[Home ] [Archive]    
:: Main :: About :: Current Issue :: Archive :: Search :: Submit :: Contact ::
Main Menu
Home::
IJRR Information::
For Authors::
For Reviewers::
Subscription::
News & Events::
Web Mail::
::
Search in website

Advanced Search
..
Receive site information
Enter your Email in the following box to receive the site news and information.
..
ISSN
Hard Copy 2322-3243
Online 2345-4229
..
Online Submission
Now you can send your articles to IJRR office using the article submission system.
..

AWT IMAGE

AWT IMAGE

:: Volume 23, Issue 1 (1-2025) ::
Int J Radiat Res 2025, 23(1): 29-36 Back to browse issues page
An investigation of radon and heavy metal detection for cancer patients in Barji village, in the Iraqi Kurdistan region
I.M. Kareem , M.I. Umer , M-T.S. Albrifkany , N.A. Karim , M.Y. Fatah , H.R. Abdo
Soil & Water Department, College of Agricultural Science Engineering, Duhok University, Duhok City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq , mustafa.umer@uod.ac
Abstract:   (639 Views)
Background: Exposure to radiological agents such as natural radon gas and consumption of heavy metals in edible plants are two potential causes of unusual cancer in Berje village near Amedi town in Duhok city in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Material and Methods: Samples of soil, fruits, and vegetables were collected at various stages in the village, particularly at locations close to the homes of cancer patients. The collected samples underwent digestion and heavy metal absorption tests to detect ratio of heavy metal content as well as in their contents of radon. Results: showed that both heavy metals and radon gas in all samples were with different ratios. Moreover, results revealed that the evolution of radon ranged between 51.375 and 170.25 Bq.m-3, which is within the normal range of radon emission for soil sample. Similarly, results demonstrated that the average content of radon ranged between 0 and 24.1 Bq/kg in most fruits and vegetables which are within the allowable range. However, cadmium was found to be in marginal limits as target hazard quotient (THQ) for lead was greater than 1. Furthermore, bioaccumulation factors of tested fruits and vegetables were less than 1. Conclusion: The translocation of radon from soil to plants is only hazardous for tomatoes and common purslane. Furthermore, health risk index (HRI) of lead and cadmium was between 1 and 5, which indicates a threat to human health. The hazardous index (HI) was also larger than 1, which implies that heavy metals had significant non-carcinogenic effects on human health. The study found that the target cancer risk (TCR) of lead was low as results demonstrated that heavy metal content was within allowable range.
Keywords: Radon Exposure, heavy metals health risk index, hazardous index, bioaccumulation factor.
Full-Text [PDF 630 kb]   (167 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Original Research | Subject: Radiation Biology
References
1. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (1984) Exposures from the uranium series with emphasis on radon and its daughters; evaluation of occupational and environmental exposures to radon and radon daughters in the United States; Neutron Contam. Environmental Investigation of Radiological Radon and Heavy Metal for Wide Cancer Cases.
2. George AC (2015) The history, development, and the present status of the radon measurement program in the United States of America. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 167(1-3): 8-14. [DOI:10.1093/rpd/ncv213]
3. Kearfott KJ, Whetstone ZD, Rafique Mir KM (2016) Use of a geographic information system (GIS) for targeting radon screening programs in South Dakota. J Radiat Res, 57(1): 84-90. [DOI:10.1093/jrr/rrv041]
4. Reddy A, Conde C, Peterson C, et al. (2022) Residential radon exposure and cancer. Oncol Rev, 16(1): 558-567. [DOI:10.4081/oncol.2022.558]
5. Kendall GM and Smith TJ (2002) Doses to organs and tissues from radon and its decay products. J Radiol Prot, 22(4): 389. [DOI:10.1088/0952-4746/22/4/304]
6. Sherafat S, Mansour SN, Mosaferi M, et al. (2019) First indoor radon mapping and assessment excess lifetime cancer risk in Iran. MethodsX, 6: 2205-2216. [DOI:10.1016/j.mex.2019.09.028]
7. Alexander B, Rodman N, White SB, et al. (1994) Areas of the United States with elevated screening levels of 222Rn. Health Phys, 66(1): 50-4. [DOI:10.1097/00004032-199401000-00007]
8. Li X, Ke H, Ouyang C, et al. (2021) Investigation of the indoor 222Rn and 220Rn levels in the residential environment and estimation of the annual effective radiation dose for ordinary residents. PLoS One, 16(6): e0253463. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0253463]
9. Prichard HM (1987) The transfer of radon from domestic water to indoor air. J Am Water Works Assoc, 79(4): 159-61. [DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1987.tb02828.x]
10. Zhu G, Noman MA, Narale DD, et al. (2020) Evaluation of ecosystem health and potential human health hazards in the Hangzhou Bay and Qiantang Estuary region through multiple assessment approaches. Environ Pollut, 264: 114791. [DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114791]
11. Yuan W, Yang N, Li X (2016) Advances in understanding how heavy metal pollution triggers gastric cancer. Biomed Res Int, 2016(1): 7825432. [DOI:10.1155/2016/7825432]
12. Antwi SO, Eckert EC, Sabaque CV, et al. (2015) Exposure to environmental chemicals and heavy metals, and risk of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 26: 1583-91. [DOI:10.1007/s10552-015-0652-y]
13. Mondal B, Maulik D, Mandal M, et al. (2017) Analysis of carcinogenic heavy metals in gallstones and its role in gallbladder carcinogenesis. J Gastrointest Cancer, 48: 361-8. [DOI:10.1007/s12029-016-9898-1]
14. Malik MFI, Rabaiee NA, Jaafar MS (2015) Determination of radon concentration in water using RAD7 with RAD H2O accessories. AIP Conf Proc, (Vol. 1657 , No. 1) AIP publishing. [DOI:10.1063/1.4915231]
15. Kareem IM, Ahmed AM, Mohammed RS, et al. (2024) Radiological risk assessment of 222 radon concentration and annual effective dose calculation in groundwater from Zakho, Iraq. J Adv Zool, 45(2): 1326-1334. [DOI:10.53555/jaz.v45i2.4082]
16. Minkina TM, Mandzhieva SS, Burachevskaya MV, et al. (2018) Method of determining loosely bound compounds of heavy metals in the soil. MethodsX, 5: 217-26. [DOI:10.1016/j.mex.2018.02.007]
17. Alhamdi WA and Abdullah KMS (2022) Estimation of indoor radon concentration and dose evaluation of radon and its progeny in selected dwellings in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Int J Radiat Res, 20(2): 461-466. [DOI:10.52547/ijrr.20.2.30]
18. Basim Y, Khoshnood Z. (2016) Target hazard quotient evaluation of cadmium and lead in fish from Caspian Sea. Toxicol Ind Health, 32(2):215-20. [DOI:10.1177/0748233713498451]
19. Alhamdi WA and Abdullah KMS (2021) Determination of radium and radon exhalation rate as a function of soil depth of Duhok Province, Iraq. J Radiat Res Appl Sci, 14(1): 486-494. [DOI:10.1080/16878507.2021.1999719]
20. Alhamdi WA (2023) Indoor radon monitoring in various ventilation degrees in some schools of Duhok City, Iraq. Nucl Technol Radiat Prot, 38(1): 64-69. [DOI:10.2298/NTRP2301064A]
21. Doh N. (2007) Hopewell Precision Area Contamination: Appendix C-NYS DOH, procedure for evaluating potential health risks for contaminants of concern. USA, New York: US Dep Health Hum Serv.
22. Umer MI, Fatah MY, Abdo HR, et al. (2021) Spatial distribution of heavy metals for environmental and agricultural assessment in Badinan province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Mater Today Proc, 42: 1872-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.224]
23. Chamannejadian A, Sayyad G, Moezzi A, et al. (2013) Evaluation of estimated daily intake (EDI) of cadmium and lead for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in calcareous soils. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng, 10: 1-5. [DOI:10.1186/1735-2746-10-28]
24. Thabayneh, KM, Khalilia WM, Jaradat AM (2019). Measurements of indoor radon concentrations in selected educational institutions and homes in Jericho city-Palestine. Hebron University Research Journal (Natural Sciences), 8: P 40-56.
25. Alhamdi WA and Abdullah MS (2022) Soil radon exhalation rate measurement in Duhok city by two techniques. Nucl Technol Radiat Prot, 37(3): 229-234. [DOI:10.2298/NTRP2203229A]
26. Antonopoulos-Domis M, Xanthos S, Clouvas A, et al. (2009) Experimental and theoretical study of radon distribution in soil. Health Phys, 97(4): 322-31. [DOI:10.1097/HP.0b013e3181adc157]
27. Ramadhan RA and Khairi MA (2014) Natural radiological hazards of rocks in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. uod.ac, 17: 99-107.
28. Kaliprasad CS and Narayana Y. (2018) Distribution of natural radionuclides and radon concentration in the riverine environs of Cauvery, South India. J Water Health, 16(3): 476-86. [DOI:10.2166/wh.2018.242]
29. USPC (2014) Method II-measurement in a volumeter. US Pharmacopeial Conv, 06(2012): 2014-6.
30. Kareem IM, Abdulkareem LA, Al-Barudi HI (2019) Surface and deep soil 222Rn gas exhalation comparison. Eng Technol Appl Sci Res, 9(5): 4741-4. [DOI:10.48084/etasr.3086]
31. Ahmed F, Kareem I, Meerkhan S, et al. (2022) Risk assessment of outdoor background gamma radiation at Duhok City, in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Pol J Environ Stud, 31(6): 4989-95. [DOI:10.15244/pjoes/151584]
32. AL-Naggar TI and Shabaan DH (2018) Simple analysis of radioactivity and assessment of radiological hazards in different types of household foods. Int J Recent Sci Res, 9(3): 24838-43.
33. Abdalsattar K and Hashim LAN (2015) Measurement of uranium concentrations, radium content, and radon exhalation rate in Iraqi building material samples. Int J Phys, 3(4): 159-64.
Send email to the article author

Add your comments about this article
Your username or Email:

CAPTCHA



XML     Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Kareem I, Umer M, Albrifkany M, Karim N, Fatah M, Abdo H. An investigation of radon and heavy metal detection for cancer patients in Barji village, in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Int J Radiat Res 2025; 23 (1) :29-36
URL: http://ijrr.com/article-1-5918-en.html


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Volume 23, Issue 1 (1-2025) Back to browse issues page
International Journal of Radiation Research
Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.05 seconds with 50 queries by YEKTAWEB 4710