liver cancer therapeutic evaluation therapeutic guidance. 2022 1 01 55 59 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4068-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.9
76-4069 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Clinical efficacy and safety of docetaxel in combination with cisplatin on the platin-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer in comparison of whole abdominal radiotherapy F.L. Zhang correspond.Zhang@yahoo.com Background: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of docetaxel in combination with cisplatin in comparison of standard methods of in treatment of platin-sensitive ovarian cancer regimens and in addition to radiotherapy for whole abdomen radiotherapy in platin-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer and the effect on the levels of VEGF and MMP-2. Materials and Methods: We recruited a total of 160 platin-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer patients between April 2017 and April 2020 who were treated in this hospital, and assessed them based on the treatment chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens to control, the docetaxel+cisplatin, and Whole abdomen radiotherapy groups. Patients in the control group received the co-medication of paclitaxel and carboplatin, while those in the docetaxel+cisplatin group received the docetaxel in combination with cisplatin. Following treatment, we compared the clinical efficacy, levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and MMP-2 and safety of these three methods between two groups. Results: the total effectiveness rate of the docetaxel+cisplatin group was 69.09%, significantly higher than 16.36% in the control group and 24% in WAR group (P<0.05). Besides, it was found that treatment in the docetaxel+cisplatin group decreased the levels of VEGF and MMP-2 in serum of patients more evidently than those in the control and whole abdomen radiotherapy groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: docetaxel in combination with cisplatin performs well, with significant decreases in the levels of VEGF and MMP-2 and reliable safety; while there was a high rate of adverse reactions in patients undergoing whole abdomen radiotherapy.   Ovarian cancer VEGF MMP-2 docetaxel paclitaxel abdomen radiotherapy. 2022 1 01 61 65 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4069-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.10
76-4073 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 The evaluation of neurovascular relationships in trigeminal neuralgia: a pilot study on the optimal combination of high-resolution three-dimensional MR sequences W. Jiang B. Liu Y. Liu J. Wang Q. Ding H. Ji Y. Cui Y. Wang Q. Pang Q. Zeng qingshizeng@outlook.com Background: To explore the efficacy and optimal modality of three-dimensional (3D) MRI sequences in the preoperative detection of neurovascular compressions (NVCs) in patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Materials and Methods: Forty-nine cases of typical unilateral TN had undergone 3D time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D-TOF MRA), 3D fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (3D-FIESTA), and contrast-enhanced 3D spoiled gradient-recalled sequence (3D-SPGR) on a 3 Tesla MR scanner. Neurovascular relationships (including neurovascular contact and position and the nature of the offending vessels) on MR images were reviewed by a neuroradiologist who was unaware of the clinical findings. Subsequently, microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery was performed on all patients. Comparison was made between the imaging results and surgical findings. Results: MVD verified NVC in 48 (98%) symptomatic nerves, while 3D-TOF MRA, 3D-FIESTA, and 3D-SPGR revealed NVC in 38 (78%), 48 (98%), and 47 (96%) cases, respectively. Agreement between the position of NVC, as defined by 3D-FIESTA (κ = 0.86) or 3D-SPGR (κ = 0.83) and surgical findings, was excellent. Moreover, excellent agreement was confirmed between the nature of compressing vessels as defined by 3D-FIESTA in combination with 3D-TOF MRA (κ = 0.95) or contrast-enhanced 3D-SPGR in combination with 3D-TOF MRA (κ = 0.92) and surgical findings. Conclusions: NVCs were visualized with good sensitivity and specificity with 3D MRI sequences in TN. We propose that 3D-FIESTA combined with 3D-TOF MRA is a safe, convenient, and efficacious MRI sequence for revealing NVCs and is crucial for the preoperative diagnosis and surgical planning of MVD.   Trigeminal neuralgia Magnetic resonance Neurovascular compression Facial pain Microvascular decompression. 2022 1 01 67 73 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4073-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.11
76-4074 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Treatment outcome of radium-223 treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases at a single university hospital T. Takayama ttakayam@jichi.ac.jp T. Sugihara T. Kameda M. Yamazaki M. Komatsubara J. Kamei A. Fujisaki S. Ando T. Fujimura Background: We investigated therapeutic outcomes of Radium-223 (Ra-223) treatment in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and bone metastases. Materials and Methods: Outcomes were retrospectively examined in 20 patients starting Ra-223 treatment at a single university hospital from January 2017 to January 2020. Results: Median patient age was 70 years. Median values included prostate specific antigen (PSA) 10.73 ng/ml, PSA doubling time (PSADT) 3.7 months, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 315 IU/L, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 186 IU/L, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) 2.22, and Gleason score 9. Extent of disease (EOD) was 3 or more in 55%, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 0 in 80%. 16 patients (80%) completed Ra-223 treatment. Ra-223 was administered in 11 (55%) with ≤ 3 lines of treatment and 9 (45%) with ≥ 4. Concomitant drug was enzalutamide and abiraterone in 6 and 7 patients, respectively. Bone modifier agents (BMA) were used in 11 patients. Symptomatic skeletal events (SSE) occurred in 5 patients and were associated with abiraterone combination. BMA during Ra-223 treatment did not affect SSE. Median overall survival from initiation of Ra-223 treatment was 32.7 months. Prognosis was significantly better with PSADT ≤ 3 months, EOD ≤ 2, no SSE, no opioid use, and completion of Ra-223 treatment. PSA, LDH, NLR, PSADT, and Ra-223 treatment line after mCRPC were associated with Ra-223 completion. Anemia of Grade 3 occurred in 1 patient. Conclusion: Ra-223 treatment is safe, with good prognosis if completed. Combination treatment with abiraterone during Ra-223 treatment may cause SSE.   Radium-223 abiraterone PSADT SSE. 2022 1 01 75 81 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4074-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.12
76-4075 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Feasibility study on protection of key organs in the whole brain radiotherapy with simultaneous integrated boost in patients with 1-3 brain metastases Y.W. Yang H.Y. Luo Y.Y. Chen J. Zhang X. Bai M. Chen Chenmingdr@163.com Background: To explore the feasibility of three radiotherapy techniques to realize simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy for elective brain (SMART-Brain) in patients with 1-3 brain metastases. Materials and Methods: Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and helical tomotherapy (HT) were utilized to design radiotherapy plans for 20 patients with 1-3 brain metastases from lung cancer who underwent SMART-Brain, and the dosimetry parameters of the target volume and organs at risk (OARs) were compared. Results: For planning gross tumor volume (PGTV), D98% (near minimum) and conformity index (CI) of VMAT plan were significantly better than IMRT plan. For the planning target volume 1 (PTV1), HT plan provided better D98%, D2% (near maximum dose), V30Gy (target volume percent of 30Gy dose covering) and CI. In terms of the expose dose of hippocampus, HT plan had advantages in Dmean (mean dose), and its Dmax (maximum dose) was equivalent to VMAT plan, which was better than IMRT plan. HT and VMAT plans had a lower Dmax of optic chiasm, and VMAT plan was better in terms of dose limitation of scalp. In terms of lens protection, IMRT and VMAT plans were better than HT plan. There was no statistical difference in other dosimetry parameters. Conclusion: For most patients, all three radiotherapy techniques met clinical requirements. VMAT and HT plans were superior to IMRT plan. It was recommended that VMAT or HT radiotherapy techniques should be selected to implement SMART-Brain according to the local reality of the radiotherapy facilities. Brain metastases IMRT VMAT HT SMART-brain. 2022 1 01 83 89 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4075-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.13
76-4076 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) for cardiac sparing in breast cancer radiotherapy M. Farzin M. Garosi M. Vand Rajabpour Rajabpour.mojtaba@gmail.com S. Gholami S. Gholami S-golami@sina.tums.ac.ir Background: We aimed to assess the effect of the DIBH plan on cardiac and other organs at risk received dose during radiotherapy in left breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 30 patients with left breast cancer with a history of mastectomy/lumpectomy surgery who were referred to the radiotherapy department of the Cancer Institute of Iran. Each patient underwent computed tomography (CT) simulations in two respiratory phases, including deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) and free-breathing (FB). In addition, the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) of the heart, lung, spinal cord, and breast of each respiratory phase were compared. Results: We observed a significantly higher mean of heart dose in FB in both lumpectomy and mastectomy groups (P value<0.05). We also compared the means of V25 and V30 heart between FB and DIBH—for both, the received dose was statistically higher in FB than DIBH. The mean dose received by the lung and spinal cord was higher in FB than DIHB. However, the observed difference was only significant in the lumpectomy group (P value<0.05). Conclusion: The DIBH is a viable method that could be suggested to reduce the mean dose of the heart during left breast cancer radiotherapy.   2022 1 01 91 95 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4076-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.14
76-4077 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Effect of radiotherapy on erythrocyte catalase, and carbonic anhydrase activities, serum levels of some trace elements and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Mn, Fe, Mg and Co) in cancer patients G. Seven Tuncer H. Demir halitdemir@yyu.edu.tr M. Izmirli T. Cakır G. Yilmazer C. Demir Background: We tried to reveal the relationship between the levels of some important minerals, rare elements and heavy metals by measuring serum cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), catalase (CAT) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) levels in head and neck, CNS, esophagus, stomach and breast cancers receiving radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Serum Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Co, Mg, Mn and Cd levels were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Carbonic anhydrase activity (CA), CO2 hydration measurements were made using bromothymol blue method as indicator. Results: Catalase activity, carbonic anhydrase activity and serum copper, lead, zinc, iron, cobalt, cadmium, manganese, magnesium measurements for baseline and post-radiotherapy values differ greatly in cancer patients compared to healthy subjects (p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result, these findings have a significant impact on the pathophysiology of cancer. It can be argued that this paper shows a preliminary study for examining the effect of radiotherapy treatment on the activity of erythrocyte catalase, carbonic anhydrase and serum levels of cobalt, lead (Pb), zinc, iron, copper, cadmium, magnesium and manganese in the head and neck, CNS, stomach, esophagus and breast cancers receiving radiotherapy treatment.   Cancer heavy metals carbonic anhydrase radiotherapy trace elements. 2022 1 01 97 102 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4077-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.15
76-4078 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 In-vitro radiological and toxicological detection in urine samples of cancer patients in Al- Diwaniyah governorate, Iraq Z.Q. Rahman zahraaqasim@gmail.com A.A. Al-Hamzawi Background: The examination of the urine samples is the preferable procedure to observing the inner exposure to radioactive and toxic pollutants in human body. This study focuses on the uranium concentrations (UC) and toxic metal concentrations (TMC) in urine samples of cancer patients and healthy volunteers from Al-Diwaniyah governorate. Materials and Methods: Fission track technique with CR -39 track detectors and atomic absorption spectrophotometry were used to determine the uranium and toxic metals, respectively. Results: For the patients group the result of UC ranged between 5.04 μg /l to 2.21 μg/l, with the average value was 3.83 μg/l, while the data of UC of the healthy group varied from 3.15 μg/l to 0.49 μg/l, with the average value was 1.91 μg/l. The average values of TMC (Pb, Ni and Cd) in urine samples of cancer patients were 0.342 mg/l, 0.231 mg/l, and 0.075 mg/l respectively, whereas the average values of corresponding elements in urine samples of healthy subjects were 0.233 mg/ l, 0.127 mg/l, and 0.025 mg/l, respectively. Conclusion: The current in vitro investigation shows the pollution in urine samples of the participants through UC and TMC and also finds that the UC and TMC in urine of cancer patients significantly higher than healthy volunteers. The results of (UC) and (TMC) in urine samples of the participants exceeded the recommended limits.   2022 1 01 103 108 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4078-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.16
76-4079 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Observation of the effectiveness and safety of the combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy after the radical resection of progressive gastric cancer X. Yu R. Zhang S. Cao ZHANG.prof@yahoo.com S. Cui C. Liu J. Wang X. Cheng Background: To analyze the effectiveness and safety of combination of 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and S-LOX chemotherapy after the radical resection of localized progressive gastric cancer, so as to provide the reference for clinical treatment. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 82 localized progressive gastric cancer patients undergoing the radical resection of gastric cancer, and divided them using the random digit table into two groups: 39 in the chemotherapy group received the S-LOX chemotherapy after operation, and 43 in the combination group received the 3D-CRT in combination with S-LOX chemotherapy. After treatment, we evaluated the clinical efficacy, adverse reaction, survival rate and recurrence rate of patients in two groups. Results: After 6 cycles of treatment, we found no statistical significance in difference of the objective remission rate of patients in two groups (P > 0.05), while the patients in the combination group excelled in the clinical control rate (P < 0.05). In the combination group, 2-year survival rate and survival time of patients were all higher and longer than those in the chemotherapy group (all P < 0.05), with a lower recurrence rate (P < 0.05). Furthermore, comparison of the incidence of adverse reactions of patients between two groups showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion: After the radical resection of the localized progressive gastric cancer,           3D-CRT in combination with S-LOX chemotherapy improves the clinical control and survival of patients, while reduces the postoperative recurrence, but with no aggravation in side- or toxic-effect, thus worthy of being promoted in clinical practice.   Progressive gastric cancer radical resection chemotherapy 3D-CRT prognosis. 2022 1 01 109 114 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4079-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.17
76-4081 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 A study of MRI-based machine-learning methods for glioma grading Z. Wang X. Xiao jx_xiaoxinlan@sina.com K. He D. Wu P. Pang T. Wu Background: Preoperative classification of gliomas is essential to identify the optimal treatment and prognosis. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal machine learning methods that can be used to accurately grade gliomas based on magnetic resonance images (MRI). Materials and Methods: A total of 153 glioma patients from two medical institutions were enrolled. Four methods, namely support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), max-relevance and min-redundancy (mRMR), and decision trees were used to screen glioma features. Five follow-up classifiers, including decision trees (DT), naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), logistic regression (LR), and the support vector machine (SVM), were then used to develop the models. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were then plotted, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the prediction performance of the models. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the models were also calculated. Results: A total of 1070 predictive features based on image histograms, shape, and texture were extracted from preoperative T1-weighted contrast-enhanced imaging (T1-CE) MRI scans. The SVM-RFE and SVM models yielded the highest prediction performance with an AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 0.985, 94.2%, 89%, and 91.1%, respectively, while LASSO and NB had the lowest accuracy, with an AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 0.854, 97.9%, 72.3% or 85.1%, respectively. The average AUC and accuracy for the four methods were SVM-RFE (0.967, 91.3%), LASSO (0.951, 88.1%), mRMR (0.935, 90%), and DT (0.954, 90.4%). In the validation cohort, the average AUC and accuracy were SVM-RFE (0.837, 80%), LASSO (0.786, 76.6%), mRMR (0.817, 82.2%) and DT (0.70, 71.1%). Conclusion: The radiomics models could yielded a good performance in differentiating LGG from HGG, and the SVM-RFE combined with other machine-learning methods could provide the best average performance.   MRI Radiomics glioma machine-learning method. 2022 1 01 115 120 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4081-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.18
76-4082 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Deep learning-based synthetic CT generation from MR images: comparison of generative adversarial and residual neural networks F. Gholamiankhah S. Mostafapour H. Arabi hossein.arabi@unige.ch Background: Currently, MRI-only radiotherapy (RT) eliminates some of the concerns about using CT images in RT chains such as the registration of MR images to a separate CT, extra dose delivery, and the additional cost of repeated imaging. However, one remaining challenge is that the signal intensities of MRI are not related to the attenuation coefficient of the biological tissue. This work compares the performance of two state-of-the-art deep learning models; a generative adversarial network (GAN) and a residual network (ResNet) for synthetic CTs (sCT) generation from MR images. Materials and Methods: The brain MR and CT images of 86 participants were analyzed. GAN and ResNet models were implemented for the generation of synthetic CTs from the 3D T1-weighted MR images using a six-fold cross-validation scheme. The resulting sCTs were compared, considering the CT images as a reference using standard metrics such as the mean absolute error (MAE), peak signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR) and the structural similarity index (SSIM). Results: Overall, the ResNet model exhibited higher accuracy in relation to the delineation of brain tissues. The ResNet model estimated the CT values for the entire head region with an MAE of 114.1±27.5 HU compared to MAE=-10.9±147.0 HU obtained from the GAN model. Moreover, both models offered comparable SSIM and PSNR values, although the ResNet method exhibited a slightly superior performance over the GAN method. Conclusion: We compared two state-of-the-art deep learning models for the task of MR-based sCT generation. The ResNet model exhibited superior results, thus demonstrating its potential to be used for the challenge of synthetic CT generation in PET/MR AC and MR-only RT planning.   2022 1 01 121 130 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4082-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.19
76-4083 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Correlation and concordance of glomerular filtration rate from renal scintigraphy and modified modification of diet in renal disease equation W-L. Hsu S-M. Chang C-C. Chang chinuan@gmail.com Background: The aim of this study is to find the correlation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured using Gate’s method and modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (mMDRD) equation. Materials and Methods: Patients who received Tc-99 DTPA renal scintigraphy were enrolled in the study. The GFR obtained from Gate’s method via renal scintigraphy and mMDRD equation from plasma creatinine were recorded. A comparison and correlation between the GFRs based on different time intervals was analyzed.  Results: Sixty patients were enrolled in this study. They were divided into four groups based on different time intervals between radionuclide renal scintigraphy and plasma creatinine test. Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 consisted of patients whose plasma creatinine tests checked within ± 3 days, ± 4–7 days, ± 8–14 days, and ± 15–31 days from renal scintigraphy, respectively. Correlation coefficient of group 1, 2, 3, and 4 showed 0.87 (p < 0.001), 0.79 (p = 0.007), 0.67 (p = 0.009), and 0.58 (p = 0.012), respectively. Conclusion: Significant correlations were noticed in the GFR calculated from Gate’s method and by mMDRD equation. It was found that the shorter the time interval between plasma creatinine test and radionuclide renal scintigraphy, the higher the correlation was.   Renal scintigraphy Glomerular filtration rate Modified MDRD equation Gate’s method Tc-99m DTPA. 2022 1 01 131 135 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4083-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.20
76-4084 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 The impact of MR-guided attenuation correction (compared to CT-based AC) on the diagnosis of anosmia based on 99m-Tc Ethyl-Cysteinate-Dimer SPECT images F. Gholamiankhah S. Mostafapour S.K. Razavi-Ratki A.A. Parach aliparach@ssu.ac.ir H. Arabi Background: 99m-Tc Ethyl-Cysteinate-Dimer SPECT and MR imaging play a significant role in diagnosing anosmia. In this study, two-tissue class and three-tissue class attenuation maps (2C-MR and 3C-MR) obtained from MR images were compared with CT-based attenuation correction (CTAC). Afterward, the presence of hypo-perfusion in brain lobes was evaluated in SPECT images. Materials and Methods: The 2C-MRAC map was generated through segmentation of T1-W MR images into air and soft-tissue, while in the 3C-MRAC map, the cortical bone was also considered. For investigating MRAC approaches, the difference between activity concentration (ACC) values was estimated in 144 volumes of interest. Ten normal and fourteen anosmic patients were compared by calculating the average normalized count and standard uptake value ratio parameters in the brain lobes. Results: The comparison between attenuation correction strategies represented that MRAC images resulted in underestimation of the ACC values which was more substantial in the cortical area rather than in central regions (maximum 9% vs. 6% for 2C-MR and maximum 5.5% vs. 3.5% for 3C-MR). Nevertheless, there was a strong correlation between the MRAC and CTAC methods with a correlation coefficient of 0.7 for both 2C-MR and 3C-MR. The statistical analysis between normal and affected groups indicated the hypo-perfusion in the cortex of Lh_frontal, Rh and Lh_temporal lobes with p-values < 0.05. Conclusions: Using MRAC resulted in underestimation of activity concentration which was partly eliminated by considering the cortical bone in the 3C-MR attenuation map. Hypo-perfusion was perceived in Frontal and Temporal lobes in SPECT-MRAC images of the anosmic group.   Anosmia SPECT quantitative imaging MRI CT. 2022 1 01 137 144 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4084-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.21
76-4085 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Feasibility study of the best monitoring time-interval to track contrast agent bolus in dual-source coronary computed tomography angiography Y. Han T. Wang L. Lin C. Yu R. Lv Z. Liu T. Zhang L. Han lhan@tmu.edu.cn Background: To identify the best time-interval for dual-source coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) with bolus tracking automatic trigger technique. Materials and Methods: 120 patients were randomly divided into four groups (A, B, C and D), with 30 patients in each group. Monitoring was begun 10 seconds after injection, and the monitoring time-intervals for groups A, B, C and D were 1.14, 1.47, 2.00 and 3.00 seconds, respectively. CCTA acquisition was triggered as the monitored concentration in the region of interest (ROI) exceeded 100 HU. The monitoring times, CT and dose length product (DLP) values of the four groups were compared statistically. The quality of recorded CCTA images was evaluated objectively, and the image quality of blood vessel segments was accessed subjectively. Results: there were no statistically significant differences in objective evaluations between the four groups (P>0.05). Subjective evaluation results showed no statistically significant differences between groups A (1.879±0.042), B (1.876±0.043) and C (1.881±0.052). Group D showed the highest subjective score (2.923±0.069), which was significantly different from groups A, B, and C (P<0.01). The monitoring times for groups A, B, C and D were 4.78±2.37, 3.76±1.39, 2.77±0.99 and 2.38±0.64, respectively; and the DLP values were 4.13±2.22, 2.18±0.80, 1.50±0.51 and 1.48±0.43 mGy·cm, respectively. DLP increases with increased monitoring times. Conclusion: When performing dual-source CCTA, a monitoring time-interval of 2 seconds with trigger scanning technique is the best choice, since it effectively reduces the radiation dose while providing satisfactory images.   Dual source computed tomography coronary computed tomography angiography bolus tracking radiation dose. 2022 1 01 145 150 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4085-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.22
76-4086 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Estimation of human absorbed dose of 68-Ga-Citrate based on biodistribution data in rats: Comparison with 67-Ga-Citrate F. Habibi R. Faghihi S. Zolghadri H. Yousefnia hyousefnia@aeoi.org.ir S. Sina F. i Mohammadpour-Ghaz Background: In recent years, Gallium-68 citrate has become known as an alternative radioisotope in nuclear medicine. As for its influences, 68Ga-based tracers have already been proposed as agents for positron emission tomography. In this research, the values of human absorbed dose for 68Ga-citrate and 67Ga-citrate were estimated using the medical internal radiation dose method based on biodistribution data in rats. Materials and Methods: 68Ga/67Ga-citrate was prepared from eluted 68Ga/67Ga-Cl3 ­and sodium citrate under multiple reaction forms. The biodistribution of 68Ga/67Ga–citrate radiolabeled compounds was investigated by dissection of five male rats at specific times after injection. The organs of the rats were removed and counted. Percentage of injected dose per gram was determined for each rat organ and the human absorbed dose was extrapolated using the rats’ data. Results: The results of estimating the human absorbed dose illustrate that 68Ga-citrate caused a much lower human absorbed dose compared with 67Ga-citrate. Conclusion: According to the results, it may be concluded that 68Ga-citrate, despite the better quality of PET imaging, is much safer in terms of absorption dose compared with 67Ga-­citrate, and from this point of view, it is a more appropriate agent for imaging applications.   Internal radiation dose MIRD 68-Ga-citrate 67-Ga-citrate. 2022 1 01 151 156 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4086-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.23
76-4087 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Therapeutic mechanism of 32-P application combined with timolol maleate for infantile superficial hemangioma R.X. Ma Z.L. Li 13730133835@163.com Background: This study aims to explore the therapeutic mechanism of 32P application combined with timolol maleate for infantile superficial hemangioma. Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 nude mice were enrolled to establish the transplantation model of infantile hemangioma in nude mice. They were randomly divided into control group, administration group and combined administration group, with 20 mice in each group. The expressions of EGFL7 and VEGF were detected by RT-PCR, and the expressions of renin and ang II were detected by Western blot. Results: After the administration of timolol maleate, the expression of EGFL7, VEGF, renin and Ang  II decreased (P < 0.05). The levels of EGFL7, VEGF, renin and Ang II were further down regulated by combined scheme of 32P application and timolol maleate (P<0.05). Conclusion: 32P application combined with timolol maleate can improve the therapeutic effect of infantile superficial hemangioma by inhibiting the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, renin and angiotensin II.   Hemangioma timolol maleate 32-P angiotensin II vascular endothelial growth factor. 2022 1 01 157 162 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4087-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.24
76-4088 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Evaluation of effective field size characteristics for small megavoltage photon beam dosimetry H. Keivan R. Maskani D. Shahbazi-Gahrouei shahbazi@med.mui.ac.ir A. Shanei S. Pandesh E. Tarighati Sereshke Background: Small photon beams are increasingly used in modern radiotherapy modalities. In small photon fields, the dosimetric field size will deviate from the nominal field size. An effective field size (FSeff) for use in small field dosimetry has been defined to overcome this issue. The present study aims to investigate the suitability of two ionization chambers and two semiconductor diodes in the measurement of 6MV photon beam profiles and to analyze the variations of FSeff in smaller fields. Materials and Methods: Measurements were made at 6 MV photon beams of a Siemens Artiste linear accelerator and transverse profiles were acquired for nominal square field sizes of side 1×1 to 10×10 cm2 via the irradiation of detectors and radiochromic film. Full width at half maximum (FWHM) at the 50% isodose level was used to calculate FSeff. Results: The uncertainty of the FWHM values derived from the in-plane and cross-plane profiles (ΔFWHM%) were below 6% for all the detectors were below 6% except for Semiflex in the 1×1 field size. In small field sizes (less than 3 × 3 cm2), larger differences occurred between the dosimetric and nominal field sizes in all detectors. No significant differences between nominal and effective field sizes were observed in a field rage of 4×4 - 10×10 cm2. Conclusion: In the acquisition of small field profiles, selection of an appropriate detector is influential in accurate measurements. The findings of present study support the argument that both the size and composition of detectors affect the small field profile measurements. Effective field size small field dosimetry ionization chamber diode. 2022 1 01 163 168 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4088-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.25
76-4090 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Estimating the risks of exposure-induced death associated with common computed tomography procedures H.R. Masjedi H. Zamani G. Perota R. Omidi E. Razavi M.H. Zare mhzare2009@gmail.com Background: This study aimed to assess the risks of exposure-induced death (REID) in patients and embryos during CT examinations in Yazd province (Iran). Materials and Methods: Data on the exposure parameters were retrospectively collected from six imaging institutions. In total, 932 patients were included in this study and for each patient, organ doses were then estimated using ImpactDose software. The REIDs were calculated by BEIR VII risk model and using PCXMC software. In the case of gestational irradiation, excess cancer risk of 0.006% per mSv was taken into account in terms of the ICRP 84 recommendations, to calculate the excess childhood cancer risk imposed on the embryo. Results: The highest estimated organ doses for abdomen-pelvis, routine chest, chest HRCT, brain, and sinus examinations were obtained as 12.82 mSv for kidneys, 12.09 mSv for thymus, 13.16 mSv for thymus, 29.71 mSv for brain, and 11.70 mSv for oral mucosa, respectively. Across all procedures, abdomen-pelvis CT scan induced the highest excess REID to the patients (240 deaths per million). The highest delivered dose to the fetus was roughly 35 mSv, which was lower than the threshold dose proposed by ICRP (100 mSv) for the induction of malformations. However, the associated excess fatal childhood cancer risk of 2122 incidence per million scans can be a subject of concern for public health experts. Conclusion: Based on the results, although death risks related to induced cancer from CT scans were negligible, this risk can be relatively significant for children exposed during the fetal period.   Tissue reaction stochastic effects computed tomography fetal dose cancer risk assessment. 2022 1 01 169 175 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4090-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.26
76-4094 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Radioprotective effects of ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaf against radiation induced oxidative stress in Wistar albino Rats S.I. Okeke K.K. Agwu kenneth.agwu@unn.edu.ng M.P. Orji A.U. Akpa C.H. Okeke A.O. Anaga Background: The effects of low radiation exposures are naturally harmful to the humans and in this study we aimed to investigate the radioprotective effects of Gongronema latifolium extracts (GLE) against radiation induced oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: Forty eight rats were divided into control and experimental groups. The control group had two sub-groups; (i) normal control (NC) was neither irradiated nor treated with GLE and (ii) irradiated control (IC) was irradiated (with 4 and 6 Gy) but no GLE treatment. The experimental group also had two sub-groups; (i) pre-treated (PRT) was treated with GLE before irradiation and (ii) post-treated (PST) was irradiated before treatment with GLE. Radioprotective effects were measured by noting changes in biochemical parameters of liver, lipid peroxidation, antioxidants enzymes and changes in body weight that occurred in the sub-groups. ANOVA with Tukey’s test were used to determine significance differences in the sub-groups. Results: There were significant changes in all biochemical enzyme markers between the NC and IC with values of % inhibition of lipid peroxidation 33±1.5 and 71 ± 5.5 at 6 Gy dose of radiation exposure. The values of lipid peroxidation in PRT and PST differed significantly from the IC with values 35 ± 5.0 and 57 ± 1.0 at 6 Gy respectively; thus significant difference exists between PRT and PST. The IC sub-group recorded the highest radiation induced weight loss (56%). Conclusion: Preliminary result indicates that GLE ameliorated oxidative stress in pretreated sub-groups than in post-treated sub-groups, suggesting GLE as a potential prophylaxis.   Whole body irradiation oxidative stress Radioprotector Gongronema latifolium. 2022 1 01 177 184 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4094-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.27
76-4095 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Radiation dose of head and abdomen-pelvis computed tomography examinations using size-specific dose estimate M. Ahmadifard M. Bakhshandeh mbakhshandeh@sbmu.ac.ir A. Mohammadbeigi K. Khoshgard Background: Concern about radiation risk of computed tomography (CT) scan as a diagnostic modality has increased in recent years. Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) is one of the tools to optimizing radiation dose of patients. CTDIv (Volume Computed tomography dose index) and DLP (Dose Length product) are used for assessment of DRLs. The CTDIv under/overestimate the patient dose. AAPM has introduced SSDE (Size-specific dose estimates) for estimation of patient. In this study, the DRLs of head and abdomen-pelvis CT examinations of adults is determined using CTDIv, DLP and SSDE. Materials and Methods: 680 CT examinations of head and abdomen-pelvis were collected from PACS (Picture archiving and communication system) in Imam Khomeini and Mostafa Khomeini hospitals. The Deff, CF and SSDE calculated using AAPM TG-204 and TG-220. Statistics analysis calculated using SPSS version 18. Results: For abdomen-pelvis third quartile of CTDIV, SSDE and DLP was 9.96, 13.58 and 527 and values of 27.62, 26.79 and 402.90 are determined for head, respectively that are lower than national DRLs. Also, calculated conversion factor (CF) for head and abdomen-pelvis was 0.97 ± 0.75and 1.45 ± 0.17, respectively. Conclusion: DRLs were lower than other studies in this study. Using the AEC (Auto Exposure Control) and different kVp in this hospitals can help optimization of patient dose. The SSDE must be calculable by radiographers to more accurate estimation of patient dose using CFs.   Head imaging neuroradiology abdominal imaging SSDE TG 204 TG 220. 2022 1 01 185 189 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4095-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.28
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International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Assessment of the radiation dose associated with X-ray examinations using the DoseCal and CALDose_X software packages M.K. Saeed mohamedrick@gmail.com Y. Almalki Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the entrance skin dose (ESD) in adult patients undergoing skull and pelvis X-ray examinations in Najran, Saudi Arabia using the DoseCal (Radiological Protection Center of Saint Georges’ Hospital, London, England) and CALDose_X (Department of Nuclear Energy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil) software packages. Additional aims included conducting comparisons between these two software packages and against international reference dose levels and estimating the radiogenic risk during X-ray examinations. Materials and Methods: A dataset of 410 patients seen at Najran University Hospital was examined to assess the radiation dose using the DoseCal and CALDose_X software packages. Results: The values of the entrance dose, organ doses and effective dose obtained by the DoseCal and CALDose_X software were reported in this study. The ESD values estimated from the X-ray units ranged from 0.32 to 2.65 mGy for skull anteroposterior/posteroanterior (AP/PA), 0.62 to 2.13 mGy for skull lateral (LAT), and 1.23 to 3.15 mGy for pelvis AP projection. According to the DoseCal and CALDose_X, the dose absorbed by the pelvis and skull varied by a factor ranging between 1.2 and 2.4. Conclusion: All entrance doses calculated for the skull and pelvis were found to be within the corresponding dose reference levels recommended by the international agency, board and commission highlighted in this study. Pelvis skull DoseCal CALDose_X. 2022 1 01 191 197 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4096-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.29
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International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Radiation dose for external exposure to gamma-ray using artificial neural network and MC simulation K. Elhamdi karima.elhamdi@gmail.com M. Bhar K. Belkadhi K. Manai Background: The computation of the absorbed dose in air allows the estimation of the concentrations of radionuclides in the soil and the assessment of the external exposure of the human body. The development of numerical models describing gamma ray transport in the environment provides more precise methods to analyze the pathways of external radiation dose. Material and Method: A combined method using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Monte Carlo Simulation (MC) has been developed to calculate the absorbed dose rate in air for photon emitters from natural radionuclides. We proposed a new class of trained ANN to GEANT4 to calculate the probability, for generated photon sources, to reach the detector. Only photons with high probability were tracked in MC Simulation. Results: A significant reduction of computation time was reached. Unscattered flux and gamma-dose-rate conversion factors were calculated and compared to previous works. Conclusion: The use of this method overcomes the problem of the long duration of computation time, obtaining a good agreement with previous works and efficient results of the dose rate conversion factor.   Gamma ray soil exposure dose artificial neural network. 2022 1 01 199 204 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4097-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.30
76-4098 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Experimental investigation of uranium concentration, radium content and radon exhalation rates in food crops consumed in Babil governorate, Iraq A.A. Al-Hamzawi anees.hassan@qu.edu.iq N.A. Kareem Background: This study focuses on the uranium concentration (UC), radium content (RC) and radon exhalation rates (RER) in selected food crops consumed in Babil governorate, in the centre of Iraq. Materials and Methods: Neutron activation technique and sealed cup with CR-39 alpha track detector were used respectively to investigate the natural radioactivity of selected food crops collected from Babil governorate, Iraq. Results: In the current study, the highest UC was found to be 0.0346 ppm in the turnip crop, whereas the lowest value of UC (0.0142 ppm) was found in grape crop. The highest RC was found to be 0.651 Bq/kg in turnip, while the lowest RC (0.169 Bq/kg) was found in the fig crop. The values of RER ranged from 0.016 Bq/m2.h found in the fig to 0.065 Bq/m2.h found in the turnip. Conclusion: The levels of UC in food crops were lower than 1.7 ppm, the recommended limits of UNSCEAR. A strong direct correlation was found between the UC and RC in selected food crops.   Food crops uranium radium alpha particles CR-39. 2022 1 01 205 210 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4098-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.31
76-4099 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Determination of Rn- 222 concentration and annual effective dose of inhalation in the vicinity of hot springs in Kerman province, southeastern Iran P. Mehnati V. Doostmohammadi A. Jomehzadeh a.jomehzadeh@kmu.ac.ir Background: Human exposure to Radon-222 gas is one of the most important natural radiation sources of radioactive gases, and inhalation of this gas and its decay products can cause lung cancer. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure Rn-222 concentration and determine annual effective dose of radon inhalation in the vicinity of hot springs in Kerman province, southeastern Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 16 hot springs of Kerman province. Concentration of Rn-222 was measured using RAD-7 electronic system. Also, annual effective dose amounts of inhalation were estimated according to the formula provided by UNSCEAR (2000). Results: Minimum and maximum amounts of Rn-222 concentration in the samples were equal to 0.158±0.129 and 56.100±5.680 Bql-1, respectively. Annual effective dose amounts of inhalation were determined between 0.000±0.000 to 0.177±0.017 mSvy-1. Concentration of radon was more than 11 Bql-1 (the safe limit set by the EPA) in 5 samples collected from hot springs. Annual effective dose of inhalation of radon was more than 0.1 mSvy-1 (the safe limit set by the WHO) in Jooshan hot spring. Conclusion: By comparing concentration amounts of the samples with the EPA safe limit, it was concluded that, 11 hot springs were safe. Also, annual effective dose amounts of inhalation of all hot springs, except one of them were lower than the safe limit set by WHO.   Rn-222 Lung cancer RAD-7 detector Kerman Province 2022 1 01 211 216 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4099-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.32
76-4100 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Investigation of radon and its progeny in ceramic cooking dishes E. El-Araby A. El-Barbary ahla_eg@yahoo.co.uk F. Tomahy N. Shabir F. Nahari Background: Recently, the concentration of radioactivity in the ceramic cooking dishes is found to exceed the reference level values. Therefore, there is a need to measure the radon concentration in ceramic cooking dishes, especially radon gas inhalation which is considered to be the second largest cause of lung cancer. Materials and Methods: In this work, a collection of 19 different kinds of ceramic cooking dishes is measured using CR-39 SSNTD (Solid State Nuclear Track Detector). Results: The obtained results showed that the highest value of radon concentration is found to be 23.07 ± 1.44 Bq/m3, 148.41± 5.99 Bq/m3 and 783.03± 35.96 Bq/m3for high quality, low quality and handmade ceramic cooking dishes, respectively. Indicating that the radon concentration for 18.19% of handmade ceramic cooking dishes is exceeded the internationally accepted levels 600 Bq/m3. Conclusions: All values of radon concentration for handmade ceramic cooking dishes are found to be higher than the measured values for high quality and low-quality manufactured ceramic cooking dishes. In addition, the mean values of annual effective doses of handmade ceramic cooking dishes are found to be varied from 2.20 to 22.47mSv/y, exceeding the internationally accepted action level from ICRP 2007 agency (1). Hence, this study recommends that care must be taken when using the handmade ceramic cooking dishes.   2022 1 01 217 221 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4100-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.33
76-4101 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Measurement of 226-Ra, 232-Th, 40-K and 137-Cs concentrations in sediment samples and determination of annual effective dose due to these radionuclides in vicinity of hot springs in Kerman Province P. Mehnati A. Jomehzadeh V. Doostmohammadi v64mohamadi@gmail.com Background: Natural and artificial radioactive materials are the most important sources of radiation for human existing in all over the world, thus investigating their radioactivity is of great importance because of their ionizing properties and harmful effects on human health. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure radionuclides concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs in sediment samples collected from various hot springs in Kerman province and also determining received annual effective dose. Materials and Methods: Thirteen sediment samples were collected from different hot springs and concentrations of radionuclides in sediment samples were measured via spectrometry method and using HPGe detector. To evaluate radiation hazards caused by these radionuclides, radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate in air, and annual effective dose of samples were calculated. Results: Concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs in sediment samples varied from 21.01±0.71 to 193.16±1.72, 16.84±1.21 to 245.92±2.69, 90.13±3.37 to 667.81±14.59 and <MDA to 5.81±0.66 Bqkg-1, respectively. Also, minimum and maximum values of annual effective dose were determined as 0.17±0.00 and 1.48±0.01 in mSvy-1, respectively. Conclusion: Comparison of radionuclides concentrations and annual effective dose obtained in this study with the worlds̓ average values determined by UNSCEAR (2000) reports showed that concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th in 69% and concentration of 40K in 46% of measured samples were higher than the worlds̓ average values. Also, annual effective dose of 30% of samples was found to be higher than the worlds̓ average value.   2022 1 01 223 228 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4101-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.34
76-4102 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Radon activity assessment of thermal water in Spas of Kosovo by using different methods M. Bahtijari G. Nafezi gazmend.nafezi@gmail.com G. Hodolli S. Kadiri Background: Exposure to radon and radon decay products at home and at workplaces constitutes one of the greatest and perhaps the greatest risk from ionizing radiation. In this study, radon activity concentrations were measured in thermal water, spring water, in the water of baths/pools, and indoor air of five spas in Kosovo. Materials and Methods: Different comparison active methods were used and also the long-term measurements were performed. Results: The radon activity concentrations were found to be 23 Bq l-1 to 314 Bq l-1 in water coming from a thermal source, 13 Bq l-1 to 270 Bq l-1 in water of baths, 25 Bq l-1 to 108 Bq l-1, in water of pools and 16 Bq l-1 to 67 Bq l-1 in taps water. The indoor radon concentrations and soil gas measurements near the thermal spas has range from 24 Bq m-3 to 506 Bq m-3 respectively from 4978 Bq m-3 to 67249 Bq m-3. Conclusions: The indoor air radon concentrations in workrooms, baths, and pools only in one case exceeded 500 Bq m-3. The reason of high indoor radon concentration could have been the location of this room, located near the baths and pool of spa. The maximum radon activity concentration in taps water is the only that did not exceed the limit from 100 Bq l-1.   Radon activity thermal spa different methods comparison methods. 2022 1 01 229 233 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4102-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.35
76-4103 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 External dose assessment from the patients treated by 177Lu-DOTATATE E. Mahmoudi M. Amoui M.R. Deevband mdeevband@sbmu.ac.ir E. Pirayesh M. Ghorbani Rad Background: The present study was done to establish release criterion in the treated patients and to determine external radiation doses received by personnel and caregivers of patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) during peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) by means of Lutetium-177 (177Lu) DOTATATE. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 30 patients were enrolled in the study who received 5.5±1.1 (in a range of: 3.7-7.4) GBq of 177Lu-DOTA-tyr3-octreotate. Dose rate was analyzed at distances 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 m in different times after termination of infusion using an ionization chamber. Results: Mean dose rate at distance of 1 m from the patient, approximately 5 h after injection was considered as discharge limit. The maximum dose to caregivers in the first 48 h was equal to 340±29 μSv.  Mean dose to the nurse was estimated as 6.3±0.4, and 7±0.5 µSv per patient with and without lead shield, respectively. Discussion: According to our findings, approximately a time delay of 5 h after injection is recommended as release criterion for patients treated by Lutetium-177 (177Lu) DOTATATE.  For a total of 30 patients, external radiation dose to staff was found to be within permissible levels. Conclusion: The use of protective equipment is recommended at all stages of procedure for staff.   2022 1 01 235 239 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4103-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.36
76-4106 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Target dose accuracy of single-isocenter stereotactic body radiation therapy for multiple lung lesions Y. Shao H. Chen H. Wang Y. Cheng Z. Zhu W. Zhuo Q. Kong Z. Xu xzyong12vip@sina.com Background: To investigate the maximum distance from lesions to the single-isocenter that can ensure the accuracy of dose delivery for single-isocenter/two-lesions intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Materials and Methods: We employed a lung phantom made of acrylic material. Sixteen gross tumor volumes (GTVs) of the same shape and size were delineated on the CT images. The single-isocenter was placed on the center of the first GTV (GTV1). Six GTV centers were located at left and were 2-7 cm away from the single-isocenter. Nine GTV centers were in the 45° direction and were 2-10 cm away from the single-isocenter. Plans were created for the first planning target volume (PTV1) and other fifteen PTVs separately with the same isocenter. Compass was used to verify the treatment plans. γ analysis was carried out with criteria of 2% / 2 mm. The passing rate shall over than 90%. If the passing rate of γ analysis was lower than 90%, two-isocenter plan was created and carried out γ analysis as well. Results: According to the γ analysis, when the distance from lesions to the single-isocenter was more than 6cm, both in the horizontal or 45° direction, the passing rate was lower than 90%. Based on γ analysis, two-isocenter plans were created. After verification, the passing rate was higher than 90%. Conclusions: The maximum distance of using single-isocenter to treat multiple lung lesions is 5 cm. The result provides a reference for our center and other centers when using this technique to treat multiple lung lesions. Multiple lung lesions single-isocenter SBRT dose accuracy. 2022 1 01 241 244 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4106-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.37
76-4107 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Determination of radon gas and lead ion concentrations in building materials using biosensors H.J. Albazoni B.A. Almayahi basim.almayahi@uokufa.edu.iq Background: This study is focused on the design and manufacture of a biosensor to detect the presence of the two chemicals Pb+2 and 222Rn in soil and building materials. Materials and Methods: The biosensor is used on the basis of primers (ssDNA with high guanine). These are different sequences of nitrogenous bases. Biosensor-Ι and biosensor-ΙΙ have sequences as follow: 5′-AGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG-′3 and 5′-GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG-′3, respectively. The results show that the average 222Rn (BIOS-ΙI) was higher than 222Rn (BIOS-Ι). The average Pb+2 (BIOS-Ι) was higher than Pb+2 (BIOS-ΙΙ). Results: The 222Rn and Pb+2 in the samples were ordered as following: Indian granite > soil loc 2 > Chinese granite > soil loc 1 > soil loc 3 > Iraqi mosaic > Iranian mosaic > Iraqi bricks > Iraqi thermostone blocks > Indian ceramic > cement1 > Iranian thermostone blocks > Turkish marble > Iranian ceramic > Iranian bricks > cement2 > Iranian marble. Conclusion: The levels of Pb+2 and 222Rn in Chinese and Indian granites are higher than the acceptable limits. This method can be used for detecting radioactive and organic materials. It can also exclude radiation damage from field testing.   WHO humidity granite statistically significant ssDNA-rich guanine. 2022 1 01 245 248 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4107-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.38
76-4108 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Attribution of the rise in radiation dose to the relaxed panoramic radiography diagnostic reference level in Korea S.J. Han S. Kim ksc@gachon.ac.kr Background: In Korea, the adoption of dental panoramic radiography devices is steadily growing, and diagnostic reference level (DRL) continues to increase in parallel with this phenomenon relative to that in other countries. Moreover, radiation dose is a risk factor for public health; however, to our knowledge, no study has investigated the cause of this rise in DRL. This study therefore sought to discern why the proposed DRL is high by measuring the use status and the dose area product (DAP) of panoramic devices. Materials and Methods: DAP was measured under standard adult exposure conditions to 41 panoramic devices in use at dental clinics in Incheon, and the differences between the groups were analyzed by stratifying them into below-the-DRL group and exceeding-the-DRL group. Results: Ultimately, the most significant cause of the increase in DRL in dental panoramic radiography was that patients were irradiated by the system in a high-definition mode using high tube voltage or were subjected to long exposure time. Conclusions: To protect public health from excessive radiation dose, dentists or radiologists must attempt to use the lowest possible radiation dose according to the “as low as reasonably achievable” principle while ensuring that sufficient image quality is attained for diagnostic and treatment purposes. In addition, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency needs to revise the current DRL, which is a third quartile value of the measured dose distribution, to an appropriate value by referring to the opinions of expert groups.   Diagnostic reference level dental panoramic radiographic public health radiation dose dose area product. 2022 1 01 249 252 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4108-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.39
76-4111 2024-03-29 10.1002
International Journal of Radiation Research Int J Radiat Res 2322-3243 2345-4229 10.61186/ijrr 2022 20 1 Multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy for an advanced breast cancer patient with multiple complications: A case report W. Yan Y. Wang X. Wang J. Yang chinawtj218@163.com L. Liu iruogu1234@163.com Background: Multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy (MIB) is one kind of accelerated partial breast irradiation, which applied only to local target breast tissue for patients with breast cancer. The objective of this case report was to report the therapeutic effect of interstitial brachytherapy for treating advanced breast cancer with multiple complications. Case summary: The patient was a 64-year-old woman with diagnosed stage IV breast cancer and multiple complications that included primary liver cancer, post-hepatitis cirrhosis, and hypertension. In October 2016, the patient was treated with chemoembolization for liver cancer, and chemotherapy and targeted molecular therapy in a series for advanced breast cancer at Jilin Province Cancer Hospital before admission to Second Hospital of Jilin University. The tumor in her right breast was about 13.0 cm × 11.0 cm, and the surface was red, swollen, and ulcerated. As the patient was not suitable for surgery and intolerant to further chemotherapy the tumor was treated with interstitial brachytherapy. The brachytherapy was performed once a week, overall three times as doses of 28 Gy in 3 fractions. She was then treated by external radiotherapy with a dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions. The treatment was ended in December 2016. During the follow-up in January 2017, the original breast mass had necrosed and shrank. No overt bleeding or exudation was found. The patient has survived until now. Conclusions: For this patient with advanced breast cancer and multiple complications, interstitial brachytherapy was an effective treatment.   Breast cancer brachytherapy liver metastasis. 2022 1 01 253 256 http://ijrr.com/article-1-4111-en.pdf 10.52547/ijrr.20.1.40